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Ye J, Ru Y, Weng H, Fu L, Chen J, Chen F, Xiao Q, Xiao A. Rational design of agarose/dextran composite microspheres with tunable core-shell microstructures for chromatographic application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130051. [PMID: 38350580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A new type of core-shell microsphere was prepared by a pre-crosslinking method, consisting of cross-linked agarose microspheres as the core and agarose-dextran as the shell. After optimizing the preparation process, the microspheres with a uniform particle size were obtained and characterized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy to determine their surface and cross-sectional morphology. Results from flow rate-pressure and chromatographic performance tests showed that the core-shell agarose microspheres were supported by the core microspheres and composed of composite polysaccharides, forming an interpenetrating polymer network structure as a hard shell. The core-shell agarose microspheres showed a 300.5 % increase in linear flow rate compared to composite polysaccharide microspheres prepared from shell materials and a 141.5 % increase compared to 6 % agarose microspheres. Additionally, the large pore structure of the shell combined with the fine pore structure of the core improved the material separation efficiency in the range of 0.1-2000 kDa. These findings suggest that core-shell natural polysaccharide microspheres have great potential as a separation chromatographic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Ye
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yi Ru
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Huifen Weng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Liling Fu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Fuquan Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Two-dimensional separation of water-soluble polymers using size exclusion and reversed phase chromatography employing capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464051. [PMID: 37209520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are readily available, durable materials that have piqued the interest of many diverse fields, ranging from biomedical engineering to construction. The physiochemical properties of a polymer dictate the behavior and function, where large polydispersity among polymer properties can lead to problems; however, current polymer analysis methods often only report results for one particular property. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) applications have become increasingly popular due to the ability to implement two chromatographic modalities in one platform, meaning the ability to simultaneously address multiple physiochemical aspects of a polymer sample, such as functional group content and molar mass. The work presented employs size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography, through two coupling strategies: SEC x RP and RP x RP separations of the water-soluble polymers poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber (polyester and polypropylene) stationary phases were used for the RP separations. Particularly attractive is the fact that they are easily implemented as the second dimension in 2DLC workflows due to their low backpressure (<1000 psi at ∼70 mm sec-1) and fast separation times. In-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS) was also implemented for molecular weight determinations of the polymer samples, with the molecular weight of PMA ranging from 5 × 104 to 2 × 105 g mol-1, while PSSA ranges from 105 to 108 g mol-1. While the orthogonal pairing of SEC x RP addresses polymer sizing and chemistry, this approach is limited by long separation times (80 min), the need for high solute concentrations (PMA = 1.79 mg mL-1 and PSSA = 0.175 mg mL-1 to yield comparable absorbance responses) due to on-column dilution and subsequently limited resolution in the RP separation space. With RP x RP couplings, separation times were significantly reduced (40 min), with lower sample concentrations (0.595 mg mL-1 of PMA and 0.05 mg mL-1 of PSSA) required. The combined RP strategy provided better overall distinction in the chemical distribution of the polymers, yielding 7 distict species versus 3 for the SEC x RP coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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Determination of the Loading Capacity and Recovery of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Kidney Cells and Urine Matrices on Capillary-Channeled Polymer (C-CP) Fiber Columns. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm membranous vesicles secreted from all cells that play important roles in many biological processes. Exosomes, a smaller-sized subset of EVs, have become of increasing interest in fundamental biochemistry and clinical fields due to their rich biological cargos and their roles in processes such as cell-signaling, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating cellular functions. To be implemented effectively in fundamental biochemistry and clinical diagnostics fields of study, and for their proposed use as vectors in gene therapies, there is a need for new methods for the isolation of large concentrations of high-purity exosomes from complex matrices in a timely manner. To address current limitations regarding recovery and purity, described here is a frontal throughput and recovery analysis of exosomes derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures and human urine specimens using capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the C-CP fiber HPLC method for EV isolations, the challenge of recovering purified EVs from small sample volumes imparted by the traditional techniques was overcome while introducing significant benefits in processing, affordability (~5 $ per column), loading (~1012 particles), and recovery (1011–1012 particles) from whole specimens without further processing requirements.
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Billotto LS, Marcus RK. Comparative Analysis of Trilobal Capillary‐Channeled Polymer Fiber Columns with Superficially Porous and Monolithic Phases Towards Reversed‐Phase Protein Separations. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3811-3826. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey S. Billotto
- Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson University
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson University
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5
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Huang S, McClain RT, Marcus RK. Comparison of the separation of proteins of wide-ranging molecular weight via trilobal polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber, commercial superficiously porous, and commercial size exclusion columns. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1502-1513. [PMID: 35172038 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reversed phase and size-exclusion chromatography methods are commonly used for protein separations, though based on distinctly different principles. Reversed phase methods yield hydrophobicity-based (loosely-termed) separation of proteins on porous supports, but tend to be limited to proteins with modest molecular weights based on mass transfer limitations. Alternatively, size-exclusion provides complementary benefits in the separation of higher-mass proteins based on entropic, not enthalpic, processes, but tend to yield limited peak capacities. In this study, microbore columns packed with a novel trilobal polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber were used in a reversed phase modality for the separation of polypeptides and proteins of molecular weights ranging from 1.4 to 660 kDa. Chromatographic parameters including gradient times, flow rates and trifluoroacetic acid concentrations in the mobile phase were optimized to maximize resolution and throughput. Following optimization, the performance of the trilobal fiber column was compared to two commercial-sourced columns, a superficially porous C4-derivatized silica and size exclusion, both of which are sold specifically for protein separations and operated according to the manufacturer-specified conditions. In comparison to the commercial columns, the fiber-based column yielded better separation performance across the entirety of the suite, at much lower cost and shorter separation times. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, 29634, Clemson, SC
| | - Ray T McClain
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, 29634, Clemson, SC
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Huang S, Bruce TF, Ding H, Wei Y, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation of lentivirus particles from cell culture media via a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2985-2994. [PMID: 33608753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses are increasingly used as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines and immunotherapies. However, the purification of clinical-grade lentivirus vectors for therapeutic use is still troublesome and limits preclinical and clinical experiments. Current purification methods such as ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration are time consuming and do not remove all of the impurities such as cellular debris, membrane fragments, and denatured proteins from the lentiviruses. The same challenges exist in terms of their analytical characterization. Presented here is the novel demonstration of the chromatographic isolation of virus particles from culture media based on the hydrophobicity characteristics of the vesicles. A method was developed to isolate lentivirus from media using a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method performed on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer (PET C-CP) stationary phase and a standard liquid chromatography apparatus. The method is an extension of the approach developed in this laboratory for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to verify and quantify lentiviruses in elution fractions. Load and elution mobile phase compositions were optimized to affect high efficiency and throughput. The process has been visualized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fiber surfaces following media injection, the elution of proteinaceous material, and the elution of lentiviruses. This effort has yielded a rapid (<10 min), low-cost (< $15 per column, providing multiple separations), and efficient method for the isolation/purification of lentivirus particles from cell culture media at the analytical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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Trang HK, Marcus RK. Application of polydopamine‐coated nylon capillary‐channeled polymer fibers as a stationary phase for mass spectrometric phosphopeptide analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:215-224. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Trang
- Clemson University Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
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8
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Huang S, Wang L, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Isolation and quantification of human urinary exosomes by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6591-6601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Wang L, Bruce TF, Huang S, Marcus RK. Isolation and quantitation of exosomes isolated from human plasma via hydrophobic interaction chromatography using a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:186-193. [PMID: 31472708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are one class of extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm diameter) that are secreted by cells. These small vesicles hold a great deal of promise in disease diagnostics, as they display the same protein biomarkers as their originating cell. On a cellular level, exosomes are attributed to playing a key role in intercellular communication, and may eventually be exploited for targeted drug delivery. In order for exosomes to become useful in disease diagnostics, and as burgeoning drug delivery platforms, they must be isolated efficiently and effectively without compromising their structure. Plasma from peripheral blood is an excellent source of exosomes, as it is easily collected and the process does not normally cause undue discomfort to the patient. Unfortunately, blood plasma content is complex, containing abundant amounts of soluble proteins and aggregates, making exosomes extremely difficult to isolate in high purity from plasma. Most current exosome isolation methods have practical challenges including being too time-consuming and labor intensive, destructive to the exosomes, or too costly for use in clinical settings. To this end, this study examines the use of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers in a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) protocol to isolate exosomes from a human plasma sample. Initial results demonstrate the ability to isolate exosomes with comparable yields and size distributions and on a much faster time scale when compared to traditional isolation methods, while also alleviating concomitant proteins and other impurities. As a demonstration of the potential quantitative utility of the approach, a linear response (particles injected on-column vs peak area) using a commercial exosome standard was established using a standard UV absorbance detector. Based on the calibration function, the concentration of the original human plasma sample was determined and subsequently confirmed by NTA measurement. The potential for scalable separations covering sub-milliliter spin-down solid phase extraction tips to the preparative scale is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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10
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Evaluation of protein separations based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography using polyethylene terephthalate capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Overload Effects in Reversed Phase Protein Separations using Capillary‐Channeled Polymer Fiber Columns. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1221-1233. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University 102 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University 102 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson South Carolina 29634
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12
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Winderl J, Spies T, Hubbuch J. Packing characteristics of winged shaped polymer fiber supports for preparative chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1553:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Wang L, Stevens KA, Haupt-Renaud P, Marcus RK. Dynamic evaluation of a trilobal capillary-channeled polymer fiber shape for reversed phase protein separations and comparison to the eight-channeled form. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1063-1073. [PMID: 29232068 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new, trilobal-shaped capillary-channeled polymer fiber is under development to address the issues of poor A-term performance of the previous eight-channeled form. The trilobal geometry should provide better packing homogeneity due to the fewer potential orientations of the symmetric fiber geometry. Comparisons of separation efficiency and peak shape were made between the two fiber shapes through several dynamic parameters. Column hydrodynamics were investigated with two marker compounds, uracil and bovine serum albumin, with van Deemter plots of those two compounds revealing differences in the packing qualities between the different fiber shapes. Parametric fitting to the van Deemter, Knox, and Giddings equations provides insights into the column physical structures. Separation quality for both shapes was evaluated across differences in fiber packing density, gradient rate, and mobile phase linear velocity for the reversed phase separation of a four protein mixture, containing ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and myoglobin. The results of this study lay the ground work for future efforts in the use of trilobal fibers for the separation of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Kathryn A Stevens
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Paul Haupt-Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Microwave-assisted grafting polymerization modification of nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer fibers for enhanced weak cation exchange protein separations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 954:129-139. [PMID: 28081807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A weak cation exchange liquid chromatography stationary phase (nylon-COOH) was prepared by grafting polyacrylic acid on to native nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers via a microwave-assisted radical polymerization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of applying microwave-assisted grafting polymerization to affect nylon material for protein separation. The C-CP fiber surfaces were characterized by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anticipated carbonyl peak at 1722.9 cm-1 was found on the nylon-COOH fibers, but was not found on the native fiber, indicating the presence of the polyacrylic acid on nylon fibers after grafting. The nylon-COOH phase showed a ∼12× increase in lysozyme dynamic binding capacity (∼12 mg mL-1) when compared to the native fiber phase (∼1 mg mL-1). The loading capacity of the nylon-COOH phase is nearly independent of the lysozyme loading concentration (0.05-1 mg mL-1) and the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-73 mm s-1). The reproducibility of the lysozyme recovery from the nylon-COOH (RSD = 0.3%, n = 10) and the batch-to-batch variability in the functionalization (RSD = 3%, n = 5) were also investigated, revealing very high levels of consistency. Fast baseline separations of myoglobin, α-chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c and lysozyme were achieved using the nylon-COOH column. It was found that a 5× increase in the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-to-36.5 mm s-1) had little effect on the separation resolution. The microwave-assisted grafting polymerization has great potential as a generalized surface modification methodology across the applications of C-CP fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States.
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15
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Winderl J, Hahn T, Hubbuch J. A mechanistic model of ion-exchange chromatography on polymer fiber stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Haupt‐Renaud P, Jiang L, Marcus RK. Preliminary assessment of the modification of polystyrene‐divinylbenzene resin with lipid‐tethered ligands for selective separations. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3868-3879. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haupt‐Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
| | - Liuwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
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17
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Evaluation of loading characteristics and IgG binding performance of Staphylococcal protein A on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Jowkarderis L, van de Ven TGM. Mesh size analysis of cellulose nanofibril hydrogels using solute exclusion and PFG-NMR spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:9201-9210. [PMID: 26417984 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01752a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pore structure of TEMPO-mediated oxidized CNF hydrogels, chemically cross-linked with water-soluble diamines, is studied. A solute exclusion method and pulsed-field-gradient NMR are used to estimate the mesh size distribution in the gel network in its hydrated state. Dextran fractions with the nominal molecular weights in the range of 10-2000 kDa are used as probes. The results show a nonuniform network structure, consisting of a group of large openings that contain ∼50% of water, and regions with a more compact structure and smaller mesh units that restrict the diffusivity of the dextran molecules. A biexponential model is proposed for the NMR echo amplitude decay due to the probe diffusion into the gel network. A typical single exponential model does not fit the experimental data when the probe molecular size is comparable to the network mesh size. The results obtained with NMR, using the proposed biexponential model, are in very good agreement with those determined with solute exclusion. Precise mesh size estimation with solute exclusion using pore models is subject to restrictions, and vary with the assumed pore geometry. The average mesh size obtained using a spherical pore model, ∼35 nm, in the compact regions of the hydrogel, is in good agreement with the theoretical value in a network of rodlike particles. Neglecting the wall effects leads to underestimation of the mesh size with both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jowkarderis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Theo G M van de Ven
- Pulp & Paper Research Center and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada.
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Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Evidence for the Intercalation of Lipid Acyl Chains into Polypropylene Fiber Matrices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10418-10425. [PMID: 26381380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Headgroup-functionalized lipids are being developed as ligand tethers for high selectivity separations on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases. Surface modification is affected under ambient conditions from aqueous solution. This basic methodology has promise in many areas where robust modifications are desired on hydrophobic surfaces. In order to understand the mode of adsorption of the lipid tail to the polypropylene surface, lipids labeled with the environmentally sensitive 7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD) fluorophore were used, with NBD covalently attached to the headgroup (NBD-PE) or the acyl chain (acyl NBD-PE) of the lipid. When modified with the acyl NBD-PE, fluorescence imaging of the fiber at excitation wavelengths increasing from 470 to 510 nm caused a 32 nm shift in emission toward the red edge of the absorption band, indicating that the NBD molecule (and thus the lipid tail) is motionally restricted. Fluorescence imaging on fibers modified with NBD-PE or the free NBD-Cl dye molecule yields no change in the emission response. The results of these imaging studies provide evidence that the acyl chain portions of the lipids intercalate into free volume of the polypropylene fiber structure, yielding a robust means of surface modification and the potential for high ligand densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby J Schadock-Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Comparison of analytical protein separation characteristics for three amine-based capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1373-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiang L, Jin Y, Marcus RK. Polyethylenimine modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) capillary channeled-polymer fibers for anion exchange chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Manard BT, Jones SMH, Marcus RK. Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers for the rapid extraction of proteins from urine matrices prior to detection with MALDI-MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:522-30. [PMID: 25450308 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While MS is a powerful tool for biomarker determinations, the high salt content and the small molecules present in urine poses incredible challenges. Separation/extraction methods must be employed for the isolation of target species at relevant concentrations. Micropipette tips packed with capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are employed for the SPE of proteins from a synthetic and a certified urine matrix. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Extractions are performed utilizing a very simple centrifugation method to spin-down species through the C-CP fiber tips. Proteins adsorb to the hydrophobic polypropylene fibers and are eluted in a solvent suitable for MALDI-MS analysis. Figures of merit are determined for representative compounds β2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, and transferrin. RESULTS The optimum protein processing included a 100 μL aqueous rinse and an elution solvent composition was 10 μL of 55:45 ACN:water (with triflouroacetic acid). MALDI-MS responses for the target proteins are improved from nondetectable levels to eventually yield LOD ranging from 5 to 180 nM in 1 μL aliquots. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE C-CP fiber tips offer a plethora of advantages including low materials costs, high throughput, microvolume processing, and the determination of sub-nanogram quantities of analyte; allowing determination of biomarkers that are otherwise undetectable in urine matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Jiang L, Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Zhang LX, Marcus RK. Evaluation of synthesized lipid tethered ligands for surface functionalization of polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases. Analyst 2015; 140:1523-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straight forward approach to the synthesis of ligand tethered ligands (LTLs) circumvents the purchase of less-robust, PEG-phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
| | | | - Lynn X. Zhang
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Biotin-functionalized poly(ethylene terephthalate) capillary-channeled polymer fibers as HPLC stationary phase for affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:939-51. [PMID: 25410640 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Native poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers have been used as the stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins via reversed-phase and ion-exchange processes. Functionalization can be used to bring about greater selectivity through surface modification. PET fibers were treated with ethylenediamine to generate primary amine groups on the fiber surface, enabling subsequent covalent attachment of ligands. The ninhydrin test for primary amines revealed surface densities of 13.9-60.0 μmol m(-2) for PET fibers exposed for periods of 3-12 min. Here, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid was linked to the EDA-treated PET fiber surface as a hydrophilic spacer, and then D-biotin was attached on the end of the spacer as an affinity ligand. The streptavidin binding capacity and binding homogeneity were studied on the biotin-functionalized PET C-CP fiber microbore column. The selectivity of the biotin surface functionalization was assessed by spiking lysate with Texas Red-labeled streptavidin and enhanced green fluorescent protein. Greater than 99% selectivity was realized. This ligand-coupling strategy from standard solid-phase peptide synthesis used in stationary phase functionalization creates great potential for PET C-CP fiber-packed HPLC columns to perform a variety of chromatographic separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Wang Z, Marcus RK. Roles of interstitial fraction and load conditions on the dynamic binding capacity of proteins on capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:97-109. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Wang
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson SC 29631
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson SC 29631
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