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Choi W, Kim YE, Yoo H. Patterning of Organic Semiconductors Leads to Functional Integration: From Unit Device to Integrated Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2613. [PMID: 39339077 PMCID: PMC11435555 DOI: 10.3390/polym16182613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of organic semiconductors in electronic devices, including transistors, sensors, and memories, unlocks innovative possibilities such as streamlined fabrication processes, enhanced mechanical flexibility, and potential new applications. Nevertheless, the increasing technical demand for patterning organic semiconductors requires greater integration and functional implementation. This paper overviews recent efforts to pattern organic semiconductors compatible with electronic devices. The review categorizes the contributions of organic semiconductor patterning approaches, such as surface-grafting polymers, capillary force lithography, wettability, evaporation, and diffusion in organic semiconductor-based transistors and sensors, offering a timely perspective on unconventional approaches to enable the patterning of organic semiconductors with a strong focus on the advantages of organic semiconductor utilization. In addition, this review explores the opportunities and challenges of organic semiconductor-based integration, emphasizing the issues related to patterning and interconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangmyung Choi
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Eun Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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4
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Kamiike R, Hirano T, Ute K. Statistical determination of chemical composition and blending fraction of copolymers by multivariate analysis of 1H NMR spectra of binary blends of the copolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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5
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Modeling the Phase Equilibria of Associating Polymers in Porous Media with Respect to Chromatographic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153182. [PMID: 35956697 PMCID: PMC9370872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Associating copolymers self-assemble during their passage through a liquid chromatography (LC) column, and the elution differs from that of common non-associating polymers. This computational study aims at elucidating the mechanism of their unique and intricate chromatographic behavior. We focused on amphiphilic diblock copolymers in selective solvents, performed the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of their partitioning between a bulk solvent (mobile phase) and a cylindrical pore (stationary phase), and investigated the concentration dependences of the partition coefficient and of other functions describing the phase behavior. The observed abruptly changing concentration dependences of the effective partition coefficient demonstrate the significant impact of the association of copolymers with their partitioning between the two phases. The performed simulations reveal the intricate interplay of the entropy-driven and the enthalpy-driven processes, elucidate at the molecular level how the self-assembly affects the chromatographic behavior, and provide useful hints for the analysis of experimental elution curves of associating polymers.
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6
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Recycling gradient-elution liquid chromatography for the analysis of chemical-composition distributions of polymers. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Díaz J, Soltau M, Lísal M, Carbone P, Pagonabarraga I. Adsorption of amphiphilic grafted polymers as polymer corrosion inhibitors: insights from mesoscopic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11992-12001. [PMID: 35532223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The homogeneous covering of amphiphillic polymer molecules onto metallic surfaces is of great importance for corrosion inhibitor applications. Lyophillic side chains grafted onto a lyophobic backbone act as anchors that allow the molecule to absorb at the metallic surface preventing the exposure with the solvent. Coarse-grained simulations are used to study the sorption and conformation behaviour of amphiphillic grafted polymers for corrosion inhibition. The backbone insolubility is found to play a key role in the sorption and conformation behaviour in the dilute limit. For finite concentrations, moderate backbone solubility and moderate molecule concentrations achieve optimal surface coverage, while highly a lyophobic backbone leads to bulk-like structures as a consequence of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Díaz
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime - Avenue Forel 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | | | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Úst nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime - Avenue Forel 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland. .,Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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8
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Knol WC, Gruendling T, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BW, Peters RA. Co-Polymer sequence determination over the molar mass distribution by size-exclusion chromatography combined with pyrolysis - gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Analysis of the Heterogeneities of First and Second Order of Cellulose Derivatives: A Complex Challenge. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the substituent distribution in polysaccharide derivatives is discussed and defined. The challenges regarding analytical characterization that results from various interrelated categories of distributions, including molecular weight, chemical composition, and microstructure, are outlined. Due to these convoluted levels of complexity, results should always be interpreted with carefulness. Various analytical approaches which have been applied to starch and cellulose derivatives are recapped, including enzymatic, mass spectrometric, and chromatographic methods. The relation of heterogeneities of first and second order among and along the polysaccharide chains is addressed. Finally, examples of own analytical work on cellulose ethers are presented, including the MS analysis of methyl cellulose (MC) blends and fractionation studies of fully esterified MC, especially its 4-methoxybenzoates by gradient HPLC on normal phase. Preparative fractionation according to the degree of substitution (DS) allows follow-up analysis in order to get more detailed information on the substituent distribution in such sub-fractions.
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10
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K, Liu Y, Min Y. Phase equilibria and conformational behavior of dendrimers in porous media: Towards chromatographic analysis of dendrimers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:830-839. [PMID: 34689112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The intricate entropy-enthalpy interplay of dendrimers confined in pores affects their conformation and retention in the porous stationary phase. This work aims at providing important insights into its impacts on partitioning and chromatographic separation in both size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) regimes. SIMULATIONS Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we investigated the bulk-pore phase equilibria and the conformational behavior of flexible dendrimers differing in generation, in spacer length and in fraction of modified terminal groups interacting differently with pore walls than the majority building units. FINDINGS With increasing interaction strength, a distinct transition from a roughly spherical shape caused by simultaneous interactions with two walls to an ellipsoidal (or even disklike) conformation tenaciously adhering to only one wall was observed for moderately confined dendrimers. The strongly deformed dendrimers subjected to severe confinement gain high energy and the samples differing in the degree of modification become chromatographically discernable thanks to large energy differences. Consequently, our results suggest that the column fillings with fairly narrow pores which are ineffective in SEC, are highly efficient separation media for dendrimer studies by IC above the critical adsorption point (CAP). Overall, our simulations reveal useful information for advancing and optimizing experimental liquid chromatography studies of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Yidong Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yonggang Min
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Morgan TE, Wootton CA, Marzullo B, Paris J, Kerr A, Ellacott SH, van Agthoven MA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Characterization Across a Dispersity: Polymer Mass Spectrometry in the Second Dimension. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2153-2161. [PMID: 34264672 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the natural dispersity that is present in synthetic polymers, an added complexity is always present in the analysis of polymeric species. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis requires the isolation of individual precursors before a fragmentation event to allow the unambiguous characterization of these species and is not viable at certain levels of complexity due to achievable isolation widths. Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) fragments ions and correlates fragments with their corresponding precursors without the need for isolation. In this study, 2DMS electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation of a polyoxazoline and polyacrylamide species was carried out, resulting in the analysis of byproducts and individual polymer species without the use of chromatographic techniques. This study shows that 2DMS ECD is a powerful tool for the analysis of polyacrylamide and polyoxazoline species and offers a new dimension in the characterization of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sean H Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A van Agthoven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
AbstractThe application of temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) as an advanced technique for the characterisation of polymers is discussed, in comparison to other liquid chromatography techniques and in particular the ubiquitous size exclusion chromatography. Specifically, the use of reversed-phase TGIC for the interrogation of complex branched polymers and normal-phase TGIC for characterisation of high-molar mass end-functionalised polymers is highlighted.
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13
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Li X, Xue Y, Ma X, Guo R. Direct Determination of Interchain Transfer Constants of Benzyl Acrylate to Poly(Ethyl Acrylate) by RAFT Polymerization and Polymer Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
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14
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Viktor Z, Pasch H. Variable temperature asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation for the topology separation of poly(methyl methacrylate). Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1144:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Takashima R, Ohira M, Yokochi H, Aoki D, Li X, Otsuka H. Characterization of N-phenylmaleimide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s and their application to a tetra-arm poly(ethylene glycol) gel. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10869-10875. [PMID: 33210675 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01658f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetra-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (TetraPEG) gels are tough materials whose toughness originates from their uniform network structure. They can be formed by combining the termini of tetra-arm polymers via chemical reactions with high conversion efficiency, such as the Michael addition, condensations using an active ester group, and alkyne-azide cycloadditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of a tetra-PEG gel using a tetra-arm polymer with N-phenylmaleimide moieties at the polymer ends (tetra-N-aryl MA PEG) as a scaffold. Tetra-N-aryl MA PEG can be obtained via a simple maleimidation using the modification agent p-maleimidophenyl isocyanate (PMPI), which directly transforms the hydroxy groups at the polymer ends into reactive N-aryl maleimide groups in a one-pot reaction. The thus-obtained tetra-N-aryl MA PEG was fully characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HPLC analysis not only demonstrated the high purity of tetra-N-aryl MA PEG and the full conversion of the hydroxy groups, but also provided an effective characterization method for N-aryl maleimide-based PEG using a simple protocol, which enables us quantitative analysis of functionalized polymers with different N-aryl maleimide numbers. Furthermore, we fabricated a TetraPEG gel via Michael addition of the obtained tetra-N-aryl MA and thiol-terminated TetraPEGs. Thus, this report presents the application of tetra-N-aryl MA PEG as an effective precursor to obtain a uniform network structure and a method for its characterization; these results should provide support for the development of functional molecules, soft materials, and further functional materials based on the uniform-network-structure concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikito Takashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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16
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Engelke J, Boye S, Tuten BT, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Critical Assessment of the Application of Multidetection SEC and AF4 for the Separation of Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1569-1575. [PMID: 35617058 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular chain collapse of linear precursors with systematic variation of molar mass and ligation group density (5, 15, and 30 mol %) into single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) was studied by two different separation approaches. The efficiency of size exclusion chromatography with quadruple detection (SEC-D4) was compared to asymmetrical field flow fractionation hyphenated to quintuple detection (AF4-D5) in organic solvent. The application of the unique combination of advanced detection to different separation principles opens up the opportunity to critically evaluate the determination of molar masses and different types of radii for an in-depth understanding of the structural properties affected by the internal folding process. This is achieved by a detailed comparison of assets, drawbacks, and limitations of these approaches based on the systematical screening of different chain lengths and sizes of the precursors and the SCNPs. Furthermore, an alternative strategy for quantitative determination of intramolecular ligation density by a combination of AF4 and UV detection is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bryan T. Tuten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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17
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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18
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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19
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. In-depth characterization of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Viktor Z, Pasch H. Two-dimensional fractionation of complex polymers by comprehensive online-coupled thermal field-flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:225-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Interaction polymer chromatography (IPC) is an umbrella term covering a large variety of primarily enthalpically-dominated macromolecular separation methods. These include temperature-gradient interaction chromatography, interactive gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC), barrier methods, etc. Also included are methods such as liquid chromatography at the critical conditions and GPEC in traditional precipitation-redissolution mode. IPC techniques are employed to determine the chemical composition distribution of copolymers, to separate multicomponent polymeric samples according to their chemical constituents, to determine the tacticity and end-group distribution of polymers, and to determine the chemical composition and molar mass distributions of select blocks in block copolymers. These are all properties which greatly affect the processing and end-use behavior of macromolecules. While extremely powerful, IPC methods are rarely employed outside academic and select industrial laboratories. This is generally because most published methods are "bespoke" ones, applicable only to the particular polymer being examined; as such, potential practitioners are faced with a lack of inductive information regarding how to develop IPC separations in non-empirical fashion. The aim of the present review is to distill from the literature and the author's experience the necessary fundamental macromolecular and chromatographic information so that those interested in doing so may develop IPC methods for their particular analytes of interest, regardless of what these analytes may be, with as little trial-and-error as possible. While much remains to be determined in this area, especially, for most techniques, as regards the role of temperature and how to fine-tune this critical parameter, and while a need for IPC columns designed specifically for large-molecule separations remains apparent, it is hoped that the present review will help place IPC methods in the hands of a more general, yet simultaneously more applied audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8390, USA
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22
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Wang X, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Pore size effect on the separation of polymers by interaction chromatography. A Monte Carlo study. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Murima D, Pasch H. Comprehensive branching analysis of star-shaped polystyrenes using a liquid chromatography–based approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5063-5078. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Separation of polymers differing in their chain architecture by interaction chromatography: Phase equilibria and conformational behavior of polymers in strongly adsorbing porous media. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Poly(propylene ether carbonate)-Based Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Chromatographic Characterization. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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The retention behavior of diblock copolymers in gradient chromatography; Similarities of diblock copolymers and homopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Viktor Z, Farcet C, Moire C, Brothier F, Pfukwa H, Pasch H. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of acrylate-modified hyaluronic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3321-3330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Edwards JP, Wolf WJ, Grubbs RH. The synthesis of cyclic polymers by olefin metathesis: Achievements and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian P. Edwards
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
| | - William J. Wolf
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
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29
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30
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31
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Huang TY, Chi LM, Chien KY. Size-exclusion chromatography using reverse-phase columns for protein separation. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:201-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Yang P, Bai L, Wang W, Rabasco J. Analysis of hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane rheology modifiers by comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1560:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Yang P, Gao W, Shulman JE, Chen Y. Separation and identification of polymeric dispersants in detergents by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:111-117. [PMID: 29960735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric dispersants are an important ingredient in many consumer products. Their separations and identifications in final product formulation can be very challenging due to the presence of multiple polymeric dispersants at different levels and the presence of other polymeric and small-molecule components. In this study, using nearly comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), various water-soluble polymer and co-polymer dispersants were separated with aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in the first dimension (1D) and gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in the second dimension (2D). Detection of the polymeric dispersants was accomplished by evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A large ID (8.0 mm) SEC column used in common one-dimensional SEC practices was directly adopted in the 2D setup for rapid method development. A close representation of fully comprehensive 2D separation was achieved even with 60% of 1D eluent diverted to waste, demonstrating the flexibility and versatility of having SEC in 1D for two dimensional separation of polymers. Important method parameters, such as 2D column dimensions and flow rate, gradient conditions, and buffer pH were studied. Practical aspects of routine industrial applications such as solvent consumption and analysis time were also considered. This method was exploited for quick identification of polymeric dispersants in commercial detergent samples. Nine detergent samples were screened and polymeric dispersants and additional polymer features were detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Wei Gao
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jan E Shulman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yunshen Chen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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34
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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35
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Posel Z, Svoboda M, Limpouchová Z, Lísal M, Procházka K. Adsorption of amphiphilic graft copolymers in solvents selective for the grafts on a lyophobic surface: a coarse-grained simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6533-6547. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sorption of graft copolymers on surfaces attractive only for the backbone and its effect on the conformational behavior of adsorbed/desorbed chains in solvents good for the grafts and poor for the backbone was studied by coarse-grained computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
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36
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Moreno-Vilet L, Bostyn S, Flores-Montaño JL, Camacho-Ruiz RM. Size-exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC) technique optimization by simplex method to estimate molecular weight distribution of agave fructans. Food Chem 2017; 237:833-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene Carbonate Polymer as Hydrophobic Segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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38
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Tufail MK, Abdul-Karim R, Rahim S, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Analysis of individual block length of amphiphilic di- & tri-block copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of individual block lengths and extent of homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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39
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Leinweber R, Montag P, Preis J, Radke W. Characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(styrene)s using various chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1473:76-82. [PMID: 27793393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two graft copolymer samples of identical average composition were synthesized by grafting living polystyrene anions onto a broadly distributed PMMA backbone. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with only RI-detection, SEC with viscometry and light scattering detection, SEC with UV and RI dual detection, gradient chromatography and 2-dimensional chromatography were applied to compare the information that can be obtained by the different techniques. While only limited information was retrieved by conventional SEC or SEC with molar mass sensitive detection, SEC with UV and RI revealed different chemical heterogeneity of the samples. Using gradient chromatography and 2-dimensional chromatography it was possible to identify non-grafted side chains and unreacted parent PMMA besides the actual graft copolymer molecules. While in one sample a heavily grafted product was formed besides non-grafted PMMA, the second sample did not contain ungrafted PMMA but a graft product of lower grafting density. The different product distributions were explained by the different synthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Leinweber
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Montag
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Preis
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Ziebarth JD, Gardiner AA, Wang Y, Jeong Y, Ahn J, Jin Y, Chang T. Comparison of Critical Adsorption Points of Ring Polymers with Linear Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Ziebarth
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Abigail Anne Gardiner
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ye Jin
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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41
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Computer study of chromatographic separation of mixtures of H-shaped and linear polymers in good and θ-solvents. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Moyses S, Ginzburg A. The chromatography of poly(phenylene ether) on a porous graphitic carbon sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Chromatography under critical conditions: An analogy between functionalized and partially cyclic polymers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1456:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Ziebarth JD, Wang Y. Interactions of complex polymers with nanoporous substrate. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5245-5256. [PMID: 27263839 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advance of polymer synthesis, polymers that possess unique architectures such as stars or cyclic chains, and unique chemical composition distributions such as block copolymers or statistical copolymers have become frequently encountered. Characterization of these complex polymer systems drives the development of interactive chromatography where the adsorption of polymers on the porous substrate in chromatography columns is finely tuned. Liquid Chromatography at the Critical Condition (LCCC) in particular makes use of the existence of the Critical Adsorption Point (CAP) of polymers on solid surfaces and has been successfully applied to characterization of complex polymer systems. Interpretation and understanding of chromatography behaviour of complex polymers in interactive chromatography motivates theoretical/computational studies on the CAP of polymers and partitioning of these complex polymers near the CAP. This review article covers the theoretical questions encountered in chromatographic studies of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Ziebarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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45
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of poloxamers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Caltabiano AM, Foley JP, Barth HG. Size exclusion chromatography of synthetic polymers and biopolymers on common reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:74-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Vakhrushev AV, Gorbunov AA. Theory of chromatography of partially cyclic polymers: Tadpole-type and manacle-type macromolecules. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1433:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Wang X, Lísal M, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Computer Study of Chromatographic Separation Process: A Monte Carlo Study of H-Shaped and Linear Homopolymers in Good Solvent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory
of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135/1, 165 02 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České
Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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49
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Thevarajah JJ, Sutton AT, Maniego AR, Whitty EG, Harrisson S, Cottet H, Castignolles P, Gaborieau M. Quantifying the Heterogeneity of Chemical Structures in Complex Charged Polymers through the Dispersity of Their Distributions of Electrophoretic Mobilities or of Compositions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1674-81. [PMID: 26674535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of synthetic and natural polymers used in industrial and medical applications is expanding; thus, it becomes increasingly important to improve and develop methods for their molecular characterization. Free-solution capillary electrophoresis is a robust technique for the separation and characterization of both natural and synthetic complex charged polymers. In the case of polyelectrolytes, free-solution capillary electrophoresis is in the "critical conditions" (CE-CC): it allows their separation by factors other than molar mass for molar masses typically higher than 20000 g/mol. This method is thus complementary to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC is widely used to determine molar mass distributions and their dispersities. Utilizing CE-CC, an analogous calculation of dispersity based on the distributions of electrophoretic mobilities was derived and the heterogeneity of composition or branching in different polysaccharides or synthetic polymers was obtained in a number of experimental cases. Calculations are based on a ratio of moments and could therefore be compared to simulations of polymerization processes, in analogy to the work performed on molar mass distributions. Among four possible types of dispersity, the most precise values were obtained with the calculation analogous with the dispersity of molar mass distribution Mw/Mn. In addition, the dispersity value allows conclusions based on a single value: the closer the dispersity is to 1, the more homogeneous the polymer is in terms of composition or branching. This approach allows the analysis of dispersity of important molecular attributes of polymers other than molar mass and aims at improving the overall molecular characterization of both synthetic and natural polymers. The dispersity can also be monitored online while performing a chemical reaction within the CE instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon Harrisson
- IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Wei YZ, Chu YF, Uliyanchenko E, Schoenmakers PJ, Zhuo RX, Jiang XL. Separation and characterization of benzaldehyde-functional polyethylene glycols by liquid chromatography under critical conditions. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01653g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Baseline separation and characterization of benzaldehyde-substituted PEGs based on end-group functionality achieved by LCCC and confirmed by off-line MALDI-TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-Z. Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Y.-F. Chu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - E. Uliyanchenko
- Analytical-Chemistry Group
- Faculty of Science
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
| | - P. J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group
- Faculty of Science
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
| | - R.-X. Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - X.-L. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
- Analytical-Chemistry Group
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