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Musarurwa H, Chimuka L, Tavengwa NT. Z-sep+ based QuEChERS technique for the pre-concentration of malathion pesticide in fruits followed by analysis using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2093-2108. [PMID: 33074788 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1794054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the concentrations of malathion in fruits were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry prior to pre-concentration using QuEChERS. The Z-sep+/PSA sorbent combination was used for the d-SPE clean-up and extraction was done using acetonitrile during QuEChERS. The absorbance of malathion was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 415 nm. The QuEChERS parameters, which included type and volume of extraction solvent, type and mass of sorbents, and centrifugation rate, were optimised prior to application of the developed method to real fruit samples. The linear range was from 0.1 to 0.9 mg kg-1 while the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9999. The limit of detection (LOD) for malathion was found to be 0.017 mg kg-1 and the limit of quantification was 0.05 mg kg-1. Orange samples were found to have no malathion residues when the developed method was applied to them while the concentrations of malathion in apple and pear samples were 0.07 mg kg-1 and 0.09 mg kg-1 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda , Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nikita T Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda , Thohoyandou, South Africa
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3
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Winfield ZC, Mansouri F, Potter CW, Sabin R, Trumble SJ, Usenko S. Eighty years of chemical exposure profiles of persistent organic pollutants reconstructed through baleen whale earplugs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139564. [PMID: 32512296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of effort, significant knowledge gaps still exist regarding the global transport and distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine ecosystems, especially for periods prior to the 1970s. Furthermore, for long-lived marine mammals such as baleen whales, POPs impacts on early developmental (first years of life), as well as lifetime exposure profiles for periods of use and phase-out, are not well characterized. Recently, analytical techniques capable of reconstructing lifetime (i.e., birth to death; ~6 mos. resolution) chemical exposure profiles in baleen whale earplugs have been developed. Earplugs represent a unique opportunity to examine the spatiotemporal trends of POPs in the marine ecosystem. Baleen whale earplugs were collected from six whales (one blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and five fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus)), including four from archived collections and two from recent strandings. Lifespans for some of these individuals date back to the 1930s and provide insight into early periods of POP use. POP concentrations (reported in ng g-1 dry wt.) were determined in laminae (n = 35) and were combined with age estimates and calendar year to reconstruct lifetime POP exposure profiles and lifetime bioaccumulation rates. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found to be the most dominant POPs (spanning the past 80 y), were detected as early as the 1930s and were ubiquitous in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Lifetime bioaccumulation rates determined using baleen whale earplugs were 56 times higher in the North Pacific as compared to the North Atlantic. This suggest baleen whales from the North Pacific may be to be exposed to increased levels of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach C Winfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Farzaneh Mansouri
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Charles W Potter
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Wash, DC 20013, USA
| | - Richard Sabin
- Division of Vertebrates, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Wash, DC 20013, USA.
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6
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Du B, Lofton JM, Peter KT, Gipe AD, James CA, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Baker JE, Kolodziej EP. Development of suspect and non-target screening methods for detection of organic contaminants in highway runoff and fish tissue with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1185-1196. [PMID: 28825428 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Untreated urban stormwater runoff contributes to poor water quality in receiving waters. The ability to identify toxicants and other bioactive molecules responsible for observed adverse effects in a complex mixture of contaminants is critical to effective protection of ecosystem and human health, yet this is a challenging analytical task. The objective of this study was to develop analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect organic contaminants in highway runoff and in runoff-exposed fish (adult coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch). Processing of paired water and tissue samples facilitated contaminant prioritization and aided investigation of chemical bioavailability and uptake processes. Simple, minimal processing effort solid phase extraction (SPE) and elution procedures were optimized for water samples, and selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedures were optimized for fish tissues. Extraction methods were compared by detection of non-target features and target compounds (e.g., quantity and peak area), while minimizing matrix interferences. Suspect screening techniques utilized in-house and commercial databases to prioritize high-risk detections for subsequent MS/MS characterization and identification efforts. Presumptive annotations were also screened with an in-house linear regression (log Kowvs. retention time) to exclude isobaric compounds. Examples of confirmed identifications (via reference standard comparison) in highway runoff include ethoprophos, prometon, DEET, caffeine, cotinine, 4(or 5)-methyl-1H-methylbenzotriazole, and acetanilide. Acetanilide was also detected in runoff-exposed fish gill and liver samples. Further characterization of highway runoff and fish tissues (14 and 19 compounds, respectively with tentative identification by MS/MS data) suggests that many novel or poorly characterized organic contaminants exist in urban stormwater runoff and exposed biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.
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7
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Norman SA, Winfield ZC, Rickman BH, Usenko S, Klope M, Berta S, Dubpernell S, Garrett H, Adams MJ, Lambourn D, Huggins JL, Lysiak N, Clark AE, Sanders R, Trumble SJ. Persistent Organic Pollutant and Hormone Levels in Harbor Porpoise with B Cell Lymphoma. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:596-605. [PMID: 28447121 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma, a common morphologic variant of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has been associated with persistent pollutants in humans, but this association is not well-characterized in top-level predators sharing marine resources with humans. We characterized and compared blubber contaminants and hormones of a pregnant harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with B-cell lymphoma, with those in two presumed healthy fishery by-caught porpoises with no lymphoma: a pregnant adult and female juvenile. Common historic use compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and pesticides, were evaluated in blubber samples from three porpoises. In addition, blubber cortisol and progesterone levels (ng/g) were determined in all three animals. Total pollutant concentrations were highest in the juvenile porpoise, followed by the lymphoma porpoise and the nonlymphoma adult. Blubber cortisol concentrations were 191% greater in the pregnant with lymphoma porpoise compared with the pregnant no lymphoma porpoise, and 89% greater in the juvenile female compared with the pregnant no lymphoma porpoise. Although both adults were pregnant, progesterone levels were substantially greater (90%) in the healthy compared with the lymphoma adult. Health monitoring of top-level marine predators, such as porpoise, provides a sentinel measure of contaminants that serve as indicators of potential environmental exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Norman
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor Sciences Building, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, B407, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
- Department of Biology, One Bear Place, #97388, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA.
- Marine-Med: Marine Research, Epidemiology, and Veterinary Medicine, 24225 15th Place SE, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA.
| | - Zach C Winfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place, #97348, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Barry H Rickman
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Mail Bag 3, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor Sciences Building, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, B407, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Matthew Klope
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
| | - Susan Berta
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
| | - Sandra Dubpernell
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
| | - Howard Garrett
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
| | - Mary Jo Adams
- Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, c/o Orca Network, 485 Labella Way, Freeland, WA, 98249, USA
| | - Dyanna Lambourn
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Investigations, 7801 Phillips Rd. S.W., Lakewood, WA, 98498, USA
| | - Jessica L Huggins
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 4th Ave W, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Nadine Lysiak
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor Sciences Building, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, B407, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
- Department of Biology, One Bear Place, #97388, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Adelaide E Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place, #97348, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Rebel Sanders
- Department of Biology, One Bear Place, #97388, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Stephen J Trumble
- Department of Biology, One Bear Place, #97388, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
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11
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Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
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