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Ranasinghe M, Breadmore MC, Maya F. Nanoplastic Sample Cleanup by Micro-Electromembrane Extraction across Free Liquid Membranes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11734-11741. [PMID: 38987907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sample preparation techniques enabling the separation and cleanup of nanoplastics removing other components present in complex sample matrices are scarce. Herein, micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) has been explored for this purpose based on the extraction of nanoplastic particles across a free liquid membrane (FLM). The extraction unit is based on a perfluoroalkoxy tube sequentially filled with the acceptor solution (20 μL 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 10.7), FLM (10 μL 1-pentanol), and donor solution (20 μL sample/standard solution). Sulfonated polystyrene beads (200 nm particle size) were selected as a model mimicking negatively charged nanoplastics. At 700 V, nanoplastics transferred from the donor solution into the FLM before moving across the FLM into the acceptor solution. Quantitative nanoplastic measurements after μ-EME were performed by injecting the acceptor solution into a capillary electrophoresis system with diode array detection. μ-EME allowed the rapid nanoplastic sample cleanup, requiring an extraction time of just 90 s and obtaining a nanoplastic transfer yield through the FLM of 60% with RSD values below 9%. The μ-EME technique enabled the efficient sample matrix cleanup of nanoplastics spiked in different tea matrices. Nanoplastic transfer yield through the FLM for black tea and flavored tea matrices were 56% and 47%, respectively, with complete sample matrix removal of UV-absorbing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhandiramge Ranasinghe
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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2
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Sahragard A, Dvořák M, Pagan-Galbarro C, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Kubáň P, Miró M. 3D-printed stereolithographic fluidic devices for automatic nonsupported microelectromembrane extraction and clean-up of wastewater samples. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342362. [PMID: 38438239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a quest of novel functional and reliable platforms for enhancing the efficiency of microextraction approaches in troublesome matrices, such as industrial wastewaters. 3D printing has been proven superb in the analytical field to act as the springboard of microscale extraction approaches. RESULTS In this work, low-force stereolithography (SL) was exploited for 3D printing and prototyping bespoke fluidic devices for accommodating nonsupported microelectromembrane extraction (μEME). The analytical performance of 3D-printed μEME devices with distinct cross-sections, including square, circle, and obround, and various channel dimensions was explored against that of commonly used circular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing in flow injection systems. A computer-controlled millifluidic system was harnessed for the (i) automatic liquid-handling of minute volumes of donor, acceptor, and organic phases at the low μL level that spanned from 3 to 44 μL in this work, (ii) formation of three-phase μEME, (iii) in-line extraction, (iv) flow-through optical detection of the acceptor phase, and (v) solvent removal and regeneration of the μEME device and fluidic lines. Using methylene blue (MB) as a model analyte, experimental results evinced that the 3D-printed channels with an obround cross-section (2.5 mm × 2.5 mm) were the most efficient in terms of absolute extraction recovery (59%), as compared to PTFE tubing of 2.5 mm inner diameter (27%). This is attributed to the distinctive convex interface of the organic phase (1-octanol), with a more pronounced laminar pattern, in 3D-printed SL methacrylate-based fluidic channels against that of PTFE tubing on account of the enhanced 1-octanol wettability and lower contact angles for the 3D-printed devices. The devices with obround channels were leveraged for the automatic μEME and in-line clean-up of MB in high matrix textile dyeing wastewater samples with relative recoveries ≥81%, RSD% ≤ 17.1% and LOD of 1.3 mg L-1. The 3D-printed nonsupported μEME device was proven superb for the analysis of wastewater samples with an elevated ionic strength (0.7 mol L-1 NaCl, 5000 mg L-1 Na2CO3, and 0.013 mol L-1 NaOH) with recorded electric currents below 12 μA. NOVELTY The coupling of 3D printing with nonsupported μEME in automatic flow-based systems is herein proposed for the first time and demonstrated for the clean-up of troublesome samples, such as wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sahragard
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Pagan-Galbarro
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Martins RO, de Araújo GL, Simas RC, Chaves AR. ELECTROMEMBRANE EXTRACTION (EME): FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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4
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Dong Y, Li J, Janiak C, Yang XY. Interfacial design for detection of a few molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:779-794. [PMID: 36541179 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00770c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in molecular detection are being driven by goals associated with the development of methods that are amenable to miniaturization and automation, and that have high sensitivity and low interference. The new detection methods are confronted by many interfacial issues, which when properly addressed can lead to improved performance. One interfacial property, special wettability, can facilitate precise delivery and local enrichment of molecules to sensing elements. This review summarizes applications of unique features of special wettability in molecular detection including (1) chemical and electrochemical reactions in anchored microdroplets on superwetting surfaces, (2) enrichment of analytes and active materials at low contact areas between droplets and superwetting surfaces, (3) complete opposite affinities of superwetting surfaces toward nonpolar/polar solutes and oil/water phases, and (4) directional droplet transportation on asymmetric superwetting surfaces. The challenges and opportunities that exist in design and applications of special wettability in interfacial delivery and enrichment for detection of a few molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, 9 Yuexing Third Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Peace Avenue, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing & Shenzhen Research Institute & Joint Laboratory for Marine Advanced Materials in Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Rahbarian H, Nojavan S, Maghsoudi M, Tabani H. In-tube gel electromembrane extraction: A green strategy for the extraction of narcotic drugs from biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463714. [PMID: 36565655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of green and miniature extraction methods is always a major and controversial challenge in the field of sample preparation. In this work, in-tube gel electromembrane extraction (IT-G-EME) was developed as a miniaturized extraction device for the extraction of six narcotic drugs (codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, tramadol, thebaine, and noscapine) from biological samples. A transparent capillary tube (∼6 cm) was used as a microextraction unit. The middle part of the tube was filled with a narrow plug (∼3 mm) of the agarose gel (3.0% w/v) as a membrane and the other sides were filled with aqueous extractant solution (pH 2.0, 20 µL) and sample solution (pH 5.0, 200 µL). By applying electrical potential (400 V), the target drugs with positive charge were migrated from sample solution toward the extractant solution through gel membrane during short extraction time (5 min). Then, the enriched analytes in extractant solution was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear within the permissible range of 10.0-1500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.991). Limits of detection and extraction recoveries were in the range of 3.0-4.5 ng/mL and 61.9-86.9%, respectively. On the basis of four replications, the repeatability of the method was also evaluated in terms of intra- and inter-day RSDs (%), which did not exceed from 6.6 and 7.9%, respectively in aqueous media. The figures of merit were also assessed in biological samples. Eventually, the developed method was profitably used for simultaneous determination of narcotic drugs in the real urine and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Rahbarian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Online preconcentration methodology that realizes over 2000-fold enhancement by integrating the free liquid membrane into electrokinetic supercharging in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of trace anionic analytes in complex samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338959. [PMID: 34602190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile solvents are excellent extraction media for liquid-liquid extractions. However, their use in supported liquid membranes (SLMs) is limited by their evaporation from SLM and thus poor SLM stability and they have never been considered truly useful for electromembrane extraction (EME). In this contribution, volatile solvents were systematically investigated as liquid membranes for EME and their extraction characteristics were comprehensively examined for the first time. A short plug of a water immiscible volatile solvent (a free liquid membrane (FLM)) was sandwiched between two aqueous plugs (donor and acceptor solutions) in a narrow-bore polymeric tubing. Evaporation of the volatile FLM was thus completely avoided and excellent stability of the phase interface was ensured. Suitability of volatile FLMs for EMEs was justified by μ-EMEs of nortriptyline, haloperidol, loperamide and papaverine as model non-polar basic drugs. Extraction performance of μ-EME through ethyl acetate was comparable or better to that through standard non-volatile EME solvents and a high extraction selectivity was achieved for nortriptyline and haloperidol extracted through chloroform. μ-EMEs through the volatile FLMs were characterized by high extraction recoveries (62%-99% for standards and 40-89% for body fluids), low electric currents (10-1380 nA), no susceptibility to matrix ions and suitability for pretreatment of raw body fluids (human urine and serum). Resulting extracts were analysed by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (CE/UV). Repeatability of the μ-EME-CE/UV method was excellent with intra-day and inter-day RSD values 0.8-3.2% and 1.8-4.6%, respectively. Further experiments demonstrated additional advantages of volatile FLMs by nearly exhaustive μ-EMEs of atenolol as the polar basic drug with no need for FLM modification by ionic carriers. The presented comprehensive examination of volatile solvents has broadened the range of liquid membranes suitable for EME and it is believed that this proof-of-concept study will stimulate further interest in a deeper investigation of volatile phase interfaces in EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Li N, Zhang T, Chen G, Xu J, Ouyang G, Zhu F. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for quantitative detection of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Liu C, Huang D, Yang L, Wu S, Shen X, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Removal of Polymerase Chain Reaction Inhibitors by Electromembrane Extraction. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11488-11496. [PMID: 34383461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has become the cornerstone of DNA analysis. However, special samples (e.g., forensic samples, soil, food, and mineral medicine) may contain powerful PCR inhibitors. High levels of inhibitors can hardly be sufficiently removed by conventional DNA extraction approaches and may result in the complete failure of PCR. In this work, the removal of PCR inhibitors by electromembrane extraction (EME) was investigated for the first time. To demonstrate the universality of the approach, EME formats with and without supported membranes (termed parallel-EME and μ-EME, respectively) were employed, and both anionic [humic acid (HA)] and cationic (Ca2+) PCR inhibitors were used as models. During EME, charged inhibitors in the sample migrate into the liquid membrane in the presence of an electric field and might further leech into the waste solution, while PCR analytes remain in the sample. After EME, the clearance values for HA at 0.2 and 2.5 mg mL-1 were 94 and 85%, respectively, and that for Ca2+ (275 mM) was 63%. Forensic PCR-short tandem repeat (PCR-STR) genotyping showed that EME significantly reduced the interference by HA in PCR-STR analysis and displayed a higher HA purge capability compared to existing methods. Furthermore, by combining EME with liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction, satisfactory STR profiles were obtained from HA-rich blood samples. In addition, false-negative reports of bacterial detection in mineral medicine and shrimps were avoided after the removal of Ca2+ by μ-EME. Our research demonstrates the great potential of EME for the purification of DNA samples containing high-level PCR inhibitors and opens up a new application direction for EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Daixin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liuqian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shifan Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
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10
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. WITHDRAWN: Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Hansen FA, Santigosa-Murillo E, Ramos-Payán M, Muñoz M, Leere Øiestad E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Kartsova LA, Makeeva DV, Bessonova EA. Current Status of Capillary Electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820120084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Bavlovič Piskáčková H, Øiestad EL, Váňová N, Lengvarská J, Štěrbová-Kovaříková P, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of anthracyclines from plasma: Comparison with conventional extraction techniques. Talanta 2020; 223:121748. [PMID: 33298272 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) of the polar zwitterionic drugs, anthracyclines (ANT, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol), from rabbit plasma was investigated. The optimized EME was compared to conventional sample pretreatment techniques such as protein precipitation (PP) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), mainly in terms of extraction reliability, recovery and matrix effect. In addition, phospholipids profile in the individual extracts was evaluated. The extracted samples were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The method was validated within the concentration range of 0.25-1000 ng/mL for all tested ANT. Compared with PP and LLE, the EME provided high extraction recovery (more than 80% for all ANT) and excellent sample clean-up (matrix effect were 100 ± 10% with RSD values lower than 4% for all ANT). Furthermore, only negligible amounts of phospholipids were detected in the EME samples. Finally, practical applicability of EME was proved by analysis of plasma samples taken from a pilot in vivo study in rabbits. Consistent results were obtained when using both EME and LLE to extract the plasma prior to the analysis, which further confirmed high reliability of EME. This study clearly showed that EME is a simple, rapid, repeatable technique for extraction of ANT from plasma and it is an up to date alternative to routine conventional extraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nela Váňová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Júlia Lengvarská
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Abstract
![]()
In
this paper, we report the first example of employing a sacrificial
electrode in the acceptor solution during electromembrane extraction
(EME). The electrode was based on a silver wire with a layer of silver
chloride electroplated onto the surface. During EME, the electrode
effectively inhibited electrolysis of water in the acceptor compartment,
by accepting the charge transfer across the SLM, which enabled the
application of 500 μA current without suffering gas formation
or pH changes from electrolysis of water. The electroplating strategy
was optimized with a design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology that
provided optimal conditions of electroplating. With an optimized electrode,
1 cm of the electrode in contact with the acceptor solution inhibited
electrolysis of water for approximately 30 min at 500 μA current
(redox capacity). Further, the redox capacity of the electrode was
found to increase through multiple uses. The advantage of the electrode
was demonstrated by extracting polar analytes at high-current conditions
in a standard EME system comprising 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE)
as SLM and 10 mM HCl as sample/acceptor solutions. Application of
high current enabled significantly higher recoveries than could otherwise
be obtained at 100 μA. Sacrificial electrodes were also tested
in μ-EME and were found beneficial by eliminating detrimental
bubble formation. Thus, the sacrificial electrodes improved the stability
of μ-EME systems. The findings of this paper are important for
development of stable and robust systems for EME operated at high
voltage/current and for EME performed in narrow channels/tubing where
bubble formation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Dong Y, Li J, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Unidirectional solute transfer using a Janus membrane. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Integration of three-phase microelectroextraction sample preparation into capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460570. [PMID: 31607447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major strength of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is its ability to inject small sample volumes. However, there is a great mismatch between injection volume (typically <100 nL) and sample volumes (typically 20-1500 µL). Electromigration-based sample preparation methods are based on similar principles as CE. The combination of these methods with capillary electrophoresis could tackle obstacles in the analysis of dilute samples. This study demonstrates coupling of three-phase microelectroextraction (3PEE) to CE for sample preparation and preconcentration of large volume samples while requiring minimal adaptation of CE equipment. In this set-up, electroextraction takes place from an aqueous phase, through an organic filter phase, into an aqueous droplet that is hanging at the capillary inlet. The first visual proof-of-concept for this set-up showed successful extraction using the cationic dye crystal violet (CV). The potential of 3PEE for bioanalysis was demonstrated by successful extraction of the biogenic amines serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp). Under optimized conditions limits of detection (LOD) were 15 nM and 33 nM for 5-HT and Tyr respectively (with Trp as an internal standard). These LODs are comparable to other similar preconcentration methods that have been reported in conjunction with CE. Good linearity (R2 > 0.9967) was observed for both model analytes. RSDs for peak areas in technical replicates, interday and intraday variability were all satisfactory, i.e., below 14%. 5-HT, Tyr and Trp spiked to human urine were successfully extracted and separated. These results underline the great potential of 3PEE as an integrated enrichment technique from biological samples and subsequent sensitive metabolomics analysis.
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction with a floating drop free liquid membrane for the determination of basic drugs in complex samples. Talanta 2020; 206:120255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pourahadi A, Farahani A, Hosseiny Davarani SS, Nojavan S, Tashakori C. Developing a miniaturized setup for in-tube simultaneous determination of three alkaloids using electromembrane extraction in combination with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3126-3133. [PMID: 31347772 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, electromembrane extraction was combined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry using a customized manifold for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, and papaverine in water and human urine samples. Absorption spectra of the extracts were recorded inside the lumen of the hollow fiber using two fiber optics connected to a miniature spectrophotometer. Partial least squares regression was applied to resolve the overlapped spectra of the analytes. Performance of the model was validated by an independent test set. Central composite design was applied to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimized extraction conditions are as follows; supporting liquid membrane: 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 15% v/v bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, applied voltage: 80 V, donor pH: 3.0, acceptor pH: 1.0, extraction time: 20 min. Finally, the optimized extraction method was validated for determination of the mentioned alkaloids in human urine samples. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.995) for all of the mentioned alkaloids. The limits of detection for morphine, codeine, and papaverine in diluted human urine were found to be 0.6, 1.1, and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively with acceptable relative standard deviations. Enrichment factors of 104, 108, and 102 were achieved for morphine, codeine, and papaverine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Pourahadi
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farahani
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Camellia Tashakori
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Javier Carrasco-Correa E, Kubáň P, Cocovi-Solberg DJ, Miró M. Fully Automated Electric-Field-Driven Liquid Phase Microextraction System with Renewable Organic Membrane As a Front End to High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10808-10815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David J. Cocovi-Solberg
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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20
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Yeh CS, Cheng PS, Chang SY. Solvent-free electromembrane extraction: A new concept in electro-driven extraction. Talanta 2019; 199:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Electromembrane extraction with solvent modification of the acceptor solution: improved mass transfer of drugs of abuse from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:755-771. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Electromembrane extraction (EME) of 37 drugs of abuse with significant differences in terms of polarity (0.68 < log P < 4.3) and basicity (1.17 < pKa < 10.38) was investigated from human plasma. Materials & methods: EME was performed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid and DMSO (1:1 v/v) in the acceptor solution. Results & conclusion: The analytes were extracted efficiently with pure 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as supported liquid membrane when the acceptor solution was modified with DMSO. Thus, using DMSO mixed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid (1:1, v/v) as acceptor solution, recoveries from 40 to 105% (relative standard deviation <20%) were obtained for 33 of the analytes under optimized conditions. EME followed by ultra-HPLC–MS/MS analysis was evaluated from human plasma, and the results were satisfactory.
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22
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Drouin N, Kubáň P, Rudaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Schappler J. Electromembrane extraction: Overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Breadmore MC, Grochocki W, Kalsoom U, Alves MN, Phung SC, Rokh MT, Cabot JM, Ghiasvand A, Li F, Shallan AI, Keyon ASA, Alhusban AA, See HH, Wuethrich A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:17-39. [PMID: 30362581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in-line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016-June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large-volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mónica N Alves
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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24
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Two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membrane for determination of acidic drugs in complex samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1048:58-65. [PMID: 30598158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) using electrically induced transfer of charged analytes directly into free liquid membrane (FLM) is proposed as a novel technique for improving enrichment capabilities of μ-EME. The presented set-up employs aqueous sample as donor solution and water immiscible organic solvent (1-octanol) as FLM, which form the two-phase μ-EME system for efficient extraction of model acidic drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) from standard solutions, human urine, human serum and wastewater samples. The FLM eliminates migration of matrix components from the complex samples and simultaneously it acts as an acceptor solution for selective trapping and enrichment of the analyte ions. Electrodes are immersed directly into the sample and the FLM and replenishment of analyte ions at the sample/FLM phase interface is accomplished by stirring the sample solution using a conventional laboratory stirrer. At optimized two-phase μ-EME conditions (100 V, 15 min, 1000 rpm) and optimized volume ratio of sample to FLM (480:16 μL), extraction recoveries of 60-97% and enrichment factors up to 29.1 were achieved. Determination of the acidic drugs in resulting FLMs was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection with good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9998) and low limits of detection (4-20 ng/mL).
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25
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Tabani H, Nojavan S, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:244-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Nojavan S, Shaghaghi H, Rahmani T, Shokri A, Nasiri-Aghdam M. Combination of electromembrane extraction and electro-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: A tandem sample preparation method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (SHS-HLLME) Combined with GC-FID for the Quantification of Methadone and Tramadol. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Dvořák M, Seip KF, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Kubáň P. Semi-automated set-up for exhaustive micro-electromembrane extractions of basic drugs from biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1005:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Direct Analysis of Free Aqueous and Organic Operational Solutions as a Tool for Understanding Fundamental Principles of Electromembrane Extraction. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12960-12967. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Direct coupling of electromembrane extraction to mass spectrometry - Advancing the probe functionality toward measurements of zwitterionic drug metabolites. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Kubáň P. Salt Removal from Microliter Sample Volumes by Multiple Phase Microelectromembrane Extractions Across Free Liquid Membranes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8476-8483. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Injections from sub-μL sample volumes in commercial capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1497:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Huang C, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction with alkylated phosphites and phosphates as supported liquid membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Integration of the free liquid membrane into electrokinetic supercharging – capillary electrophoresis for the determination of cationic herbicides in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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35
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Šlampová A, Šindelář V, Kubáň P. Application of a macrocyclic compound, bambus[6]uril, in tailor-made liquid membranes for highly selective electromembrane extractions of inorganic anions. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 950:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Kubáň P, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Micro-electromembrane extraction using multiple free liquid membranes and acceptor solutions – Towards selective extractions of analytes based on their acid-base strength. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Fuchs D, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Jensen H, Rand KD, Honoré Hansen S, Petersen NJ. Fully Automated Electro Membrane Extraction Autosampler for LC–MS Systems Allowing Soft Extractions for High-Throughput Applications. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6797-804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Fuchs
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nickolaj Jacob Petersen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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40
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Oedit A, Ramautar R, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW. Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1170-86. [PMID: 26864699 PMCID: PMC5071742 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroextraction (EE) and electromembrane extraction (EME) are sample preparation techniques that both require an electric field that is applied over a liquid-liquid system, which enables the migration of charged analytes. Furthermore, both techniques are often used to pre-concentrate analytes prior to analysis. In this review an overview is provided of the body of literature spanning April 2012-November 2015 concerning EE and EME, focused on hyphenation to analytical techniques. First, the theoretical aspects of concentration enhancement in EE and EME are discussed to explain extraction recovery and enrichment factor. Next, overviews are provided of the techniques based on their hyphenation to LC, GC, CE, and direct detection. These overviews cover the compounds and matrices, experimental aspects (i.e. donor volume, acceptor volume, extraction time, extraction voltage, and separation time) and the analytical aspects (i.e. limit of detection, enrichment factor, and extraction recovery). Techniques that were either hyphenated online to analytical techniques or show high potential with respect to online hyphenation are highlighted. Finally, the potential future directions of EE and EME are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Oedit
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Petrus W Lindenburg
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.
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42
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Rajabi M, Bazregar M, Yamini Y, Asghari A, Ebrahimpour B. Electrophoretic micro-preconcentration of ionizable compounds as a green approach in sample preparation. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Simultaneous micro-electromembrane extractions of anions and cations using multiple free liquid membranes and acceptor solutions. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Asadi S, Tabani H, Khodaei K, Asadian F, Nojavan S. Rotating electrode in electro membrane extraction: a new and efficient methodology to increase analyte mass transfer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotating electrode electromembrane extraction (REEME) as a new EME approach was introduced for the extraction of basic drugs from different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Asadi
- Department of Pure Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology
- Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR)
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kamal Khodaei
- Department of Environmental Geology
- Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR)
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Farhad Asadian
- Department of Environmental Geology
- Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR)
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Pure Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
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45
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Rahmani T, Rahimi A, Nojavan S. Study on electrical current variations in electromembrane extraction process: Relation between extraction recovery and magnitude of electrical current. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 903:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Huang C, Jensen H, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction-The link between theory and experiments. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:188-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuixiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- G&T Septech AS; Ytre Enebakk Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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47
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Asl YA, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Amanzadeh H. Dynamic electromembrane extraction: Automated movement of donor and acceptor phases to improve extraction efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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The effects of electrolysis on operational solutions in electromembrane extraction: The role of acceptor solution. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1398:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques-Developments from 2012 to 2014. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:195-211. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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Preconcentration in micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 848:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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