1
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Tsonev LI, Hirsh AG. Multiple, simultaneous, independent gradients for a versatile multidimensional liquid chromatography. Part II: Application 3 - Scouting optimization strategies for separation of monoclonal antibodies by dual simultaneous independent gradients of pH & salt on a weak cation exchange stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465065. [PMID: 38879974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In previous publications we have described the pISep dual simultaneous, independent gradients (DSIGs) liquid chromatography (LC) for uncoupling gradients of non-buffering solute (NaCl, urea or acetonitrile) from externally generated pH gradients. In DSIGs the shape and slope of the [salute] gradient does not depend on the shape and slope of the pH gradient. The technique allows in a single run true simultaneous two dimensional LC separation of complex protein mixtures on various stationary phases including anion, cation exchangers (AEX, CEX), reversed phase (RP), mixed mode and mixed bed. Using a humanized IgG1 (HIgG1) monoclonal antibody (MAb) and a variety of pH & [NaCl] DSIGs, we show that most of MAb isoforms can be successfully separated from each other. These experimental observations are supported by an initial theoretical argument presented here predicting an overall improvement of all MAb isoforms separation by DSIGs of pH & [NaCl]. Theoretical calculations predict that, in general, there exists an optimal non-zero isocratic salt concentration in a pH gradient separation that will resolve isoforms close in binding energy, but a wide range of salt concentrations will be required for acceptable resolution of all isoforms. Theory also predicts better separation of weaker rather than stronger binding isoforms. Experimentally, we have found that no one set of DSIGs LC conditions could optimally baseline resolve all identifiable MAb isoforms in a single run of reasonable duration. The versatility and simplicity of the pH & [NaCl] pISep DSIGs LC allows fast, automated scouting of protein separations over any range of pH from 2.4 to 10.8 and [NaCl] from 0 to 1 M without changing the chemistry of the buffering system. Due to the universal applicability of the pISep buffering system in IEX LC, the researcher is given a powerful tool to easily develop pH & [NaCl] DSIGs protocols that vary mobile phase compositions to achieve high resolution separations of targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latchezar I Tsonev
- CryoBioPhysica, Inc., 4620 N. Park Ave., #1502 w Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Allen G Hirsh
- CryoBioPhysica, Inc., 4620 N. Park Ave., #1502 w Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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2
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Füssl F, Millán-Martín S, Bones J, Carillo S. Cation exchange chromatography on a monodisperse 3 µm particle enables extensive analytical similarity assessment of biosimilars. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115534. [PMID: 37343453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Biosimilarity assessment requires extensive characterization and comparability exercises to investigate product quality attributes of an originator product and its potential biosimilar(s) and to highlight any differences between them. Performing a thorough comparison allows a shortened approval path, which also eliminates lengthy and expensive clinical trials, ensuring comparable product quality and efficacy but at lower drug prices. The wide variety of analytical methods available for biosimilar assessment ranges from biological to analytical assays, each providing orthogonal information to fully characterize biosimilar candidates. Intact native mass spectrometry (MS) has been shown to be an excellent tool for detection and monitoring of important quality attributes such as N-glycosylation, deamidation, sequence truncation and higher order structures. When combined with efficient upfront separation methods, simplification of the proteoform heterogeneity and associated complexity prior to MS analysis can be achieved. Native mass spectrometry can provide robust and accurate results within short analysis times and requires minimal sample preparation. In this study we report the use of a monodisperse strong cation exchange chromatography phase hyphenated with Orbitrap mass spectrometry (SCX-MS) to compare the best-selling biopharmaceutical product Humira® with 7 commercially approved biosimilar products. SCX-MS analysis allowed for the identification of previously described as well as so far unreported proteoforms and their relative quantitation across all samples, revealing differences in N-glycosylation and lysine truncation, as well as unique features for some products such as sialylation and N-terminal clipping. SCX-MS analysis, powered by a highly efficient separation column, enabled deep and efficient analytical comparison of biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán-Martín
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland.
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4
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Spanov B, Baartmans B, Olaleye O, Nicolardi S, Govorukhina N, Wuhrer M, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1505-1513. [PMID: 36693954 PMCID: PMC9974696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is known to be heterogeneous in terms of charge. Stressing trastuzumab under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C) increases charge heterogeneity further. Separation of charge variants of stressed trastuzumab at the intact protein level is challenging due to increasing complexity making it difficult to obtain pure charge variants for further characterization. Here we report an approach for revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography. Trastuzumab subunits were generated after limited proteolytic cleavage with papain, IdeS, and GingisKHAN®. The basic pI of Fab and F(ab)2 fragments allowed to use the same pH gradient for intact protein and subunit level analysis. Baseline separation of Fab subunits was obtained after GingisKHAN® and papain digestion and the corresponding modifications were determined by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping and middle-down MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS. The described approach allows a comprehensive charge variant analysis of therapeutic antibodies that have two or more modification sites in the Fab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Baartmans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Mesurado T, Govorukhina N, Jungbauer A, van de Merbel NC, Lingg N, Bischoff R. Pertuzumab Charge Variant Analysis and Complementarity-Determining Region Stability Assessment to Deamidation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3951-3958. [PMID: 36795375 PMCID: PMC9979147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer in combination with trastuzumab. Charge variants of trastuzumab have been extensively described in the literature; however, little is known about the charge heterogeneity of pertuzumab. Here, changes in the ion-exchange profile of pertuzumab were evaluated by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography after stressing it for up to 3 weeks at physiological and elevated pH and 37 °C. Isolated charge variants arising under stress conditions were characterized by peptide mapping. The results of peptide mapping showed that deamidation in the Fc domain and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain are the main contributors to charge heterogeneity. The heavy chain CDR2, which is the only CDR containing asparagine residues, was quite resistant to deamidation under stress conditions according to peptide mapping results. Using surface plasmon resonance, it was shown that the affinity of pertuzumab for the HER2 target receptor does not change under stress conditions. Peptide mapping analysis of clinical samples showed an average of 2-3% deamidation in the heavy chain CDR2, 20-25% deamidation in the Fc domain, and 10-15% N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain. These findings suggest that in vitro stress studies are able to predict in vivo modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomés Mesurado
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,Bioanalytical
Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
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6
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Schwahn AB, Baek J, Lin S, Pohl CA, Cook K. A Universal Eluent System for Method Scouting and Separation of Biotherapeutic Proteins by Ion-Exchange, Size-Exclusion, and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16369-16375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Baek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California94085, United States
| | - Shanhua Lin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California94085, United States
| | | | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, HertfordshireHP2 7GE, U.K
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7
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Ruppen I, Beydon ME, Solís C, Sacristán D, Vandenheede I, Ortiz A, Sandra K, Adhikary L. Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2022; 77:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2021; 73:41-56. [PMID: 34593306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of recombinant mAb products contain heterogeneous charge variants, commonly the result of post-translational modifications occurring during cell culture and accumulated during production, formulation and storage. MB02 is a biosimilar mAb to bevacizumab. Similarity data of charge variants for biosimilars against its reference products must be generated to demonstrate consistency in product quality and to ensure efficacy and safety. The goal of this work was to isolate seven charge variants of MB02 and Avastin® by semi-preparative cation exchange chromatography followed by purity test and extended analytical characterization to prove similarity. Although poor purity obtained for minor variants complicated data interpretation, an in-depth insight into the charge variants pattern of MB02 compared to Avastin® was obtained, contributing to a better understanding of modifications associated to microheterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analytical study of individual charge variants of a bevacizumab biosimilar following a head-to head approach and the most comprehensive N-glycosylation assessment of IgG1 charge variants. Although modifications related to N- and C-terminal, N-glycans, size heterogeneity or deamidation were specifically enriched among low abundant charge variants, they did not affect binding affinity to VEGF or FcRn and in vitro potency compared with the main species or unfractionated material.
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9
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Cui X, Mi W, Hu Z, Li X, Meng B, Zhao X, Qian X, Zhu T, Ying W. Global characterization of modifications to the charge isomers of IgG antibody. J Pharm Anal 2020; 12:156-163. [PMID: 35573890 PMCID: PMC9073142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of antibody products affect their stability, charge distribution, and drug activity and are thus a critical quality attribute. The comprehensive mapping of antibody modifications and different charge isomers (CIs) is of utmost importance, but is challenging. We intended to quantitatively characterize the posttranslational modification status of CIs of antibody drugs and explore the impact of posttranslational modifications on charge heterogeneity. The CIs of antibodies were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography and verified by capillary isoelectric focusing-whole column imaging detection, followed by stepwise structural characterization at three levels. First, the differences between CIs were explored at the intact protein level using a top-down mass spectrometry approach; this showed differences in glycoforms and deamidation status. Second, at the peptide level, common modifications of oxidation, deamidation, and glycosylation were identified. Peptide mapping showed nonuniform deamidation and glycoform distribution among CIs. In total, 10 N-glycoforms were detected by peptide mapping. Finally, an in-depth analysis of glycan variants of CIs was performed through the detection of enriched glycopeptides. Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrated the dynamics of 24 N-glycoforms. The results revealed that sialic acid modification is a critical factor accounting for charge heterogeneity, which is otherwise missed in peptide mapping and intact molecular weight analyses. This study demonstrated the importance of the comprehensive analyses of antibody CIs and provides a reference method for the quality control of biopharmaceutical analysis. A stepwise investigation on the diversity and dynamics of modifications of antibody charge isomers (CIs) was performed. The results from SCX-HPLC and cIEF-WCID supported each other. In-depth analysis on glycan variants of CIs was achieved by analyzing the enriched glycopeptides. Sialic acid and deamidation modifications were critical factors for the charge heterogeneity.
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11
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Baek J, Schwahn AB, Lin S, Pohl CA, De Pra M, Tremintin SM, Cook K. New Insights into the Chromatography Mechanisms of Ion-Exchange Charge Variant Analysis: Dispelling Myths and Providing Guidance for Robust Method Optimization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13411-13419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | | | - Shanhua Lin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Pohl
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Mauro De Pra
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, Germering 82110, Germany
| | - Stacy M. Tremintin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, U.K
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12
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Pereira Bresolin IRA, Lingg N, Bresolin ITL, Jungbauer A. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography as polishing step enables obtaining ultra-pure recombinant antibodies. J Biotechnol 2020; 324S:100020. [PMID: 34154739 DOI: 10.1016/j.btecx.2020.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is a versatile method to polish antibodies. Here, we present a polishing procedure in order to obtain an ultra-pure preparation of antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha IgG1. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was used with Toyopearl® Phenyl 650M adsorbent in the presence of ammonium sulfate. Adsorption isotherms, breakthrough curves and chromatographic runs were carried out. The eluted antibody was recovered with 99.9 % purity and 96.2 % yield. In the main peak, aggregates, host cell proteins (HCP) and DNA content were below the limit of detection of the analytical methods used. Thus, the method proposed here shows potential to be employed in a downstream process when an ultra-pure antibody preparation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Rocha Antunes Pereira Bresolin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Tadeu Lazzarotto Bresolin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Krepper W, Burgstaller D, Jungbauer A, Satzer P. Mid-manufacturing storage: Antibody stability after chromatography and precipitation based capture steps. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2928. [PMID: 31622530 PMCID: PMC7187330 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of the IgG2 subclass were captured from the clarified cell culture fluid either by protein A chromatography or by polyethylene glycol precipitation. The captured intermediates were stored as neutralized eluates (protein A chromatography) or in solid form as polyethylene glycol precipitates over a period of 13 months at three temperatures, −20°C, 5°C, and room temperature to compare the capture technologies in regard of the resulting product storability. Monomer content, high molecular mass impurities product loss and changes in the composition of the charge variants were determined at six time points during the storage. At the beginning and end of the study, samples were additionally tested by differential scanning calorimetry, differential scanning fluorimetry, and circular dichroism to determine structural alterations occurring during storage. Protein A purified material was highly stable at all tested temperatures in regard of monomer content and product losses. A transient, acidic isoform was formed during the chromatography step which re‐converted to the main charged variant upon storage within a matter of days. Precipitated antibodies could be stored at −20 or 5°C for 3 months without product losses but afterwards recovery yields dropped to 65%. At room temperature, the precipitated antibody was not stable and degraded within 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walpurga Krepper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Impact of mammalian cell culture conditions on monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity: an accessory monitoring tool for process development. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1167-1178. [PMID: 31175523 PMCID: PMC6697719 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are predominantly produced in mammalian cell culture bioprocesses. Post-translational modifications affect the micro-heterogeneity of the product and thereby influence important quality attributes, such as stability, solubility, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The analysis of the surface charge distribution of monoclonal antibodies provides aggregated information about these modifications. In this work, we established a direct injection pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method, which determines charge heterogeneity from cell culture supernatant without any purification steps. This tool was further applied to monitor processes that were performed under certain process conditions. Concretely, we were able to provide insights into charge variant formation during a fed-batch process of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, in turn producing a monoclonal antibody under varying temperatures and glucose feed strategies. Glucose concentration impacted the total emergence of acidic variants, whereas the variation of basic species was mainly dependent on process temperature. The formation rates of acidic species were described with a second-order reaction, where a temperature increase favored the conversion. This platform method will aid as a sophisticated optimization tool for mammalian cell culture processes. It provides a quality fingerprint for the produced mAb, which can be tested, compared to the desired target and confirmed early in the process chain.
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15
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Füssl F, Trappe A, Cook K, Scheffler K, Fitzgerald O, Bones J. Comprehensive characterisation of the heterogeneity of adalimumab via charge variant analysis hyphenated on-line to native high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. MAbs 2018; 11:116-128. [PMID: 30296204 PMCID: PMC6343805 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1531664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge variant analysis is a widely used tool to monitor changes in product quality during the manufacturing process of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Although it is a powerful technique for revealing mAb heterogeneity, an unexpected outcome, for example the appearance of previously undetected isoforms, requires further, time-consuming analysis. The process of identifying these unknowns can also result in unwanted changes to the molecule that are not attributable to the manufacturing process. To overcome this, we recently reported a method combining highly selective cation exchange chromatography-based charge variant analysis with on-line mass spectrometric (MS) detection. We further explored and adapted the chromatographic buffer system to expand the application range. Moreover, we observed no salt adducts on the native protein, also supported by the optimal choice of MS parameters, resulting in increased data quality and mass accuracy. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this improved method by performing an in-depth analysis of adalimumab before and after forced degradation. By combining molecular mass and retention time information, we were able to identify multiple modifications on adalimumab, including lysine truncation, glycation, deamidation, succinimide formation, isomerisation, N-terminal aspartic acid loss or C-terminal proline amidation and fragmentation along with the N-glycan distribution of each of these identified proteoforms. Host cell protein (HCP) analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry that verified the presence of the protease Cathepsin L. Based on the presence of trace HCPs with catalytic activity, it can be questioned if fragmentation is solely driven by spontaneous hydrolysis or possibly also by enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Anne Trappe
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland.,b School of Biotechnology , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Ken Cook
- c Thermo Fisher Scientific , Hemel Hempstead , UK
| | | | - Oliver Fitzgerald
- e St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin 4 , Ireland.,f Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland.,g School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
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16
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Trappe A, Füssl F, Carillo S, Zaborowska I, Meleady P, Bones J. Rapid charge variant analysis of monoclonal antibodies to support lead candidate biopharmaceutical development. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Satzer P, Sommer R, Paulsson J, Rodler A, Zehetner R, Hofstädter K, Klade C, Jungbauer A. Monolith affinity chromatography for the rapid quantification of a single-chain variable fragment immunotoxin. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3051-3059. [PMID: 29873445 PMCID: PMC6099420 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel analytical method for concentration determination of tandem single‐chain antibody diphtheria toxin (immunotoxin). The method is based on polymethacrylate monoliths with Protein L ligands as the binding moiety. Different buffers were tested for elution of the Protein L‐bound immunotoxin and 4.5 M guanidinium hydrochloride performed best. We optimized the elution conditions and the method sequence resulting in a fast and robust method with a runtime <10 min. Fast determination of immunotoxin is critical if any process decisions rely on this data. We determined method performance and a lower limit of detection of 27 μg/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 90 μg/mL was achieved. The validity of the method in terms of residual analysis, precision, and repeatability was proven in a range from 100 to 375 μg/mL. The short runtime and ease of use of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method is especially useful for a process analytical tool approach. Bioprocesses related to immunotoxin where fermentation or other process parameters can be adjusted in accordance to the immunotoxin levels will be benefited from this method to achieve the highest possible purity and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Sommer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Paulsson
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rodler
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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19
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Füssl F, Cook K, Scheffler K, Farrell A, Mittermayr S, Bones J. Charge Variant Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Direct Coupled pH Gradient Cation Exchange Chromatography to High-Resolution Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4669-4676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Amy Farrell
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Stefan Mittermayr
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT−The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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20
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Kateja N, Kumar D, Godara A, Kumar V, Rathore AS. Integrated Chromatographic Platform for Simultaneous Separation of Charge Variants and Aggregates from Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutic Products. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kateja
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Devashish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Avinash Godara
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Vijesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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21
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Wagner-Rousset E, Fekete S, Morel-Chevillet L, Colas O, Corvaïa N, Cianférani S, Guillarme D, Beck A. Development of a fast workflow to screen the charge variants of therapeutic antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:147-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion chromatography for intact protein separation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:63-69. [PMID: 28182992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion stationary phase C8PN composed of octyl and amino group has been developed for separation of intact protein. Before the separation of proteins, a set of probe compounds were employed to evaluate the chromatographic properties of C8PN, demonstrating typical reversed phase/positively charged repulsion interaction on this stationary phase as estimated. Then the new C8PN stationary phase was used to separate a standard protein mixture on the reversed phase mode. Compared with a commercial C4 stationary phase, it showed different selectivity for some proteins. In order to better understand the properties of C8PN, the effect of acetonitrile content was investigated based on retention equation. Higher values of the equation parameters on C8PN demonstrated that the protein retentions were more sensitive to the change of acetonitrile content. Besides, the influences of buffer salt additives on the protein retentions were also studied. The retention factors of the proteins got larger with the increase of buffer salt concentration, which confirmed the positively charged repulsion interaction on the column. Finally, the C8PN was further applied to separate oxidized- and reduced- forms of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone. Our study indicated the advantages and application potential of mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion stationary phase for intact protein separation.
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23
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Hintersteiner B, Lingg N, Janzek E, Mutschlechner O, Loibner H, Jungbauer A. Microheterogeneity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is governed by changes in the surface charge of the protein. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1617-1627. [PMID: 27753240 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown for individual antibodies, that the microheterogenity pattern can have a significant impact on various key characteristics of the product. The aim of this study to get a more generalized understanding of the importance of microheterogeneity. For that purpose, the charge variant pattern of various different commercially available therapeutic mAb products was compared using Cation-Exchange Chromatography with linear pH gradient antigen affinity, Fc-receptor affinity, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and conformational stability. For three of the investigated antibodies, the basic charge variants showed a stronger binding affinity towards FcγRIIIa as well as an increased ADCC response. Differences in the conformational stability of antibody charge variants and the corresponding reference samples could not be detected by differential scanning calorimetry. The different biological properties of the mAb variants are therefore governed by changes in the surface charge of the protein and not by an altered structure. This can help to identify aspects of microheterogeneity that are critical for product quality and can lead to further improvements in the development and production of therapeutic antibody products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Hintersteiner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyne Janzek
- Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 5, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hans Loibner
- Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 5, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Xiao X, Jia L. Separation of monoclonal antibody charge state variants by open tubular capillary electrochromatography with immobilised protein as stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Hintersteiner B, Lingg N, Zhang P, Woen S, Hoi KM, Stranner S, Wiederkum S, Mutschlechner O, Schuster M, Loibner H, Jungbauer A. Charge heterogeneity: Basic antibody charge variants with increased binding to Fc receptors. MAbs 2016; 8:1548-1560. [PMID: 27559765 PMCID: PMC5098448 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1225642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified active isoforms of the chimeric anti-GD2 antibody, ch14.18, a recombinant antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which is already used in clinical trials.1,2,3 We separated the antibody by high resolution ion-exchange chromatography with linear pH gradient elution into acidic, main and basic charge variants on a preparative scale yielding enough material for an in-depth study of the sources and the effects of microheterogeneity. The binding affinity of the charge variants toward the antigen and various cell surface receptors was studied by Biacore. Effector functions were evaluated using cellular assays for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Basic charge variants showed increased binding to cell surface receptor FcγRIIIa, which plays a major role in regulating effector functions. Furthermore, increased binding of the basic fractions to the neonatal receptor was observed. As this receptor mediates the prolonged half-life of IgG in human serum, this data may well hint at an increased serum half-life of these basic variants compared to their more acidic counterparts. Different glycoform patterns, C-terminal lysine clipping and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation were identified as the main structural sources for the observed isoform pattern. Potential differences in structural stability between individual charge variant fractions by nano differential scanning calorimetry could not been detected. Our in-vitro data suggests that the connection between microheterogeneity and the biological activity of recombinant antibody therapeutics deserves more attention than commonly accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Hintersteiner
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Susanto Woen
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Kong Meng Hoi
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Stefan Stranner
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | - Manfred Schuster
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hans Loibner
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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26
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Schmidt PM, Abdo M, Butcher RE, Yap MY, Scotney PD, Ramunno ML, Martin-Roussety G, Owczarek C, Hardy MP, Chen CG, Fabri LJ. A robust robotic high-throughput antibody purification platform. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:9-19. [PMID: 27283099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become the fastest growing segment in the drug market with annual sales of more than 40 billion US$ in 2013. The selection of lead candidate molecules involves the generation of large repertoires of antibodies from which to choose a final therapeutic candidate. Improvements in the ability to rapidly produce and purify many antibodies in sufficient quantities reduces the lead time for selection which ultimately impacts on the speed with which an antibody may transition through the research stage and into product development. Miniaturization and automation of chromatography using micro columns (RoboColumns(®) from Atoll GmbH) coupled to an automated liquid handling instrument (ALH; Freedom EVO(®) from Tecan) has been a successful approach to establish high throughput process development platforms. Recent advances in transient gene expression (TGE) using the high-titre Expi293F™ system have enabled recombinant mAb titres of greater than 500mg/L. These relatively high protein titres reduce the volume required to generate several milligrams of individual antibodies for initial biochemical and biological downstream assays, making TGE in the Expi293F™ system ideally suited to high throughput chromatography on an ALH. The present publication describes a novel platform for purifying Expi293F™-expressed recombinant mAbs directly from cell-free culture supernatant on a Perkin Elmer JANUS-VariSpan ALH equipped with a plate shuttle device. The purification platform allows automated 2-step purification (Protein A-desalting/size exclusion chromatography) of several hundred mAbs per week. The new robotic method can purify mAbs with high recovery (>90%) at sub-milligram level with yields of up to 2mg from 4mL of cell-free culture supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Schmidt
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael Abdo
- Perkin Elmer, 530-540 Springvale Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria 3150, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Butcher
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Min-Yin Yap
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre D Scotney
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melanie L Ramunno
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Owczarek
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew P Hardy
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Chao-Guang Chen
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louis J Fabri
- CSL Limited, BIO21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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27
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Kunert R, Reinhart D. Advances in recombinant antibody manufacturing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3451-61. [PMID: 26936774 PMCID: PMC4803805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the first use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein expression, production processes have steadily improved through numerous advances. In this review, we have highlighted several key milestones that have contributed to the success of CHO cells from the beginning of their use for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression until today. The main factors influencing the yield of a production process are the time to accumulate a desired amount of biomass, the process duration, and the specific productivity. By comparing maximum cell densities and specific growth rates of various expression systems, we have emphasized the limiting parameters of different cellular systems and comprehensively described scientific approaches and techniques to improve host cell lines. Besides the quantitative evaluation of current systems, the quality-determining properties of a host cell line, namely post-translational modifications, were analyzed and compared to naturally occurring polyclonal immunoglobulin fractions from human plasma. In summary, numerous different expression systems for mAbs are available and also under scientific investigation. However, CHO cells are the most frequently investigated cell lines and remain the workhorse for mAb production until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Reinhart
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Fekete S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Ion-exchange chromatography for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:43-55. [PMID: 25800161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) is a historical technique widely used for the detailed characterization of therapeutic proteins and can be considered as a reference and powerful technique for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of charge heterogeneity. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of theoretical and practical aspects of modern IEX applied for the characterization of therapeutic proteins including monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). The section on method development describes how to select a suitable stationary phase chemistry and dimensions, the mobile phase conditions (pH, nature and concentration of salt), as well as the temperature and flow rate, considering proteins isoelectric point (pI). In addition, both salt-gradient and pH-gradient approaches were critically reviewed and benefits as well as limitations of these two strategies were provided. Finally, several applications, mostly from pharmaceutical industries, illustrate the potential of IEX for the characterization of charge variants of various types of biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France(1)
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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