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Corminboeuf A, Montero-Serrano JC, St-Louis R, Dalpé A, Gélinas Y. Pre- and post-industrial levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (eastern Canada). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113219. [PMID: 34871900 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 16 parent PAHs and 7 alkyl-PAHs) were determined in 45 surface sediment and 7 basal sediment box core samples retrieved from the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada. The concentration sums of 16 priority PAHs (Σ16PAHs) in the surface sediments (representing modern times or at least younger than the last decade) ranged from 71 to 5672 ng g-1. Σ16PAHs in the basal sediments ranged from 93 to 172 ng g-1 among the pre-industrial samples (pre-1900 common era or CE) and from 1216 to 1621 ng g-1 among the early post-industrial samples (~1930s and ~1940s CE). The highest Σ16PAH values occurred in samples retrieved from the Baie-Comeau-Matane area, an area affected by intense industrial anthropogenic activities. Source-diagnostic PAH ratios suggest a predominance of pyrogenic sources via atmospheric deposition, with a minor contribution of petrogenic seabed pockmark sources. The PAH concentrations in the sediments from the study areas reveal low ecological risks to benthic or other organisms living near the water-sediment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corminboeuf
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Richard St-Louis
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Allyson Dalpé
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Geotop and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
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Chu X, Sasaki T, Aono A, Kudo Y, Tanaka K, Fuse Y. Thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric fine particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462494. [PMID: 34496326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) is used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric fine particulate matter. However, despite the high sensitivity of TD-GC-MS, the recovery rate of PAHs is greatly influenced by active sites in the equipment. PAHs are decomposed or adsorbed at active sites, decreasing quantitative accuracy. Also, the thermal extraction of PAHs is easily affected by the matrix in PM2.5 samples, decreasing the thermal extraction efficiency. Herein, the analytical sensitivities of PAHs were improved by adding analyte protectant (AP) and thermal desorption aid (TDA) as an auxiliary agent. The combination of 2 µL of 0.5 w/v% D-sorbitol (as AP) and 2 µL of 10 w/v% Tween®20 (as TDA) was found to be most effective in improving the analytical sensitivity of PAHs. The sensitivities of 5-6-ring PAHs with high boiling points increased most when analyzing blank filter papers added with PAHs standard sample or real samples of PM2.5 compared with the samples without the auxiliary agent. When analyzing real samples of PM2.5, the peak areas of 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs in the PM2.5 sample added with the optimized auxiliary agent were 1.40 and 1.96 times that without the auxiliary agent. It is considered that AP in the auxiliary agent covered active sites and protected PAHs undergoing decomposition or adsorption. TDA improved the thermal extraction rate of high boiling point PAHs. When using alternative heat sampling equipment to analyze low concentrations of high boiling point components, the auxiliary agent proposed herein can increase the analytical sensitivity toward the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Gosyokaidocho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Analytical & Measuring Instrument Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 640-8511, Japan.
| | - Takato Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Gosyokaidocho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Aono
- Analytical & Measuring Instrument Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 640-8511, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kudo
- Analytical & Measuring Instrument Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 640-8511, Japan
| | - Koki Tanaka
- Analytical & Measuring Instrument Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 640-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuro Fuse
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Gosyokaidocho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Center for Environmental Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Gosyokaidocho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Corminboeuf A, Montero-Serrano JC, St-Louis R. Spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112729. [PMID: 34298327 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 16 parent and 7 alkylated PAHs) were determined in 113 surface marine sediment samples, 13 on-land sediment samples and 8 subsampled push cores retrieved from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). PAHs were extracted via accelerated solvent extraction and quantified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sums of the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in the surface sediments ranged from 7.8 to 247.7 ng g-1 (dry weight basis, dw). The PAH inputs to the sediments have remained constant during the last century. Source-diagnostic ratios and statistical analysis suggest that the PAHs in the CAA mainly originate from natural petrogenic sources, with some pyrogenic sources. Temporal trends did not indicate major source shifts and largely indicated petrogenic inputs. Overall, the sediments retrieved from the CAA have low PAH concentrations, which indicates a low ecological risk for benthic or other organisms living near the water-sediment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corminboeuf
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Geotop & Québec-Océan, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Geotop & Québec-Océan, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Richard St-Louis
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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Bahia PVB, Nascimento MM, Hatje V, de Andrade JB, Machado ME. Microscale extraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in marine sediments. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462414. [PMID: 34320434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method based on an ultrasound-assisted extraction microscale device (UAE-MSD) for the rapid and simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) in marine sediments. Solvent extraction conditions were optimized by applying a simplex-centroid mixture design. Optimum conditions were used to validate and determine the concentrations of 17 PAH and 7 PASH. The best conditions were obtained by extracting sediments with 500 µL of DCM:MeOH (65:35, v:v) over 23 min of sonication. Analytes were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM). Matrix effects were evaluated, and matrix-matched calibration was used for quantitation. Analytical method validation was carried out using the certified reference material NIST SRM 1941b, as well as sediment spiked with PASH at three concentration levels. Recoveries ranged between 70.0 ± 3.5% and 119 ± 9.1% for PAH and 80.6 ± 10.4% and 120 ± 10% for PASH. Linearity (R2) was ≥0.99 for all compounds. Method detection limits ranged from 8.8 to 30.2 ng g-1, while limits of quantification ranged from 29.4 to 1011 ng g-1. UAE-MSD was applied to marine sediments exposed to different anthropogenic impacts collected in Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil. PAH concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 667 ng g-1, while PASH levels were <LOQ to 1152 ng g-1. Dibenzothiophene was the compound presented in the highest concentration in all samples, with values up to 249 ng g-1. The results indicated contributions of pyrogenic sources from all compounds. The developed method can potentially be applied to extract trace levels of compounds in different solid matrices to minimize extraction time and solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Victor Bomfim Bahia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Machado
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
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Xia Z, Idowu I, Kerr E, Klaassen N, Assi H, Bray H, Marvin C, Thomas PJ, Stetefeld J, Tomy GT. New approaches to reduce sample processing times for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds in environmental samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129738. [PMID: 33549885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study validates two approaches to streamlining the processing of sediment and biota for a suite of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with a wide range of chemical properties, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl-PAHs (APAHs), and a new class of environmental contaminants, halogenated PAHs (HPAHs). One method is based on one-step in situ extraction/cleanup using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in which a mixture of copper, deactivated alumina and silica gel were added directly to the ASE cell along with sample; the second technique is based on dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) using alumina/silica for cleanup of biota samples to augment conventional ASE extraction combined with gel permeation chromatography. Validation protocols were performed in accordance with the ISO/IEC 17025 guidelines, whereby method performance characteristics, i.e., accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and ruggedness, were evaluated. Accuracies generally ranged from 70 to 120% for the in situ ASE method and 70-100% for the dSPE technique. Limits of detection/quantitation for the 45 target analytes for in situ ASE and dSPE methods were determined to be < 2.5/8 pg μL-1, and < 20/60 pg μL-1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day repeatability for both methods were < 25% except for 1 APAH which had an inter-day precision of 35% using the dSPE method. Neither method was affected by any of the purposeful changes attempted which implies that both methods are robust. Results of our validation studies showed excellent data quality for both methods in addition to achieving a reduction in sample processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xia
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Evan Kerr
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicole Klaassen
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harsimran Assi
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harley Bray
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Wildlife Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Jorg Stetefeld
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Titaley IA, Eriksson U, Larsson M. Rapid extraction method of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil using basic silica selective pressurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abbaspour A, Zohrabi F, Dorostkar V, Faz A, Acosta JA. Remediation of an oil-contaminated soil by two native plants treated with biochar and mycorrhizae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109755. [PMID: 31733468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by petroleum compounds threatens the health of soil and water resources. This research was conducted with the objective of reaching an efficient technique for the removal or reduction of harmful effects caused by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in soils. In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of biochar (B), mycorrhizae (M) and combination of mycorrhizae and biochar (M + B) on the growth of two native species; clover (Trifolium arvense) and mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), and removal efficiency of TPH (16.79 mg kg-1) from an oil-contaminated soil were studied. The plant analyses after 50 days of growth period showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in shoot dry weight of mallow in B and M + B treatments but no significant effect was observed for clover compared to the control (C). The initial TPH concentration, determined by gas chromatography technique was reduced from 9.4% in unplanted soil until 56.4% (clover) and 55.9% (mallow) in M + B treatment. The relative concentration of long chain alkanes (LCAs) were also reduced when treatments were applied, in which the highest and lowest reductions was found in C21-C25 and C11-C15, respectively, though octacosane (C28) was increased or unchanged in soil. This result suggests that likely the occurrence of C28 in the mycorrhizal hyphae or the higher removal of the other alkanes increase octacosane relative concentration in soil, which more research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbaspour
- Water and Soil Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan Province, 3619995161, Iran.
| | - Farshad Zohrabi
- Water and Soil Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan Province, 3619995161, Iran.
| | - Vajiheh Dorostkar
- Water and Soil Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan Province, 3619995161, Iran.
| | - Angel Faz
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Jose A Acosta
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
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Zhou W, Zhang H, Deng C, Chen Y, Liao J, Chen Z, Xu J. Solvent-assisted vacuum desorption coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Romero IC, Sutton T, Carr B, Quintana-Rizzo E, Ross SW, Hollander DJ, Torres JJ. Decadal Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mesopelagic Fishes from the Gulf of Mexico Reveals Exposure to Oil-Derived Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10985-10996. [PMID: 30148351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes a decadal assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the muscle tissues of mesopelagic fish species as indicators of the environmental health of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) deep-pelagic ecosystem. Mesopelagic fishes were collected prior to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill (2007), immediately post-spill (2010), 1 year after the spill (2011), and 5-6 years post-spill (2015-2016) to assess if the mesopelagic ecosystem was exposed to, and retained, PAH compounds from the DWH spill. Results indicated that a 7- to 10-fold increase in PAHs in fish muscle tissues occurred in 2010-2011 (4972 ± 1477 ng/g) compared to 2007 (630 ± 236 ng/g). In 2015-2016, PAH concentrations decreased close to the levels measured in 2007 samples (827 ± 138 ng/g); however, the composition of PAHs still resembles a petrogenic source similar to samples collected in 2010-2011. PAH composition in muscle samples indicated that natural sources (e.g., Mississippi River and natural seeps) or spatial variability within the GoM do not explain the temporal variability of PAHs observed from 2007 to 2016. Furthermore, analysis of different fish tissues indicated the dietary intake and maternal transfer of PAHs as the primary mechanisms for bioaccumulation in 2015-2016, explaining the elevated levels and composition of PAHs in ovarian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Romero
- College of Marine Science , University of South Florida , Saint Petersburg , Florida 33701 , United States
| | - Tracey Sutton
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography , Nova Southeastern University , Dania Beach , Florida 33004 , United States
| | - Brigid Carr
- College of Marine Science , University of South Florida , Saint Petersburg , Florida 33701 , United States
| | - Ester Quintana-Rizzo
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium , Boston , Massachusetts 02110 , United States
| | - Steve W Ross
- Center for Marine Science , University of North Carolina , Wilmington , North Carolina 28409 , United States
| | - David J Hollander
- College of Marine Science , University of South Florida , Saint Petersburg , Florida 33701 , United States
| | - Joseph J Torres
- College of Marine Science , University of South Florida , Saint Petersburg , Florida 33701 , United States
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Qin SB, Fan YH, Mou XX, Li XS, Qi SH. Preparation of phenyl-modified magnetic silica as a selective magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cai M, Lin Y, Chen M, Yang W, Du H, Xu Y, Cheng S, Xu F, Hong J, Chen M, Ke H. Improved source apportionment of PAHs and Pb by integrating Pb stable isotopes and positive matrix factorization application (PAHs): A historical record case study from the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:577-586. [PMID: 28763655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To obtain the historical changes of pyrogenic sources, integrated source apportionment methods, which include PAH compositions, diagnostic ratios (DRs), Pb isotopic ratios, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, were developed and applied in sediments of the northern South China Sea. These methods provided a gradually clear picture of energy structural change. Spatially, Σ15PAH (11.3 to 95.5ng/g) and Pb (10.2 to 74.6μg/g) generally exhibited decreasing concentration gradient offshore; while the highest levels of PAHs and Pb were observed near the southern Taiwan Strait, which may be induced by accumulation of different fluvial input. Historical records of pollutants followed closely with the economic development of China, with fast growth of Σ15PAH and Pb occurring since the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. The phasing-out of leaded gasoline in China was captured with a sharp decrease of Pb after the mid-1990s. PAHs and Pb correlated well with TOC and clay content for core sediments, which was not observed for surface sediments. There was an up-core increase of high molecular PAH proportions. Coal and biomass burning were then qualitatively identified as the major sources of PAHs with DRs. Furthermore, shift toward less radiogenic signatures of Pb isotopic ratios after 1900 revealed the start and growing importance of industrial sources. Finally, a greater separation and quantification of various input was achieved by a three-factor PMF model, which made it clear that biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions accounted for 40±20%, 41±13%, and 19±12% of PAHs through the core. Biomass and coal combustion acted as major sources before 2000, while contributions from vehicle emission soared thereafter. The integrated multi-methodologies here improved the source apportionment by reducing biases with a step-down and cross-validation perspective, which could be similarly applied to other aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huihong Du
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shayen Cheng
- College of Ocean Science and Resource, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Fangjian Xu
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jiajun Hong
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mian Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Wu H, Wang J, Yang H, Li G, Zeng Y, Xia W, Li Z, Qian M. Development and application of an in-cell cleanup pressurized liquid extraction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect prohibited antiviral agents sensitively in livestock and poultry feces. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Rapid determination of organochlorine pesticides in fish using selective pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 205:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Bigus P, Tsakovski S, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J, Tobiszewski M. Hasse diagram as a green analytical metrics tool: ranking of methods for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3833-41. [PMID: 27038058 PMCID: PMC4848339 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an application of the Hasse diagram technique (HDT) as the assessment tool to select the most appropriate analytical procedures according to their greenness or the best analytical performance. The dataset consists of analytical procedures for benzo[a]pyrene determination in sediment samples, which were described by 11 variables concerning their greenness and analytical performance. Two analyses with the HDT were performed—the first one with metrological variables and the second one with “green” variables as input data. Both HDT analyses ranked different analytical procedures as the most valuable, suggesting that green analytical chemistry is not in accordance with metrology when benzo[a]pyrene in sediment samples is determined. The HDT can be used as a good decision support tool to choose the proper analytical procedure concerning green analytical chemistry principles and analytical performance merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bigus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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In-cell clean-up pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of hydrophobic persistent and emerging organic pollutants in coastal sediments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:107-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. Scoring of solvents used in analytical laboratories by their toxicological and exposure hazards. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:169-173. [PMID: 26074309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Green analytical chemistry, although a well recognised concept, still lacks reliable environmental impact assessment procedures. This article describes scoring of solvents, frequently used in analytical laboratories, with CHEMS-1 model. The model uses toxicological and exposure data to calculate hazard values related to the utilisation of solvents. The original model was modified to incorporate hazards related to the volatility of chemicals. The scoring of hazard values showed that polar solvents are less hazardous. The scoring results were applied to assess the total hazard values in terms of solvent consumption. The hazard scores calculated for each chemical were multiplied by the volumes of solvent used during the analytical procedure. The results show that calculation of total procedural hazard values is valuable in the green analytical chemistry assessment procedure. Moreover, the assessment procedure can be combined with other procedural greenness assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Determination of pharmaceuticals in bivalves using QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3841-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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