1
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Walravens J, Sleumer B, Vos MJ, Snaterse G, Narinx N, Antonio L, Reyns T, Fiers T, Kema IP, Kaufman JM, van de Merbel NC, Lapauw B. SHBG gene polymorphisms and their influence on serum SHBG, total and free testosterone concentrations in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae280. [PMID: 38652149 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic variation in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) structure may affect estimates of sex steroid exposure by altering the affinity of the protein for its ligand. Consequently, free hormone calculations assuming constant binding affinity may, for certain genetic variations, lead to incorrect diagnoses if genetic variation is not taken into consideration. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of genetic variation in SHBG on calculated and measured serum free testosterone (T) in men. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based sibling-pair study in 999 healthy men aged 25 to 45 (mean: 34.5) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotyping using microarray (Illumina®) for SNPs suggested to affect binding affinity and/or concentration of SHBG or T. SHBG concentrations were measured using immunoassay and in a subset (n = 32) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total T was measured using LC-MS/MS. Free T was calculated and in a subset (n = 314) measured directly using LC-MS/MS after equilibrium dialysis. RESULTS Allelic frequencies of analyzed SNPs ranged from 0.5% to 58.2%. Compared to wild-type, SHBG concentrations were lower in rs6258 heterozygotes (-24.7%; p < 0.05) and higher in rs6259 heterozygotes, rs727428 homozygotes, and carriers of rs1799941 (+10.8 to 23.1%; all p < 0.05). Total T was higher in rs727428 homozygotes and carriers of rs5934505, rs1799941and rs6259 (+3.9 to 21.4%; all p < 0.05). No clear effects on measured free T were found, except for a trend towards higher values in rs6259 homozygotes, significant for calculated free T (+18.7%; p < 0.05) in the larger global study population. CONCLUSION In these men, analyzed SNPs were relatively prevalent and affected serum concentrations of total T and SHBG but not calculated or measured free T except for a higher trend in rs6259 homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Walravens
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bas Sleumer
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J Vos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gido Snaterse
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nick Narinx
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Antonio
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Reyns
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Fiers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Sleumer B, van Faassen M, Vos MJ, den Besten G, Kema IP, van de Merbel NC. Simultaneous quantification of the 22-kDa isoforms of human growth hormone 1 and 2 in human plasma by multiplexed immunocapture and LC-MS/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117736. [PMID: 38142804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method is presented for the simultaneous quantification of two structurally closely related protein biomarker isoforms, the 22-kDa isoforms of human growth hormone 1 and human growth hormone 2, in human plasma. It is based on multiplexed immunocapture using two monoclonal antibodies immobilized on magnetic beads, tryptic digestion and quantification of two specific signature peptides plus an additional peptide for estimation of total growth hormone related concentrations. A full validation according to international guidelines was performed across the clinically relevant concentration ranges of 0.5 to 50 ng/mL for growth hormone 1, and 2 to 50 ng/mL for growth hormone 2 and demonstrated satisfactory method performance in terms of accuracy, precision, stability and absence of interference. The method's applicability for routine analysis and its ability to effectively distinguish between GH1 and GH2 was demonstrated by the analysis of plasma samples from pregnant individuals to study the changes in growth hormone levels during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Sleumer
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, the Netherlands; Department of Analytical Biochemistry University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J Vos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs den Besten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala, Dr. Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, the Netherlands; Department of Analytical Biochemistry University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Sleumer B, Kema IP, van de Merbel NC. Quantitative bioanalysis of proteins by digestion and LC-MS/MS: the use of multiple signature peptides. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1203-1216. [PMID: 37724471 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of multiple signature peptides for the quantification of proteins by digestion and LC-MS/MS is reviewed and evaluated here. A distinction is made based on the purpose of the use of multiple peptides: confirmation of the protein concentration, discrimination between different protein forms or species and in vivo biotransformation. Most reports that describe methods with at least two peptides use these for confirmation, but it is not always mentioned how the peptides are used and how possible differences in concentration between the peptides are handled. Differences in concentration are often reported in the case of monitoring different protein forms or in vivo biotransformation, and this offers insight into the biological fate of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Sleumer
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, EA61, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Sleumer B, Zwerwer J, van Faassen M, Vos MJ, Bischoff R, Kema IP, van de Merbel NC. An antibody-free LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of sex hormone binding globulin in human serum and plasma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1266-1274. [PMID: 36773321 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a hormone binding protein which plays an important role in regulating the transport and availability of biologically active androgens and estradiol to target cells and used to calculate free testosterone concentrations. METHODS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed, featuring an albumin removal step followed by a tryptic digestion. After a reduction step with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetamide three signature peptides were used for the quantification of SHBG. RESULTS The method enables the quantification of serum and plasma SHBG over the clinically relevant range of 200-20,000 ng/mL and was validated according to the most recent guidelines. The LC-MS/MS method correlates well with the Abbott Alinity immunoassay (R2>0.95), but the LC-MS/MS results are on average 16-17% lower than the immunoassay results, which is consistent for all three signature peptides. CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS method which includes an albumin depletion step allows quantification of SHBG in serum and plasma without an immunocapture step at clinically relevant SHBG levels, thus contributing to better lab-to-lab consistency of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Sleumer
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan Zwerwer
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J Vos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Olaleye O, Graf C, Spanov B, Govorukhina N, Groves MR, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Determination of Binding Sites on Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab to Selective Affimers Using Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:775-783. [PMID: 36960982 PMCID: PMC10080681 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a method to probe the solvent accessibility and conformational dynamics of a protein or a protein-ligand complex with respect to exchangeable amide hydrogens. Here, we present the application of HDX-MS to determine the binding sites of Affimer reagents to the monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab, respectively. Intact and subunit level HDX-MS analysis of antibody-affimer complexes showed significant protection from HDX in the antibody Fab region upon affimer binding. Bottom-up HDX-MS experiments including online pepsin digestion revealed that the binding sites of the affimer reagents were mainly located in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 2 of the heavy chain of the respective antibodies. Three-dimensional models of the binding interaction between the affimer reagents and the antibodies were built by homology modeling and molecular docking based on the HDX data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Olaleye
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Graf
- Novartis
Technical Research & Development Biologics, Hexal AG, Keltenring
1 + 3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Baubek Spanov
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Drug
Design, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- ICON
Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University
of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Spanov B, Baartmans B, Olaleye O, Nicolardi S, Govorukhina N, Wuhrer M, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1505-1513. [PMID: 36693954 PMCID: PMC9974696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is known to be heterogeneous in terms of charge. Stressing trastuzumab under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C) increases charge heterogeneity further. Separation of charge variants of stressed trastuzumab at the intact protein level is challenging due to increasing complexity making it difficult to obtain pure charge variants for further characterization. Here we report an approach for revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography. Trastuzumab subunits were generated after limited proteolytic cleavage with papain, IdeS, and GingisKHAN®. The basic pI of Fab and F(ab)2 fragments allowed to use the same pH gradient for intact protein and subunit level analysis. Baseline separation of Fab subunits was obtained after GingisKHAN® and papain digestion and the corresponding modifications were determined by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping and middle-down MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS. The described approach allows a comprehensive charge variant analysis of therapeutic antibodies that have two or more modification sites in the Fab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Baartmans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Jacobsen AM, van de Merbel NC, Ditlevsen DK, Tvermosegaard K, Schalk F, Lambert W, Bundgaard C, Pedersen JT, Rosenqvist N. A Quantitative LC-MS/MS Method for Distinguishing the Tau Protein Forms Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated at Serine-396. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:441-451. [PMID: 36719168 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau protein is well-known to be involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and the progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (tauopathies), including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Tau protein phosphorylated at serine-396 (pS396-tau) is often linked to disease progression, and we therefore developed an analytical method to measure pS396-tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in humans and animal models of AD. In the S396-region, multiple phosphorylation sites are present, causing structural complexity and sensitivity challenges for conventional bottom-up mass spectrometry approaches. Here, we present an indirect LC-MS/MS method for quantification of pS396-tau. We take advantage of the reproducible miscleavage caused by S396 being preceded by a lysine (K395) and the proteolytic enzyme trypsin not cleaving when the following amino acid is phosphorylated. Therefore, treatment with trypsin discriminates between the forms of tau with and without phosphorylation at S396 and pS396-tau can be quantified as the difference between total S396-tau and nonphosphorylated S396-tau. To qualify the method, it was successfully applied for quantification of pS396-tau in human CSF from healthy controls and patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD. In addition, the method was applied for rTg4510 mice where a clear dose dependent decrease in pS396-tau was observed in CSF following intravenous administration of a monoclonal antibody (Lu AF87908, hC10.2) targeting the tau epitope containing pS396. Finally, a formal validation of the method was conducted. In conclusion, this sensitive LC-MS/MS-based method for measurement of pS396-tau in CSF allows for quantitative translational biomarker applications for tauopathies including investigations of potential drug induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Jacobsen
- Department of Translational DMPK, Lundbeck, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Frank Schalk
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407TK Assen
| | - Wietske Lambert
- ICON Bioanalytical Laboratories, Amerikaweg 18, 9407TK Assen
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Department of Translational DMPK, Lundbeck, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nina Rosenqvist
- Histology & Pathology Models, Lundbeck, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Mesurado T, Govorukhina N, Jungbauer A, van de Merbel NC, Lingg N, Bischoff R. Pertuzumab Charge Variant Analysis and Complementarity-Determining Region Stability Assessment to Deamidation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3951-3958. [PMID: 36795375 PMCID: PMC9979147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer in combination with trastuzumab. Charge variants of trastuzumab have been extensively described in the literature; however, little is known about the charge heterogeneity of pertuzumab. Here, changes in the ion-exchange profile of pertuzumab were evaluated by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography after stressing it for up to 3 weeks at physiological and elevated pH and 37 °C. Isolated charge variants arising under stress conditions were characterized by peptide mapping. The results of peptide mapping showed that deamidation in the Fc domain and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain are the main contributors to charge heterogeneity. The heavy chain CDR2, which is the only CDR containing asparagine residues, was quite resistant to deamidation under stress conditions according to peptide mapping results. Using surface plasmon resonance, it was shown that the affinity of pertuzumab for the HER2 target receptor does not change under stress conditions. Peptide mapping analysis of clinical samples showed an average of 2-3% deamidation in the heavy chain CDR2, 20-25% deamidation in the Fc domain, and 10-15% N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain. These findings suggest that in vitro stress studies are able to predict in vivo modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomés Mesurado
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,Bioanalytical
Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
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9
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Olaleye O, Spanov B, Bults P, van der Voort A, Govorukhina N, Sonke GS, Horvatovich P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Biotransformation of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Breast Cancer Patients Assessed by Affinity Enrichment and Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:249-256. [PMID: 36379709 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are known to be heterogeneous due to modifications that occur during the production process and storage. Modifications may also occur in TPs after their administration to patients due to in vivo biotransformation. Ligand binding assays, which are widely used in the bioanalysis of TPs in body fluids, are typically unable to distinguish such modifications. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is being increasingly used to study modifications in TPs, but its use to study in vivo biotransformation has been limited until now. We present a novel approach that combines affinity enrichment using Affimer reagents with ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) to analyze charge variants of the TPs trastuzumab and pertuzumab in plasma of patients undergoing therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. Affimer reagents were immobilized via engineered Cys tags to maleimide beads, and the TPs were eluted under acidic conditions followed by rapid neutralization. The enriched TPs were analyzed by cation-exchange chromatography (IEX) using pH-gradient elution, resulting in the separation of about 20 charge variants for trastuzumab and about five charge variants for pertuzumab. A comparison between in vitro stressed TPs spiked into plasma, and TPs enriched from patient plasma showed that the observed profiles were highly similar. This indicates that in vitro stress testing in plasma can mimic the situation in patient plasma, as far as the generation of charge variants is concerned. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research attempts to elucidate the modifications that occur in therapeutic proteins (TPs) after they have been administered to patients. This is important because there is little knowledge about the fate of TPs in this regard, and certain modifications could affect their efficiency. Our results show that the modifications discovered are most likely due to a chemical process and are not patient specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bults
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna van der Voort
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabe S Sonke
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Bults P, van der Voort A, Meijer C, Sonke GS, Bischoff R, van de Merbel NC. Analytical and pharmacological consequences of the in vivo deamidation of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1513-1524. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Spanov B, Aboagye V, Olaleye O, Govorukhina N, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Effect of Trastuzumab-HER2 Complex Formation on Stress-Induced Modifications in the CDRs of Trastuzumab. Front Chem 2022; 9:794247. [PMID: 35047480 PMCID: PMC8762049 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.794247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine deamidation and aspartic acid isomerization in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of monoclonal antibodies may alter their affinity to the target antigen. Trastuzumab has two hot spots for deamidation and one position for isomerization in the CDRs. Little is known how complex formation with its target antigen HER2 affects these modifications. Modifications in the CDRs of trastuzumab were thus compared between the free antibody and the trastuzumab-HER2 complex when stressed under physiological conditions at 37°C. Complex formation and stability of the complex upon stressing were assessed by size-exclusion chromatography. Deamidation of light-chain Asn-30 (Lc-Asn-30) was extensive when trastuzumab was stressed free but reduced about 10-fold when the antibody was stressed in complex with HER2. Almost no deamidation of heavy-chain (Hc-Asn-55) was detected in the trastuzumab-HER2 complex, while deamidation was observed when the antibody was stressed alone. Hc-Asp-102 isomerization, a modification that critically affects biological activity, was observed to a moderate degree when the free antibody was stressed but was not detected at all in the trastuzumab-HER2 complex. This shows that complex formation has a major influence on critical modifications in the CDRs of trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Victoria Aboagye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Olaleye O, Spanov B, Ford R, Govorukhina N, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Enrichment and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab Using Affimer Reagents. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13597-13605. [PMID: 34582688 PMCID: PMC8515351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab and pertuzumab are monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Therapeutic proteins may undergo chemical modifications that may affect the results of bioanalytical assays, as well as their therapeutic efficacy. Modifications may arise during production and storage, as well as after administration to patients. Studying in vivo biotransformation of monoclonal, therapeutic antibodies requires their enrichment from plasma to discriminate them from endogenous antibodies, as well as from other plasma proteins. To this end, we screened Affimer reagents for selectivity toward trastuzumab or pertuzumab. Affimer reagents are alternative binding proteins possessing two variable binding loops that are based on the human protease inhibitor stefin A or phytocystatin protein scaffolds. Affimer reagents were selected from an extensive library by phage display. The four best-performing binders for each therapeutic antibody were prioritized using a microtiter plate-based approach combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. These Affimer reagents were immobilized via engineered 6-His or Cys tags to Ni2+- or maleimide beads, respectively. Recovery values of 70% and higher were obtained for both trastuzumab and pertuzumab when spiked at 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL concentrations in human plasma followed by trypsin digestion in the presence of 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Notably, the maleimide beads showed undetectable unspecific binding to endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgGs) or other plasma proteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enrichment method was applied to samples from stress tests of the antibodies at 37 °C to mimic in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Ford
- Avacta Life Sciences Limited, Unit 20, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby LS23 7FA, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Amerikaweg 18, Assen 9407 TK, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bults P, Sonesson A, Knutsson M, Bischoff R, van de Merbel NC. Intact protein quantification in biological samples by liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry: somatropin in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1144:122079. [PMID: 32247186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of intact proteins in biological samples by LC with high-resolution MS detection can be a useful alternative to ligand-binding assays or LC-MS-based quantification of a surrogate peptide after protein digestion. The 22-kDa biopharmaceutical protein somatropin (recombinant human growth hormone) was quantified down to 10 ng/mL (0.45 nM) in 75 μL of rat plasma by the combination of an immunocapture step using an anti-somatropin antibody and LC-MS on a quadrupole-time of flight instrument. Accuracy and precision of the method as well as its selectivity and sensitivity did not depend on the width of the mass extraction window nor on whether only one or a summation of multiple charge states of the protein analyte were used as the detection response. Quantification based on deconvoluted mass spectra showed equally acceptable method performance but with a less favorable lower limit of quantification of 30 ng/mL. Concentrations in plasma after dosing of somatropin to rats correlated well for the deconvolution approach and the quantification based on the summation of the response of the four most intense charge states (14+ to 17+) of somatropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bults
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Sonesson
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Knutsson
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Klont F, Pouwels SD, Bults P, van de Merbel NC, ten Hacken NH, Horvatovich P, Bischoff R. Quantification of surfactant protein D (SPD) in human serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Talanta 2019; 202:507-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bronsema KJ, Klont F, Schalk FB, Bischoff R, Kema IP, van de Merbel NC. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for insulin-like growth factor 1 in human plasma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:1905-1912. [PMID: 29715173 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a biomarker with various applications in medicine and also in doping control. METHODS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed that employs 15N-IGF1 as an internal standard. The method features urea-based IGF1/IGFBP-complex dissociation which is directly followed by tryptic digestion. Following solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample clean-up of the digest, IGF1 is detected by means of two signature peptides that enable quantification of total IGF1 as well as discrimination between IGF1 proteoforms with 'native' and modified or extended N-terminal sequences. RESULTS Our method is capable of measuring plasma IGF1 concentrations over the clinically relevant range of 10-1000 ng/mL and was validated according to regulatory guidelines. Comparison with the IDS-iSYS IGF1 immunoassay revealed good correlation (R2>0.97) and no proportional bias between both assays was observed after normalizing the results against the WHO reference standard for IGF1 (02/254). Evaluation of several commercially available IGF1 preparations showed varying responses which were due to inconsistencies in purity and absolute amount of IGF1 present in these products. CONCLUSIONS Our LC-MS/MS method introduces urea-based dissociation of IGF1/IGFBP-complexes to enable reliable quantification of IGF1 in plasma. Furthermore, the method is able to detect clinically relevant IGF1 levels without an enrichment procedure at the protein-level and thereby minimizes the risk of losing IGF1 proteoforms during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees J Bronsema
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Klont
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Schalk
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, Phone: +31 592 303 431, Fax: +31 592 303 223
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16
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Poelman E, Hoogeveen-Westerveld M, Kroos-de Haan MA, van den Hout JMP, Bronsema KJ, van de Merbel NC, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. High Sustained Antibody Titers in Patients with Classic Infantile Pompe Disease Following Immunomodulation at Start of Enzyme Replacement Therapy. J Pediatr 2018; 195:236-243.e3. [PMID: 29428273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether immunomodulation at start of enzyme replacement therapy induces immune tolerance to recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) in patients with classic infantile Pompe disease. STUDY DESIGN Three patients (1 cross reactive immunologic material negative, 2 cross reactive immunologic material positive) were treated with 4 weekly doses of rituximab, weekly methotrexate, and monthly intravenous immunoglobulin and enzyme replacement therapy at 40 mg/kg/week. Antibody titers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralizing effects on rhGAA activity and cellular uptake were determined and combined with pharmacokinetic analysis. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by (ventilator-free) survival, reduction in left ventricular mass index, and improvement of motor function. RESULTS Immunomodulation induced B cell depletion that was accompanied by absence of antibody formation in all 3 patients. Upon cessation of rituximab treatment, all 3 patients showed B cell recovery, which was accompanied by formation of very high sustained antibody titers in 2 patients. Neutralizing effects on infused rhGAA were low to mild/moderate. All patients were alive at study end, learned to walk, and showed (near) normalization of left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS Immunomodulation as recommended in the literature prevented formation of rhGAA antibodies only during B cell depletion but failed to induce immune tolerance in 2 out of 3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Poelman
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Hoogeveen-Westerveld
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian A Kroos-de Haan
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M P van den Hout
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees J Bronsema
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Assen, The Netherlands; Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Assen, The Netherlands; Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Klont F, Pouwels SD, Hermans J, van de Merbel NC, Horvatovich P, Ten Hacken NHT, Bischoff R. A fully validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of the soluble receptor of advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in serum using immunopurification in a 96-well plate format. Talanta 2018; 182:414-421. [PMID: 29501172 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of proteins is central to unraveling (patho)physiological processes and has contributed greatly to our understanding of biological systems. Corresponding studies often employ procedures to enrich proteins from their biological matrix using antibodies or other affinity binders coupled to beads with a large surface area and a correspondingly high binding capacity. Striving for maximal binding capacity may, however, not always be required or desirable, for example for proteins of low abundance. Here we describe a simplified immunoprecipitation in 96-well ELISA format (IPE) approach for fast and easy enrichment of proteins. The applicability of this approach for enriching low-abundant proteins was demonstrated by an IPE-based quantitative workflow using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the soluble Receptor of Advanced Glycation End-products (sRAGE), a promising biomarker in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The method was validated according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines and enabled accurate quantitation of sRAGE between 0.1 and 10 ng/mL in 50 µL serum. The assay showed substantial correlation with the two most commonly-used sRAGE immunoassays (ELISAs) (R2-values between 0.7 and 0.8). However, the LC-MS method reported 2-4 times higher sRAGE levels compared to the ELISAs, which is largely due to a suboptimal amount of capturing antibody and/or calibration strategy used by the immunoassays. In conclusion, our simplified IPE approach proved to be an efficient strategy for enriching the low-abundant protein sRAGE from serum and may provide an easy to use platform for enriching other (low-abundant) proteins from complex, biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Klont
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon D Pouwels
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Hermans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Péter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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van de Merbel NC, Bronsema KJ, Gorman SH, Bakhtiar R. Sensitivity improvement of the LC–MS/MS quantification of carbidopa in human plasma and urine by derivatization with 2,4-pentanedione. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1064:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Wilffert D, Donzelli R, Asselman A, Hermans J, Govorukhina N, Ten Hacken NH, Quax WJ, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantitative antibody-free LC-MS/MS analysis of sTRAIL in sputum and saliva at the sub-ng/mL level. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:205-210. [PMID: 27250581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soluble tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) induces apoptosis via the extrinsic death receptor pathway and may be a biomarker in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases. To investigate the role of sTRAIL in asthma, we developed a quantitative LC-MS/MS method with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of ≈3pM in induced sputum (174pg/mL) and saliva (198pg/mL) without the use of antibodies. sTRAIL was enriched by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by tryptic digestion and subsequent enrichment of a signature peptide by strong cation exchange (SCX) SPE. The method was validated with respect to stability, accuracy and precision using the standard addition approach and fully metabolically (15)N-labelled hrTRAIL as internal standard. Our results indicate that it is possible to quantify cytokines like sTRAIL at the pM level by LC-MS/MS without the use of antibodies, which has, to our knowledge, never been shown before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wilffert
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Donzelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Asselman
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Hermans
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick H Ten Hacken
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; PRA Health Sciences, Bioanalytical Laboratory, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Bults P, Bischoff R, Bakker H, Gietema JA, van de Merbel NC. LC-MS/MS-Based Monitoring of In Vivo Protein Biotransformation: Quantitative Determination of Trastuzumab and Its Deamidation Products in Human Plasma. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1871-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bults
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Amerikaweg 18, 9407
TK Assen, The Netherlands
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Bakker
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Amerikaweg 18, 9407
TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A. Gietema
- Faculty
of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Amerikaweg 18, 9407
TK Assen, The Netherlands
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Bronsema KJ, Bischoff R, Pijnappel WWMP, van der Ploeg AT, van de Merbel NC. Absolute Quantification of the Total and Antidrug Antibody-Bound Concentrations of Recombinant Human α-Glucosidase in Human Plasma Using Protein G Extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4394-401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kees J. Bronsema
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405
BJ Assen, The Netherlands
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. W. M. Pim Pijnappel
- Center
for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Stem Cell Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015
CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pediatrics, Rotterdam Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein
60, 3015 GJ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans T. van der Ploeg
- Center
for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pediatrics, Rotterdam Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein
60, 3015 GJ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405
BJ Assen, The Netherlands
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ongay S, Hendriks G, Hermans J, van den Berge M, ten Hacken NH, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of free and total desmosine and isodesmosine in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: A comparison of the surrogate-analyte and the surrogate-matrix approach for quantitation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1326:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wilffert D, Reis CR, Hermans J, Govorukhina N, Tomar T, de Jong S, Quax WJ, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Antibody-Free LC-MS/MS Quantification of rhTRAIL in Human and Mouse Serum. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10754-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4017902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wilffert
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Carlos R. Reis
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Jos Hermans
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Tushar Tomar
- Department
of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department
of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
- PRA, Bioanalytical Laboratory, Westerbrink 3, Assen, 9405 BJ The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
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Bronsema KJ, Bischoff R, van de Merbel NC. High-Sensitivity LC-MS/MS Quantification of Peptides and Proteins in Complex Biological Samples: The Impact of Enzymatic Digestion and Internal Standard Selection on Method Performance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9528-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4015116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kees J. Bronsema
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405 BJ, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bioanalytical
Laboratory, PRA, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405 BJ, Assen, The Netherlands
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27
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van de Merbel NC, Bronsema KJ, van Hout MW, Nilsson R, Sillén H. A validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 4β-hydroxycholesterol in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:1089-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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van de Merbel NC, Mentink CJAL, Hendriks G, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine in human plasma proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 808:163-8. [PMID: 15261809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The modification of the lysine moieties of proteins to Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is supposed to play a major role in the development of long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. This paper presents an analytical method for the quantitative determination of CML in plasma proteins, which could be used for studying the development of diabetic complications. The method is based on isolating proteins from plasma by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and hydrolysing these under acidic conditions (6M hydrochloric acid at 110 degrees C for 20 h) to the individual amino acids. After hydrolysis, CML is derivatised along with the other amino acids to 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatives, which are subsequently separated by reversed-phase column liquid chromatography using a 150 mm x 4.6 mm C8 column and a mobile phase of 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) and acetonitrile (80:20 (v/v)) and detected using fluorescence detection (excitation at 260 nm and emission at 310 nm). Quantification of the protein-bound CML content of a plasma sample is achieved using standard addition. The impact of several aspects of the sample preparation and chromatography on method performance is discussed. Method evaluation results are reported and show that this method is capable of determining CML with good accuracy and precision (below 10%) in the relevant concentration range (1-10 microg/ml), with a limit of detection of 0.2 microg/ml.
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Groenewegen MGM, van de Merbel NC, Slobodnik J, Lingeman H, Brinkman UAT. Automated determination of weakly acidic and basic pollutants in surface water by on-line electrodialysis sample treatment and column liquid chromatography. Analyst 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/an9941901753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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