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Galletta M, Zoccali M, Malegori C, Oliveri P, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L, Mondello M. Flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional enantio-gas chromatography: A valid and flexible alternative to heart-cutting multidimensional enantio-gas chromatography. Talanta 2024; 275:126137. [PMID: 38677163 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The present research is focused on the proposal of use of flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional enantio-gas chromatography (FM eGC × GC) as a valid, flexible, and possibly superior alternative to heart-cutting multidimensional enantio-GC (eMDGC). The latter, a technique of demonstrated utility, is used specifically for the targeted separation of chiral compounds, whereas FM eGC × GC can produce both targeted and high-resolution untargeted information in a single run. It is clearly possible to use eMDGC for untargeted analysis, often with a flame ionization detector (stand-by analysis), to monitor a first-dimension (1D) separation, of much lower peak capacity compared to FM eGC × GC. If eMDGC is used with mass spectrometry (MS), it is normally exploited to monitor the second-dimension (2D) separation. The analytical instrument consisted of automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and a low duty-cycle FM eGC × GC system (with time-of-flight MS), equipped with an enantioselective 1D column (2,3-di-O-methyl-6-t-butyl silyl β-cyclodextrin derivative) and a 2D polyethylene glycol one. Ten Marsala wines were subjected to analysis, for the determination of chiral lactones (many at the low ppb level, due to the high concentration capacity of SPME) and for general analyte profiling. In many instances, highly complex chromatograms were attained, with statistical analysis (ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis) used for sample differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Galletta
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Malegori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Oliveri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Mondello
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Byrnes NA, Wu Y, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Exploring thermal isomerisation in gas chromatography analyses using natural pyrethrins: Comparison of comprehensive two-dimensional and one-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464369. [PMID: 37714012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess and qualitatively compare the visual presentation of chromatographic data from the isomerisation of natural pyrethrins - a group of pesticides derived from Chrysanthemum flowers - using one-dimensional gas chromatography (1DGC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Molecular structural changes, such as thermal isomerisation in this case, occur during gas chromatography injection and separation, to provide characteristic patterns which may not be routinely recognised on the 1D chromatogram. To demonstrate the influence of analytical method parameters on isomerisation processes, variations in oven temperature (isothermal vs. temperature programmed analysis), inlet mode (split vs. splitless), inlet temperature, and carrier gas flow rate were investigated. Increasing oven temperature was the most significant factor affecting isomerisation. Splitless injection mode and increasing inlet temperature promoted isopyrethrin formation, while the effect of inlet temperature appeared minimal with a split injection technique, most likely due to the short residence time in the inlet. Increased carrier gas flow rates in a temperature programmed analysis reduced retention time and minimised isomerisation. The unique presentation of isopyrethrin peaks on a GC×GC contour plot allows for facile recognition of isomerisation especially at low concentrations, simplifies chromatogram interpretation, and aids in analyte identification. It also confirms that the isomerisation process is irreversible since the pyrethrin I and II compounds are absent throughout the bridge formation. These benefits support the use of GC×GC over 1DGC to study isomerisation. Additionally, due to limited data in the literature, Kováts retention indices and linear retention indices of the natural pyrethrins, including isopyrethrins, were experimentally determined on four columns: DB-5 ms UI, Rxi-17Sil MS, SLB-IL60i, and SLB-IL111i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Byrnes
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yuesong Wu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Marriott PJ, Chin ST, Nolvachai Y. Techniques and application in comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461788. [PMID: 33352489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-known comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) method, it is possible to define comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography. 'Comprehensiveness' relates to analysis of the whole sample. Two-dimensional and multidimensional here refer to the use of at least two separation stages for analysis, however comprehensive 2DGC now appears to be reserved for the GC×GC method. This may be differentiated from comprehensive MDGC (CMDGC) simply by the analysis time assigned to the second (2D) column, although there does not appear to be a specific definition that relates to this analysis time parameter. A number of different implementation protocols for comprehensive MDGC are described here, that may involve either a single, or multiple, injection(s). In all cases, independent retention must be achieved on each dimension to ensure the probability of enhanced separation. An original application of a crude oil sample is presented to illustrate development of the MDGC approach that incorporates two Deans switches (DS) and a cryogenic trapping approach, performed using a sequential heart-cut (H/C) event method incremented by 0.5 min for each injection; a total of 40 injections is used to analyse the total sample. The higher peak capacity and consequently greater resolution on the long 2D column is illustrated, compared with that expected for conventional GC×GC, with tentative identification in order to classify chemical classes. Incorporating an approach to acquiring retention indices may be implemented, although its utility for petroleum hydrocarbons is limited. Structured groupings of different chemical classes, as exemplified by mono and diaromatics for the crude oil sample, were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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4
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Multidimensional gas chromatography investigation of concentration and temperature effects of oxime interconversion on ionic liquid and poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zavahir JS, Nolvachai Y, Wood BR, Marriott PJ. Gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals dynamic molecular interconversion of oximes. Analyst 2019; 144:4803-4812. [PMID: 31276125 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00990f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports gas chromatography (GC) combined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the elution profiles of individual oxime isomers undergoing characteristic interconversion (dynamic chromatography) in GC. The use of a light-pipe FTIR interface enables on-line acquisition of FTIR spectra, which in turn render unambiguous identification of the individual molecules. Here, acetaldehyde oxime and propionaldehyde oxime were chosen for comparison of elution behaviour under varying temperature and carrier flow velocities. The choice of selective responses (wavenumber selectivity), which were relatively stronger for each isomer, enabled display and retracing of the individual isomer over the chromatographic time scale and thus provided characteristic single isomer profiles. Chemometric data analysis using the multivariate curve resolution technique further confirmed this isomer elution profile. Simulation of the spectrum for each isomer allowed comparison with instrument-generated FTIR spectra to confirm the elution order of E and Z isomers. The effect of changing chromatographic parameters (temperature, flow) on interconversion rates and/or extents were studied and the corresponding change in FTIR spectrum intensity was noted. The GC-FID data acquired concurrently with GC-FTIR analyses ratified isomerisation chromatographic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shezmin Zavahir
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia.
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Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Wong YF, Glouzman MI, Marriott PJ. Observation and explanation of two-dimensional interconversion of oximes with multiple heart-cutting using comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1546:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Chiral Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:416-427. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Wong YF, Kulsing C, Marriott PJ. Switchable Enantioselective Three- and Four-Dimensional Dynamic Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Example Study of On-Column Molecular Interconversion. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5620-5628. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Foo Wong
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Gao F, Ma S, Xiao X, Hu Y, Zhao D, He Z. Sensing tyrosine enantiomers by using chiral CdSe/CdS quantum dots capped with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Talanta 2017; 163:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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O'Neil GW, Nelson RK, Wright AM, Reddy CM. A One-Pot/Single-Analysis Approach to Substrate Scope Investigations Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). J Org Chem 2016; 81:3533-41. [PMID: 27078746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A representative substrate scope investigation for an enantioselective catalytic ketone-reduction has been performed as a single reaction on a mixture containing equimolar amounts of nine (9) prototypical compounds. The resulting analyte pool containing 18 potential products from nine different reactions could all be completely resolved in a single chromatographic injection using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, allowing for simultaneous determination of percent conversion and enantiomeric excess for each substrate. The results obtained for an enantioselective iron-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation using this one-pot/single-analysis approach were similar to those reported for the individualized reactions, demonstrating the utility of this strategy for streamlining substrate scope investigations. Moreover, for this particular catalyst, activity and selectivity were not greatly affected by the presence of other ketones or enantioenriched reduced products. This approach allows for faster and greener analyses that are central to new reaction development, as well as an opportunity to gain further insights into other established transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University , Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Alicia M Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University , Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Li W, Ding GS, Tang AN. Enantiomer separation of propranolol and tryptophan using bovine serum albumin functionalized silica nanoparticles as adsorbents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of popular chiral selectors on the surface of nanomaterials to prepare new chiral adsorbents for preparative chiral separation is a research hotspot in separation science nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Guo-Sheng Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - An-Na Tang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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