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Ali I, Perrucci M, Ciriolo L, D'Ovidio C, de Grazia U, Ulusoy HI, Kabir A, Savini F, Locatelli M. Applications of electrophoresis for small enantiomeric drugs in real-world samples: Recent trends and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 37495859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Separation and identification of chiral molecules is a topic widely discussed in the literature and of fundamental importance, especially in the pharmaceutical and food fields, both from industrial and laboratory points of view. Several techniques are used to carry out these analyses, but high-performance liquid chromatography is often the "gold standard." The high costs of chiral columns, necessary for this technique, led researchers to look for an alternative, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a technique capable of overcoming some of the disadvantages of liquid chromatography, often providing comparable results in terms of sensitivity and robustness. We addressed this topic, already widely discussed in the literature, providing an overview of the last 6 years of the most frequent and recent applications of CE. To make the manuscript more effective, we decided to divide it into paragraphs that represent the main field of application, from enantioseparation in complex matrices (pharmacokinetic studies or toxicological dosage of drugs, analysis of environmental pollutants, and analyses of foods) to quality control analyses on pharmaceutical formulas. About these, which are the fields of most meaningful use, we mentioned some of the most innovative and performing methods, with a look to the future on the application of new materials used, such as chiral selectors, that can make these types of analyses accessible to all, reducing cost, time, and excessive use of toxic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Miryam Perrucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Ciriolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ugo de Grazia
- Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Savini
- Pharmatoxicology Laboratory-Hospital "Santo Spirito", Pescara, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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2
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Simões A, Castro RAE, Veiga F, Vitorino C. A quality by design framework for developing nanocrystal bioenabling formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123393. [PMID: 37717717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to outline a rational framework for the design and development of a 1.0% (w/v) hydrocortisone nanocrystal-based formulation, resorting to a simple, efficient, and scalable nanonization methodology, based on the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. Accordingly, the innovative product was comprehensively optimized following a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The thorough selection of formulation composition was driven by a dual purpose: improving skin permeation and stability. In the early stage of development, a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) diagram was employed to identify the most impactful variables for the critical quality attributes (CQAs). In this sense, a rotatable, three-factor and five-level circumscribed central composite design (CCCD) was applied to investigate how squalene concentration (x1), soluplus concentration (x2) and HPH-time (x3) influence physicochemical properties, performance and physical stability of the formulation. A robust Design Space (DS) was defined, establishing the optimal settings for the critical variables, whose combination meets the requirements set in the quality target product profile (QTPP). Morphological analysis revealed the cuboidal shape of hydrocortisone nanocrystals. In what concerns colloidal properties, the most promising formulation disclosed a small particle size (Dx(50) = 311.8 ± 1.5 nm), along with narrow size distribution (span value = 1.91 ± 0.17). Zeta potential results (-2.19 ± 0.15 mV--12.1 ± 0.4 mV) suggested a steric hindrance stabilization. FTIR spectra showed no chemical interactions between drug and formulation components. XRD diffractograms confirmed loss of crystallinity during the downsizing process. In vitro studies revealed an improvement on drug release rate (316 ± 21-516 ± 35 μg/cm2/√t), compared to the coarse suspension and commercial products, and a straight dependence on the stabilizer concentration and HPH time. The permeation flux across the skin (0.16 ± 0.02-1.2 ± 0.5 μg/cm2/h) appeared to be dependent on the drug physicochemical properties, in particular saturation solubility. Further characterization of the experimental formulations pointed out the role of the stabilizing component to prevent against physical instability phenomena. This organic solvent-free, and therefore "green" nanocrystal production technology offers great potential for pharmaceutical R&D and drug delivery by enabling the development of new forms of conventional drugs with optimal physicochemical properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo A E Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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3
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Megahed SM, Habib AA, Hammad SF, Kamal AH. Novel experimental design paradigm for development of eco-friendly gradient chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and spiramycin. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300216. [PMID: 37654046 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the innovative experimental design-assisted development of a green gradient chromatographic method for concomitant analysis of metronidazole (MTR) and spiramycin (SPR). Two different designs including fractional factorial and Box-Behnken designs were implemented for screening and optimization steps, respectively. The optimum chromatographic conditions involved a mobile phase consisting of ethanol and 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (pH adjusted to 2.5) in the ratio 2:98 (v/v) for 2 min then the ratio changed to 30:70 (v/v). The flow rate was 1.3 mL/minute. Separation and analysis were performed on X-bridge C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm) column with diode array detector set at 230 nm. Column oven temperature was 40°C. A linear response was acquired over the range of 5-125 μg/mL for both drugs. Detection and quantitation limits were 0.86 and 2.62 μg/mL for MTR and 0.92 and 2.83 μg/mL for SPR, respectively. The method was implemented for determination of both drugs in three tablet formulations. The method was proved to be green as evaluated by three assessment tools. The application of experimental designs assists in development of a robust green chromatographic method in gradient elution mode for determination of both drugs within reasonable time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa M Megahed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira H Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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4
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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Chiarentin L, Gonçalves C, Augusto C, Miranda M, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-42. [PMID: 37665603 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2253321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chiarentin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Center of Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Li S, Chen Y, Li Z, Lian Y, Li W. Quality by design-based capillary electrophoresis method development for the quantitative analysis of four iridoid compounds in Gentiana macrophylla Radix. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:793-806. [PMID: 36787349 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the capillary electrophoresis-photodiode array detector was employed for the analysis of four iridoid compounds in Gentiana macrophylla Radix (RGM), and the method was optimized based on the concept of analytical quality by design (AQbD). The peak areas relative standard deviation (n = 3) and resolution of the four analytes were selected as critical method attributes. Fractional factorial design test combined with Pareto analysis were employed to screen critical method parameters (buffer concentration, pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] micelle concentration, temperature, and voltage). Subsequently, three main factors (buffer concentration, buffer pH, and SDS concentration) were selected by central composite design test for constructing the design space. The optimal separation conditions as follows: capillary column (50.2 cm ×m50 µm, detection length 40 cm). Working background electrolyte consisted of 51 mmol/L borax solution (pH = 9.47) and 40 mmol/L SDS. The samples were injected by pressure (5 s at 0.5 psi) and the detection was performed at 254 nm. Applied voltage was 20 kV and column temperature was 23°C. The developed method is rapid and reliable for the quantitative analysis of four iridoid compounds in RGM, providing a reference for the application of AQbD concept in the analysis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shunan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yunlan Lian
- Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Orlandini S, Hancu G, Szabó ZI, Modroiu A, Papp LA, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. New Trends in the Quality Control of Enantiomeric Drugs: Quality by Design-Compliant Development of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207058. [PMID: 36296650 PMCID: PMC9607418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a potent method for analyzing chiral substances and is commonly used in the enantioseparation and chiral purity control of pharmaceuticals from different matrices. The adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) concepts in analytical method development, optimization and validation is a widespread trend observed in various analytical approaches including chiral CE. The application of Analytical QbD (AQbD) leads to the development of analytical methods based on sound science combined with risk management, and to a well understood process clarifying the influence of method parameters on the analytical output. The Design of Experiments (DoE) method employing chemometric tools is an essential part of QbD-based method development, allowing for the simultaneous evaluation of experimental parameters as well as their interaction. In 2022 the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) released two draft guidelines (ICH Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)) that are intended to encourage more robust analytical procedures. The ICH Q14 guideline intends to harmonize the scientific approaches for analytical procedures’ development, while the Q2(R2) document covers the validation principles for the use of analytical procedures including the recent applications that require multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the new prospects for chiral CE method development applied for the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceuticals using AQbD principles. The review also provides an overview of recent research (2012–2022) on the applicability of CE methods in chiral drug impurity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Lajos-Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Determination of Three Alkyl Camphorsulfonates as Potential Genotoxic Impurities Using GC-FID and GC-MS by Analytical QbD. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphorsulfonic acid salts are commonly used in the manufacturing production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and have the potential to form alkyl camphorsulfonates, which can be considered as potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). Alkyl camphorsulfonates should be controlled using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) when detected in APIs due to their genotoxicity. An in silico study utilizing the ICH M7 guideline was performed in order to classify the alkyl camphorsulfonates that can be produced from the reaction of camphorsulfonic acid salts with methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, which are commonly used solvents in API manufacturing processes. Two sensitive, reproducible, and accurate analytical methods using GC-FID and GC-MS were developed using the analytical Quality By Design (QbD) approaches for the quantitation of three alkyl camphorsulfonates in APIs satisfying the control limit of PGIs according to the TTC. The detection limits of the GC-FID method were found to be between 1.5 to 1.9 ppm, and the detection limits of the GC-MS method were found to be between 0.055 to 0.102 ppm. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, linearity, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, specificity and robustness.
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10
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Application of Experimental Design Methodologies in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154681. [PMID: 34361834 PMCID: PMC8348688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is one of the major issues in pharmaceutical research and industry. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an interesting alternative to the more frequently used chromatographic techniques in the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals, and is used for the determination of enantiomeric ratio, enantiomeric purity, and in pharmacokinetic studies. Traditionally, optimization of CE methods is performed using a univariate one factor at a time (OFAT) approach; however, this strategy does not allow for the evaluation of interactions between experimental factors, which may result in ineffective method development and optimization. In the last two decades, Design of Experiments (DoE) has been frequently employed to better understand the multidimensional effects and interactions of the input factors on the output responses of analytical CE methods. DoE can be divided into two types: screening and optimization designs. Furthermore, using Quality by Design (QbD) methodology to develop CE-based enantioselective techniques is becoming increasingly popular. The review presents the current use of DoE methodologies in CE-based enantioresolution method development and provides an overview of DoE applications in the optimization and validation of CE enantioselective procedures in the last 25 years. Moreover, a critical perspective on how different DoE strategies can aid in the optimization of enantioseparation procedures is presented.
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11
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Shah M, Patel N, Tripathi N, Vyas VK. Capillary electrophoresis methods for impurity profiling of drugs: A review of the past decade. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:15-28. [PMID: 35573874 PMCID: PMC9073252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is widely used for the impurity profiling of drugs that contain stereochemical centers in their structures, analysis of biomolecules, and characterization of biopharmaceuticals. Currently, CE is the method of choice for the analysis of foodstuffs and the determination of adulterants. This article discusses the general theory and instrumentation of CE as well as the classification of various CE techniques. It also presents an overview of research on the applications of different CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs in the past decade. The review briefly presents a comparison between CE and liquid chromatography methods and highlights the strengths of CE using drug compounds as examples. This review will help scientists, fellow researchers, and students to understand the applications of CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs. An overview of research related to the use of capillary electrophoresis in the impurity profiling of drugs is presented. The principle, instrumentation, and different types of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods are outlined here. Applications of different of CE methods with the chemical structures of drugs and their impurities are highlighted. A brief description is also provided on the analysis of Pharmacopeial monographs using CE methods. A comparison of CE with liquid chromatography for impurity profiling and analysis of drugs is presented in this review.
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12
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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13
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Volta e Sousa L, Gonçalves R, Menezes JC, Ramos A. Analytical Method Lifecycle Management in Pharmaceutical Industry: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:128. [PMID: 33835304 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) and Analytical Method Lifecycle Management (AMLM) concepts to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products has been applied and proposed over the last few years. These concepts are based on knowledge gained from the application of scientific and quality risk management approaches, throughout method lifecycle to assure continuous improvement and high reliability of analytical results. The overall AMLM starts with the definition of the method's intended use through the Analytical Target Profile definition, including three stages: (1) Method Design, taking advantage of the well-known concept of QbD; (2) Method Performance Qualification; (3) Continued Method Performance Verification. This is intended to holistically align method variability with product requirements, increasing confidence in the data generated, a regulatory requirement that the pharmaceutical industry must follow. This approach views all method-related activities, such as development, validation, transfer, and routine use as a continuum and interrelated process, where knowledge and risk management are the key enablers. An increase in method robustness, cost reduction, and decreased risk failures are some of the intrinsic benefits from this lifecycle management. This approach is clearly acknowledged both by regulators and industry. The roadmap of the regulatory and industry events that mark the evolution of these concepts helps to capture the current and future expectation of the pharmaceutical framework.
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Wang L, She X, Chen Z, Quan S, Liu Y, Mai X, Yuan T, Fan H. Preparation and characterization of a chiral molecularly imprinted polymer with a novel functional monomer for controlled release of S-sulpiride. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120526. [PMID: 33781882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with chiral recognition affinity to S-sulpiride (S-SUL) enantiomer was prepared by using newly synthesized N-acryloyl-tryptophan (ATrp) as function monomer, S-SUL as the template molecule, and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross linker. Under the optimized synthesis conditions, the MIP was synthesized by bulk polymerization according to the molar ratio of 1:4 of S-SUL to ATrp, and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser particle analysis. The results illustrated that the MIP offered uniform, loose and porous structure. The adsorption performance of the MIP was evaluated by the isotherm and kinetic models, and the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity, selectivity factor and enantioselectivity coefficient to S-SUL were respectively 226.2389 µmol/g, 2.34 and 11.66. Based on the chiral recognition specificity, the drug release experiments demonstrated that the MIP as controlled and sustained release carrier could inhibit the release rate of S-enantiomer compared to the tablet without the MIP, exhibiting the potential of the MIP synthesized in chiral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center), Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xuhui She
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sisi Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoman Mai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiefeng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huajun Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Perovani IS, Serpellone CO, de Oliveira ARM. An appraisal of experimental designs: Application to enantioselective capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1726-1743. [PMID: 33544902 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioresolution processes are vital tools for investigating the enantioselectivities of chiral compounds. An analyst resolves to optimize enantioresolution conditions once they are determined. Generally, optimization is conducted by a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. Although this approach may determine an adequate condition for the method, it does not often allow the estimation of the real optimum condition. Experimental designs are conducive for the optimization of enantioresolution methods via capillary electromigration techniques (CETs). They can efficiently extract information from the behavior of a method and enable the estimation of the real optimum condition. Furthermore, the application of the analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach to the development of CET-based enantioselective methods is a trend. This article (i) offers an overview of the application of experimental designs to the development of enantioselective methods from 2015 to mid-2020, (ii) reveals the experimental designs that are presently employed in CET-based enantioresolutions, and (iii) offers a critical point of view on how the different experimental designs can aid the optimization of enantioresolution processes by considering the method parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icaro Salgado Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira Serpellone
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil.,National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), UNESP, Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
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16
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Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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Řemínek R, Foret F. Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:19-37. [PMID: 32901975 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis represents a promising technique in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The presented review provides a summary of capillary electrophoretic methods suitable for routine quality control analyses of small molecule drugs published since 2015. In total, more than 80 discussed methods are sorted into three main sections according to the applied electroseparation modes (capillary zone electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and micellar, microemulsion, and liposome-electrokinetic chromatography) and further subsections according to the applied detection techniques (UV, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, and mass spectrometry). Key parameters of the procedures are summarized in four concise tables. The presented applications cover analyses of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their related substances such as degradation products or enantiomeric impurities. The contribution of reported results to the current knowledge of separation science and general aspects of the practical applications of capillary electrophoretic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Kurmi M, Jayaraman K, Natarajan S, Kumar GS, Bhutani H, Bajpai L. Rapid and efficient chiral method development for lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed dose combination using ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography: A design of experiment approach. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461257. [PMID: 32709317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fixed dose combination (FDC) of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC) is one of the most preferred FDC for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To the best of authors' knowledge there are no reported methods for chiral purity estimation of both drugs simultaneously from a FDC. The current study was focused on the development of a single chiral method uisng supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for separation of stereoisomers of TDF and 3TC combination employing design of experiment (DoE) approach. Method development was planned in three steps by using different experimental designs for each step. I-optimal, Taguchi orthogonal array and face-centred central composite designs (CCD) were employed for primary parameter selection, secondary parameter screening and final method optimization, respectively. All six stereoisomers were separated in a 10 minute run on Chiralpak IA column with carbon di-oxide /methanol (containing 0.5 % v/v n-butylamine) as mobile phase at 1.5 mL/min in gradient mode. The optimized method was verified for performance through establishing specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, limit of quantification, and solution stability. Resolution between each isomeric pair was more than 1.5. The method was found to be linear from 1.5 µg/mL to 7.5 µg/mL for 3TC and 7.5 µg/mL to 37.5 µg/mL for TDF stereoisomers. The R2 values for all the linearity curves for undesired isomers were greater than 0.995. The method proved to be rapid, reproducible and efficient to quantify stereoisomers of both drugs in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moolchand Kurmi
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Karthik Jayaraman
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Saravanan Natarajan
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Gandhi Santosh Kumar
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Hemant Bhutani
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Lakshmikant Bajpai
- Analytical Research and Development, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India.
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19
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Hobbs C, Řezanka P, Řezanka M. Cyclodextrin‐Functionalised Nanomaterials for Enantiomeric Recognition. Chempluschem 2020; 85:876-888. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hobbs
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
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20
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Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Chiral capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Mitrović M, Protić A, Malenović A, Otašević B, Zečević M. Analytical quality by design development of an ecologically acceptable enantioselective HPLC method for timolol maleate enantiomeric purity testing on ovomucoid chiral stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Optimization of a liquid chromatography method for the analysis of related substances in daclatasvir tablets using design of experiments integrated with the steepest ascent method and Monte Carlo simulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112943. [PMID: 31677954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analytical method for the determination of related substances (RS) in Daclatasvir tablets was optimised using quality by design (QbD) approach. Seven degradants (each more than 1.0%) generated during oxidation study, adversely affected the selectivity of the method. Coelution of the degradant peaks with API and known impurities, suggested failure in developing a stability indicating method. To overcome the shortcomings and develop a robust method, QbD principles were incorporated. Resolution was the critical quality attribute (CQA) and buffer pH, column oven temperature, gradient slope and flow rate were the critical method variables (CMVs) studied through design of experiments (DoE). Discovery of an unknown impurity (named as impurity D, about1.0%) was a key finding from this DoE study. The most crucial responses viz. Resolution between impurity D and the main peak and resolution between the main peak and impurity E demanded contradictory pH requirements. To select the right pH, responses were prioritised and eventually to attain the desired resolution between Daclatasvir and impurity E the value for pH was fixed to 3.0. Next, to improve resolution between impurity D and Daclatasvir, method of steepest ascent was applied to locate an apt value for column oven temperature. Accordingly, experiments were performed at different temperatures along the path of rapid increase in response. Finally, at 45 °C (pH :3.0), both the critical pairs were well resolved. The global optimum was determined through a Response surface methodology (RSM) design with pH and column oven temperature as critical factors. pH 3.0, column oven temperature 44 °C, % MP. B 45% and flow rate 1.0 mL min-1 was found to be the optimum condition. Further, the design space was complimented by establishment of a robust zone through Monte Carlo simulation and capability analysis. An analytical control strategy (ACS) was set up to ensure that the method repeatedly meets its acceptance criteria. The optimised method was successfully validated within the factor ranges mentioned in the ACS. Despite various intricacies, the QbD approach facilitated systematic optimisation of a stability indicating robust method.
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Casado N, Valimaña-Traverso J, García MÁ, Marina ML. Enantiomeric Determination of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Samples by Electrokinetic Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:554-584. [PMID: 31569950 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1670043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a relevant issue in the pharmaceutical field due to the different biological activity that enantiomers of a chiral drug can show. In fact, the desired biological or pharmaceutical activity might be present in only one of the enantiomers, while the other enantiomer(s) may have different biological activity, be inactive or even toxic. This has motivated in recent years the development of drugs marketed as pure enantiomers to avoid exposing the organism to the action of enantiomers that may not be active or even harmful to health. Thus, it is of high interest to develop enantioselective analytical methodologies to control the presence of enantiomeric impurities and to understand the enantioselective metabolism of chiral drugs. This review gives an overview about the analytical strategies developed by electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) from 2010 to June 2019 for the enantiomeric determination of drugs in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. The types of chiral selectors used, the migration order of enantiomers, their resolution, the detection technique employed and the sensitivity achieved are revised and compared. Also, applications to assess the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceutical formulations and to determine chiral drugs in biological samples to study their metabolism are included. Advantages and limitations of the chiral methods developed by EKC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Valimaña-Traverso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Zhang J, Zhang GH, Wang XC, Bai ZW, Chen W. Synthesis and evaluation of novel chiral stationary phases based on N‑cyclobutylcarbonyl chitosan derivatives. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Klein-Júnior LC, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental Design Methodologies for the Optimization of Chiral Separations: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:453-478. [PMID: 31069752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the application of design of experiments (DoE) for chiral separation optimization using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods is reviewed. Both screening and optimization steps are covered, including a discussion of each aspect, such as factor-, level-, and response selection. Different designs are also presented, highlighting their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Cheng Q, Liu G, Zhang P, Xu W, Tang K. Lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of (R,S)-2,3-diphenylpropionic methyl ester enhanced by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1355-1362. [PMID: 30281958 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-2,3-diphenylpropionic methyl ester ((R,S)-2,3-2-PPAME) catalyzed by lipase to (R)-2,3-diphenylpropionic acid ((R)-2,3-2-PPA) was studied in an aqueous system. The catalytic effects of different types of lipase were compared, and Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) with higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity was selected. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was added to the aqueous system to increase the solubility of 2,3-2-PPAME, which resulted in an increase of 35.56% in substrate conversion remaining the high enantiomeric excess. The factors influencing the substrate conversion and the optical purity of product such as temperature, pH, concentrations of CALA and HP-β-CD, substrate loading, and reaction time were optimized. The optimal conditions for this reaction were obtained, including pH of 5.5, 30 mg/mL CALA, 25 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 0.12 mmol substrate, temperature at 60 °C, agitation speed at 400 rpm, and 48 h for reaction time. Under these optimal conditions, the substrate conversion was up to 44.70% and the optical purity of the product (R)-2,3-2-PPA was up to 98.20%. This work provides an efficient alternative method for lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of 2,3-2-PPAME to (R)-2,3-2-PPA by β-cyclodextrin inclusion in an aqueous reaction system of hydrolysis. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1355-1362, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Inst. of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guangyong Liu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Inst. of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Panliang Zhang
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Inst. of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Inst. of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Inst. of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
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Quality by design compliant strategy for the development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of selected polyphenols in Diospyros kaki. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Deidda R, Orlandini S, Hubert P, Hubert C. Risk-based approach for method development in pharmaceutical quality control context: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:110-121. [PMID: 30145448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical regulatory bodies increasingly require the implementation of systematic approaches in pharmaceutical product development. Quality control methods play a key role in the control strategy of drugs manufacturing to assure their quality. A risk-based approach in the analytical method development is strongly recommended to ensure that the method performances fit the purpose of the method during its entire life-cycle. In the last decade, analytical quality by design (AQbD), as risk management oriented methodology, has been progressively integrated with method development for fulfilling this objective. This approach has successfully allowed the quality to be designed into the analytical processes by obtaining a deep understanding of the procedures. In this paper the AQbD workflow and its application in the development of methods to be used for pharmaceutical quality control have been treated and discussed. Recent publications regarding how AQbD has been applied in separation techniques were reviewed. The different development strategies have been also showcased, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, in order to give a useful overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Deidda
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Serena Orlandini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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29
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Pasquini B, Orlandini S, Villar-Navarro M, Caprini C, Del Bubba M, Douša M, Giuffrida A, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. Chiral capillary zone electrophoresis in enantioseparation and analysis of cinacalcet impurities: Use of Quality by Design principles in method development. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:205-213. [PMID: 30005942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric purity and of impurities of the chiral calcimimetic drug cinacalcet hydrochloride has been developed following Quality by Design principles. The scouting phase was aimed to select the separation operative mode and to identify a suitable chiral selector. Among the tested cyclodextrins, (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCyD) showed good chiral resolving capabilities. The selected separation system was solvent-modified capillary zone electrophoresis with the addition of HPγCyD and methanol. Voltage, buffer pH, methanol concentration and HPγCyD concentration were investigated as critical method parameters by a multivariate strategy. Critical method attributes were represented by enantioresolution and analysis time. A Box-Behnken Design allowed the contour plots to be drawn and quadratic and interaction effects to be highlighted. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was identified by applying Monte-Carlo simulations and corresponded to the multidimensional zone where both the critical method attributes fulfilled the requirements with a desired probability π≥90%. The working conditions, with the MODR limits, corresponded to the following: capillary length, 48.5cm; temperature, 18°C; voltage, 26kV (26-27kV); background electrolyte, 150mM phosphate buffer pH 2.70 (2.60-2.80), 3.1mM (3.0-3.5mM) HPγCyD; 2.00% (0.00-8.40%) v/v methanol. Robustness testing was carried out by a Plackett-Burman matrix and finally a method control strategy was defined. The complete separation of the analytes was obtained in about 10min. The method was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines and was applied for the analysis of a real sample of cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Pasquini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mercedes Villar-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Claudia Caprini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Michal Douša
- Zentiva, K.S. Praha, a Sanofi Company, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Giuffrida
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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30
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‘Quality by Design’ approach for the analysis of impurities in pharmaceutical drug products and drug substances. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Critical review of reports on impurity and degradation product profiling in the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Nompari L, Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Campa C, Rovini M, Del Bubba M, Furlanetto S. Quality by design approach in the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method for Bexsero meningococcal group B vaccine. Talanta 2018; 178:552-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Zhu Q, Scriba GK. Analysis of small molecule drugs, excipients and counter ions in pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods – recent developments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:425-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Parr MK, Schmidt AH. Life cycle management of analytical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:506-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Zhao B, Oroskar PA, Wang X, House D, Oroskar A, Oroskar A, Jameson C, Murad S. The Composition of the Mobile Phase Affects the Dynamic Chiral Recognition of Drug Molecules by the Chiral Stationary Phase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11246-11256. [PMID: 28826215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
More than half of all pharmaceuticals are chiral compounds. Although the enantiomers of chiral compounds have the same chemical structure, they can exhibit marked differences in physiological activity; therefore, it is important to remove the undesirable enantiomer. Chromatographic separation of chiral enantiomers is one of the best available methods to get enantio-pure substances, but the optimization of the experimental conditions can be very time-consuming. One of the most widely used chiral stationary phases, amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (ADMPC), has been extensively investigated using both experimental and computational methods; however, the dynamic nature of the interaction between enantiomers and ADMPC, as well as the solvent effects on the ADMPC-enantiomer interaction, are currently absent from models of the chiral recognition mechanism. Here we use QM/MM and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model the enantiomers of flavanone on ADMPC in either methanol or heptane/2-propanol (IPA) (90/10) to elucidate the chiral recognition mechanism from a new dynamic perspective. In atomistic MD simulations, the 12-mer model of ADMPC is found to hold the 4/3 left-handed helical structure in both methanol and heptane/IPA (90/10); however, the ADMPC polymer is found to have a more extended average structure in heptane/IPA (90/10) than in methanol. This results from the differences in the distribution of solvent molecules close to the backbone of ADMPC leads to changes in the distribution of the (φ, ψ) dihedral angles of the glycoside bond (between adjacent monomers) that define the structure of the polymer. Our simulations have shown that the lifetime of hydrogen bonds formed between ADMPC and flavanone enantiomers in the MD simulations are able to reproduce the elution order observed in experiments for both the methanol and the heptane/IPA solvent systems. Furthermore, the ratios of hydrogen-bonding-lifetime-related properties also capture the solvent effects, in that heptane/IPA (90/10) is found to make the separation between the two enantiomers of flavanone less effective than methanol, which agrees with the experimental separation factors of 0.9 versus 0.4 for R/S, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwu Zhao
- Orochem Technologies, Inc., 340 Shuman Boulevard, Naperville, Illinois 60563, United States
| | - Priyanka A Oroskar
- Orochem Technologies, Inc., 340 Shuman Boulevard, Naperville, Illinois 60563, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , 10 West 33rd Street, Perlstein Hall, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - David House
- Orochem Technologies, Inc., 340 Shuman Boulevard, Naperville, Illinois 60563, United States
| | - Anil Oroskar
- Orochem Technologies, Inc., 340 Shuman Boulevard, Naperville, Illinois 60563, United States
| | - Asha Oroskar
- Orochem Technologies, Inc., 340 Shuman Boulevard, Naperville, Illinois 60563, United States
| | - Cynthia Jameson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , 810 South Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sohail Murad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , 10 West 33rd Street, Perlstein Hall, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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36
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Taraji M, Haddad PR, Amos RIJ, Talebi M, Szucs R, Dolan JW, Pohl CA. Chemometric-assisted method development in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:20-40. [PMID: 29289311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
With an enormous growth in the application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), there has also been significant progress in HILIC method development. HILIC is a chromatographic method that utilises hydro-organic mobile phases with a high organic content, and a hydrophilic stationary phase. It has been applied predominantly in the determination of small polar compounds. Theoretical studies in computer-aided modelling tools, most importantly the predictive, quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) modelling methods, have attracted the attention of researchers and these approaches greatly assist the method development process. This review focuses on the application of computer-aided modelling tools in understanding the retention mechanism, the classification of HILIC stationary phases, prediction of retention times in HILIC systems, optimisation of chromatographic conditions, and description of the interaction effects of the chromatographic factors in HILIC separations. Additionally, what has been achieved in the potential application of QSRR methodology in combination with experimental design philosophy in the optimisation of chromatographic separation conditions in the HILIC method development process is communicated. Developing robust predictive QSRR models will undoubtedly facilitate more application of this chromatographic mode in a broader variety of research areas, significantly minimising cost and time of the experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taraji
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia.
| | - Ruth I J Amos
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Mohammad Talebi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, UK
| | - John W Dolan
- LC Resources, 1795 NW Wallace Rd., McMinnville, OR 97128, USA
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37
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Use of dual-filtering to create training sets leading to improved accuracy in quantitative structure-retention relationships modelling for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic systems. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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38
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Peng LQ, Ye LH, Cao J, Chang YX, Li Q, An M, Tan Z, Xu JJ. Cyclodextrin-based miniaturized solid phase extraction for biopesticides analysis in water and vegetable juices samples analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 226:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Determination of the stereoisomeric impurities of sitafloxacin by capillary electrophoresis with dual chiral additives. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:120-127. [PMID: 28551019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the bioactivity against the human topoisomerase II, the stereoisomeric impurities of sitafloxacin should be controlled in the process of manufactory. In the present work, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of three stereoisomeric impurities of sitafloxacin. The separation with high resolution not only for the separation of enantiomers, but also for the separation of diastereoisomers was achieved by using a background electrolyte composed of dual chiral selectors, namely γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and Cu2+-d-phenylalanine (D-Phe) complex. The combination of two chiral selectors is indispensable to gain a high separation selectivity due to the cooperativity effect of different chiral discrimination modes: inclusion complexation (γ-CD) and ligand exchange (Cu2+-d-Phe). The concentrations of γ-CD, Cu2+ and D-Phe were found to be critical to the separation. Because two chiral selectors were involved in the enantiomer separation system, multiple factors and their interaction should be simultaneously optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a face centred central composite design (FCCD). The obtained optimized separation conditions were as follows: 15mmol/L dipotassium hydrogenphosphate solution (pH 4.5) containing 15mmol/L D-Phe, 20mmol/L CuSO4 and 20mmol/L γ-CD, separation voltage 15kV. The method was then validated and the robustness of the method was tested. Under the optimized conditions, as low as 0.1% (m/m) stereoisomeric impurities of sitafloxacin can be determined by the method.
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40
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Silva M, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I, Marina ML, Aturki Z, Fanali S. Ordered mesoporous silica functionalized with β-cyclodextrin derivative for stereoisomer separation of flavanones and flavanone glycosides by nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Stavrou IJ, Agathokleous EA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: Recent development and applications (mid-2014 to mid-2016). Electrophoresis 2017; 38:786-819. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Taraji M, Haddad PR, Amos RIJ, Talebi M, Szucs R, Dolan JW, Pohl CA. Rapid Method Development in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis Using a Combination of Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships and Design of Experiments. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1870-1878. [PMID: 28208251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A design-of-experiment (DoE) model was developed, able to describe the retention times of a mixture of pharmaceutical compounds in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) under all possible combinations of acetonitrile content, salt concentration, and mobile-phase pH with R2 > 0.95. Further, a quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model was developed to predict retention times for new analytes, based only on their chemical structures, with a root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) as low as 0.81%. A compound classification based on the concept of similarity was applied prior to QSRR modeling. Finally, we utilized a combined QSRR-DoE approach to propose an optimal design space in a quality-by-design (QbD) workflow to facilitate the HILIC method development. The mathematical QSRR-DoE model was shown to be highly predictive when applied to an independent test set of unseen compounds in unseen conditions with a RMSEP value of 5.83%. The QSRR-DoE computed retention time of pharmaceutical test analytes and subsequently calculated separation selectivity was used to optimize the chromatographic conditions for efficient separation of targets. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the risk of uncertainty in the model's prediction, and to define the design space where the desired quality criterion was met. Experimental realization of peak selectivity between targets under the selected optimal working conditions confirmed the theoretical predictions. These results demonstrate how discovery of optimal conditions for the separation of new analytes can be accelerated by the use of appropriate theoretical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taraji
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Ruth I J Amos
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Mohammad Talebi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - John W Dolan
- LC Resources, McMinnville, Oregon, United States
| | - Chris A Pohl
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California, United States
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43
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Gao F, Ma S, Xiao X, Hu Y, Zhao D, He Z. Sensing tyrosine enantiomers by using chiral CdSe/CdS quantum dots capped with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Talanta 2017; 163:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Advances in the Use of Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Fundamentals and Applications. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Suman Panda S. Implementation of Quality by Design Approach for Developing Chromatographic Methods with Enhanced Performance: A Mini Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15406/japlr.2016.02.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Caprini C, Del Bubba M, Douša M, Pinzauti S, Furlanetto S. Enantioseparation and impurity determination of ambrisentan using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Visualizing the design space within quality by design framework. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:363-371. [PMID: 27425759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric purity and of impurities of the chiral drug ambrisentan has been developed following the Quality by Design principles. The selected separation system consisted of a micellar pseudostationary phase made by sodium dodecyl sulphate with the addition of γ-cyclodextrin. The effects of critical process parameters (capillary length, temperature, voltage, borate concentration, pH, sodium dodecyl sulphate concentration, γ-cyclodextrin concentration) on enantioresolution of ambrisentan and analysis time were extensively investigated by multivariate strategies involving a screening phase and Response Surface Methodology. The Design Space was defined with a desired probability level π≥90%, and the working conditions, with the limits of the Design Space, corresponded to the following: capillary length, 64.5cm; temperature, 22°C; voltage, 30kV (26-30kV); background electrolyte, 100mM borate buffer pH 9.20 (8.80-9.60), 100mM sodium dodecyl sulphate, 50mM (43-50mM) γ-cyclodextrin. A Plackett-Burman design was applied for robustness testing, and a method control strategy was established. The method was fully validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines and was applied to ambrisentan coated tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - B Pasquini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - C Caprini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, a Sanofi Company, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - S Pinzauti
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - S Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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47
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Multivariable optimization of the micellar system for the ionic liquid-modified MEKC separation of phenolic acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis (2013-2015). Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1591-608. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Chen J, Liang RP, Wu LL, Qiu JD. One-step preparation and application of mussel-inspired poly(norepinephrine)-coated polydimethylsiloxane microchip for separation of chiral compounds. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1676-84. [PMID: 26970233 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, using the self-polymerization of norepinephrine (NE) and its favorable film-forming property, a simple and green preparation approach was developed to modify a PDMS channel for enantioseparation of chiral compounds. After the PDMS microchip was filled with NE solution, poly(norepinephrine) (PNE) film was gradually formed and deposited on the inner wall of microchannel as permanent coating via the oxidation of NE by the oxygen dissolved in the solution. Due to possessing plentiful catechol and amine functional groups, the PNE-coated PDMS microchip exhibited much better wettability, more stable and suppressed EOF, and less nonspecific adsorption. The water contact angle and EOF of PNE-coated PDMS substrate were measured to be 13° and 1.68 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) , compared to those of 108° and 2.24 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) from the untreated one, respectively. Different kinds of chiral compounds, such as amino acid enantiomer, drug enantiomer, and peptide enantiomer were efficiently separated utilizing a separation length of 37 mm coupled with in-column amperometric detection on the PNE-coated PDMS microchips. This facile mussel-inspired PNE-based microchip system exhibited strong recognition ability, high-performance, admirable reproducibility, and stability, which may have potential use in the complex biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
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Dong Y, Li Q, Wang J, Lu L, Wang Y, Bao L, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Chiral separation and quantitative analysis of citalopram by modified capillary electrophoresis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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