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Henderson WM, Evich MG, Washington JW, Ward TT, Schumacher BA, Zimmerman JH, Kim YD, Weber EJ, Williams AC, Smeltz MG, Glinski DA. Analysis of Legacy and Novel Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soils from an Industrial Manufacturing Facility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10729-10739. [PMID: 38829283 PMCID: PMC11304343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in an array of environmental media due to their ubiquitous use in industrial and consumer products as well as potential release from fluorochemical manufacturing facilities. During their manufacture, many fluorotelomer (FT) facilities rely on neutral intermediates in polymer production including the FT-alcohols (FTOHs). These PFAS are known to transform to the terminal acids (perfluoro carboxylic acids; PFCAs) at rates that vary with environmental conditions. In the current study on soils from a FT facility, we employed gas chromatography coupled with conventional- and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-HRMS) to investigate the profile of these precursor compounds, the intermediary secondary alcohols (sFTOHs), FT-acrylates (FTAcr), and FT-acetates (FTAce) in soils around the former FT-production facility. Of these precursors, the general trend in detection intensity was [FTOHs] > [sFTOHs] > [FTAcrs], while for the FTOHs, homologue intensities generally were [12:2 FTOH] > [14:2 FTOH] > [16:2 FTOH] > [10:2 FTOH] > [18:2 FTOH] > [20:2 FTOH] > [8:2 FTOH] ∼ [6:2 FTOH]. The corresponding terminal acids were also detected in all soil samples and positively correlated with the precursor concentrations. GC-HRMS confirmed the presence of industrial manufacturing byproducts such as FT-ethers and FT-esters and aided in the tentative identification of previously unreported dimers and other compounds. The application of GC-HRMS to the measurement and identification of precursor PFAS is in its infancy, but the methodologies described here will help refine its use in tentatively identifying these compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matthew Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Marina G Evich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - John W Washington
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Thomas T Ward
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Brian A Schumacher
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - John H Zimmerman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/WECD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Yung D Kim
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Eric J Weber
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Alan C Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/WECD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CPHEA/PHITD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Donna A Glinski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM/EPD, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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Ye B, Wang J, Zhou L, Yu X, Sui Q. Perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems: Occurrence, uptake, and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168974. [PMID: 38036134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors have been used in various consumer and industrial products due to their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. In recent years, PFAA precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems have received increasing attention as they are susceptible to biotransformation into metabolites with high biotoxicity risks to human health. In this review, we systematically assessed the occurrence of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils, taking into account their sources and biodegradation pathways. In addition, we summarized the findings of the relevant literature on the uptake and biotransformation of PFAA precursors by agricultural plants. The applications of biosolids/composts and pesticides are the main sources of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils. The physicochemical properties of PFAA precursors, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and plant species are the key factors influencing plant root uptakes of PFAA precursors from soils. This review revealed, through toxicity assessment, the potential of PFAA precursors to generate metabolites with higher toxicity than the parent precursors. The results of this paper provide a reference for future research on PFAA precursors and their metabolites in soil-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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3
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Xie Z, Hu Y, Lin J, Li G, Zhong Q. Calix[4]arene-based covalent organic frameworks with host-guest recognition for selective adsorption of six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food followed by UHPLC-MS/MS detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132198. [PMID: 37541121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term ingestion or exposure to food contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause potential harm to human health. Due to the low contents of PFASs in complex food matrices, it is of great significance to develop adsorbents with excellent properties to enrich PFASs before analysis. Herein, calix[4]arene (CX4) was used as building block to prepare ordered crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The perfect combination of the host-guest recognition ability of CX4 and the porosity of COFs makes the CX4-COFs selective and high adsorption capacity for linear molecular PFASs (261-1055 mg/g). The adsorption behavior and mechanism were verified by isotherm adsorption experiments and simulation calculations. The CX4-COFs were then used as adsorbents for membrane solid-phase extraction (M-SPE), combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine PFASs in food. The method has low detection limits (0.11-0.28 ng/kg) and good precision (1.3%-9.8%), and has been successfully applied to the simultaneous enrichment and determination of six PFASs in fish, shrimp and shellfish. Satisfactory recoveries (79.9%-118%) were obtained. This study provides a new strategy for preparing CX4-COFs containing macrocyclic molecules with different morphologies and expands the application of COFs as attractive enrichment media for sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiana Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510656, China
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4
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Karamat A, Tehrani R, Foster GD, Van Aken B. Plant responses to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a molecular perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:219-227. [PMID: 37462666 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2232874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large class of toxic manmade compounds that have been used in many industrial and household products. Dispersion of PFAS in the environment has raised concerns because of their persistence and toxicity for living organisms. Both terrestrial and aquatic plants have been shown to take up PFAS from contaminated soil and groundwater, and to accumulate these compounds inside their tissues. Although PFAS generally exert a low toxicity on plants at environmentally relevant concentrations, they frequently impact biomass growth and photosynthetic activity at higher levels. Uptake, translocation, and toxicity of PFAS in plants have been well covered in literature. Although less attention has been given to the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant response to PFAS, recent studies based on -omics approaches indicate that PFAS affects the plant metabolism even a low concentration. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the effects of PFAS on plants at the molecular level. Results from recent transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies show that low levels of PFAS induce oxidative stress and affect multiple plant functions and processes, including photosynthesis and energy metabolism. These potentially harmful effects trigger activation of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Karamat
- Environmental Science & Policies, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | - Rouzbeh Tehrani
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Gregory D Foster
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | - Benoit Van Aken
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
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Yao Y, Lan Z, Zhu H, Xu J, Sun H. Foliar uptake overweighs root uptake for 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): A closed exposure chamber study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154660. [PMID: 35307431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are a kind of volatile monomers that can be released from FTOH-based products and their ubiquitous occurrence raises concerns for their plant uptake. To study plant uptake pathway, translocation, and transformation characteristics of 8:2 FTOH, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was selected as a model plant for 8:2 FTOH exposure via air and/or soil uptake for 4 weeks in custom-built closed exposure chambers. The bio-degradation of spiked 8:2 FTOH in the soil led to the production of C6-C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and other intermediates, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the main product (54.9%-88.9%). In the ryegrass, foliar uptake of 8:2 FTOH contributed 78.1% ± 3.4% to the total shoot accumulation while PFOA in shoot was mainly from root uptake of PFOA and the further biotransformation of other unmonitored intermediates biodegraded from 8:2 FTOH in the soil (83.7% ± 7.3%). The results in this study provides the first laboratory evidences that foliar uptake of airborne 8:2 FTOH can be a major pathway over root uptake and its subsequent biotransformation contribute to the burden of PFCA accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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6
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Ma C, Peng H, Chen H, Shang W, Zheng X, Yang M, Zhang Y. Long-term trends of fluorotelomer alcohols in a wastewater treatment plant impacted by textile manufacturing industry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134442. [PMID: 35346737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are important precursors and substitutes of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). This study investigated the long-term trends of FTOHs in a municipal wastewater treatment plant impacted by textile manufacturing industry (T-WWTP) in Wuxi city from 2013 to 2021. For comparison, four domestic wastewater treatment plants (D-WWTPs) were also selected for the investigation. The total concentrations of FTOHs, which were 9.8-43 ng/L, 5.9-29 ng/L and 10-50 ng/g in influent, secondary effluent, and sludge samples from the T-WWTP, were significantly higher than those of the D-WWTPs (p < 0.01). The significant correlation between decrease of mass loads for FTOHs and the increase for PFCAs was observed, suggesting the potential biotransformation of FTOHs to PFCAs. Concentration variation in FTOH concentrations was observed for the T-WWTP, which was in accord with the variation in annual output of textile products in Wuxi city (p = 0.005). The predominance of 8:2 FTOH in the influents of T-WWTP between 2013 and 2016 switched over to 6:2 FTOH in 2020-2021. This work highlighted the textile manufacturing industry as a significant discharge route for FTOHs to municipal WWTP, as well as the dramatic change in the usage of FTOHs in the textile manufacturing industry in Wuxi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Hongrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wei Shang
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Xingcan Zheng
- North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Luo Q, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Cai Z. Simultaneous determination of triclosan, triclocarban, triclocarban metabolites and byproducts in urine and serum by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9117. [PMID: 33928686 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are ubiquitous antimicrobial agents incorporated in consumer and personal care products. Due to their human health risks, it is essential to develop a sensitive and accurate analytical method to simultaneously quantify TCS, TCC, as well as their metabolites and byproducts in urine and serum samples. METHODS The quantitative parameters of TCS, TCC, TCC metabolites and byproducts (2'-OH-TCC, 3'-OH-TCC, 6-OH-TCC, DHC, DCC, NCC) were optimized by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples was optimized based on enzyme dosage and incubation time. The efficiencies of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were compared. The effectiveness of the established method was evaluated, and method application was validated using real urine and serum samples. RESULTS The conjugates were sufficiently hydrolyzed under 500 U/mL β-glucuronidase and 80 U/mL sulfatase at 37°C for 4 h. Compared with the LLE method, SPE achieved higher extraction efficiency in both urine and serum samples. The optimized SPE-UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS method showed low limits of detection (LODs) in the range 0.001-0.3 ng/mL and good linearity (R2 > 0.99) at 0.01-150 ng/mL in both matrices. Excellent recoveries of 82.0%-120.7% (urine) and 76.7%-113.9% (serum) were obtained with low relative standard deviation (RSD, <7.6%) for inter-day and intra-day injections. This method was applicable to quantify target compounds in multiple biological urine and serum samples. Notably, TCS and TCC were detected with average concentrations of 8.37 and 10.46 ng/mL, respectively, in 15 Chinese female urine samples, with the simultaneous detection of TCC metabolites and byproducts. CONCLUSIONS A reliable method was established to simultaneously determine TCS, TCC, TCC metabolites and byproducts in urine and serum samples by using UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS. This sensitive methodology provides the basis for the evaluation of TCS and TCC exposure at the metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Lan Z, Yao Y, Xu J, Chen H, Ren C, Fang X, Zhang K, Jin L, Hua X, Alder AC, Wu F, Sun H. Novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a farmland environment: Soil distribution and biomonitoring with plant leaves and locusts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114487. [PMID: 32259741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in multiple matrices from a farmland environment was investigated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei core area of northern China. PFASs were ubiquitously detected in farmland soils, and the detection frequency of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) was higher than that of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (98% vs. 83%). Long-chain PFASs, including 6:2 Cl-PFESA, showed a centered distribution pattern around the metropolis of Tianjin, probably due to the local intensive industrial activity, while trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) showed a decreasing trend from the coast to the inland area. Other than soil, TFA was also found at higher levels than other longer-chain PFASs in dust, maize (Zea mays), poplar (Populus alba) leaf and locust (Locusta migratoria manilens) samples. Both poplar leaves and locusts can be used as promising biomonitoring targets for PFASs in farmland environments, and their accumulation potential corresponds with protein and lipid contents. Apart from being exposed to PFASs via food intake, locusts were likely exposed via uptake from soil and precipitated dust in farmland environments. The biomonitoring of locusts may be more relevant to insectivores, which is important to conducting a comprehensive ecological risk assessment of farmland environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - JiaYao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiangguang Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Litao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xia Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Zhang H, Wen B, Huang H, Wang S, Cai Z, Zhang S. Biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol by the whole soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113513. [PMID: 31733959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are important precursors of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the environment and biota. With the growing application of 6:2 FTOH [F(CF2)6CH2CH2OH] in product formulation, it is becoming increasingly urgent to investigate its biological fates in different species. In this study, biotransformation of 6:2 FTOH by young soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merrill) were investigated using hydroponic experiments. During the 144 h-exposure, 6:2 FTCA [F(CF2)6CH2COOH], 6:2 FTUCA [F(CF2)5CFCHCOOH], 5:3 FTUCA [F(CF2)5CHCHCOOH], 5:3 FTCA [F(CF2)5CH2CH2COOH], PFHxA [F(CF2)5COOH] and PFPeA [F(CF2)4COOH] were phase I metabolites in soybean. At the end of exposure, 5:3 FTCA (5.08 mol%), PFHxA (2.34 mol%) and PFPeA (0.58 mol%) were three main metabolites in soybean-solution system. 5:3 FTCA was predominant in soybean roots and stems, while PFHxA was the most abundant product in leaves. PFBA [F(CF2)3COOH] and 4:3 FTCA [F(CF2)4CH2CH2COOH] detected in the hydroponic solution most-likely came from the transformation of 5:3 FTCA by root-associated microbes. Moreover, phase II metabolites of 6:2 FTOH were identified and monitored in soybean tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and glutathione S-transferase were found to participate in 6:2 FTOH metabolism. Based on the phase I and phase II metabolism of 6:2 FTOH in soybean, this study for the first time provides evidences for the transformation pathways of 6:2 FTOH in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710027, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Wen B, Pan Y, Shi X, Zhang H, Hu X, Huang H, Lv J, Zhang S. Behavior of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) in biosolids amended soil-plant microcosms of seven plant species: Accumulation and degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:366-373. [PMID: 29908503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) precursors have been found extensively in sewage sludge and biosolids-amended soils. The degradation of these precursors are regarded as a significant source of PFOS in the environment. In this study, the accumulation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) in the plants of seven species, namely alfalfa, lettuce, maize, mung bean, radish, ryegrass, and soybean from biosolids-amended soil, and the degradation kinetics of N-EtFOSAA in soil-plant microcosms were evaluated over 60 days. N-EtFOSAA was found in the roots of all plant species, while was not in stems and leaves. The root concentration factors of N-EtFOSAA ranged 0.52-1.37 (pmol/groot)/(pmol/gsoil). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to elucidate the accumulation of N-EtFOSAA in the roots of plants. The results showed that the root protein and lipid contents explain 85.0% of the variation in root N-EtFOSAA levels (P < 0.05). Four degradation products, including N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS were found in soils and plant roots, stems and leaves, indicating the degradation of N-EtFOSAA in soil-plant system. Degradation kinetics fitted a first-order kinetic model well. Degradation rate constants of N-EtFOSAA in the microcosms with plants ranged 0.063-0.165 d-1, which was 1.40-3.6 times higher than those without plants. Degradation rate constant of maize was relatively higher than those of other plant species. The results is the first to reveal N-EtFOSAA accumulation in plants and degradation in soil-plant microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Munoz G, Ray P, Mejia-Avendaño S, Vo Duy S, Tien Do D, Liu J, Sauvé S. Optimization of extraction methods for comprehensive profiling of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in firefighting foam impacted soils. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Lan Z, Zhou M, Yao Y, Sun H. Plant uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids in a wheat-soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30907-30916. [PMID: 30178412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is shifting to short-chain analogs (C ≤ 6) that raises concerns for their potential ecotoxicological risks. In the present study, pot experiments were carried out to study the effects of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), with different carbon chain lengths (C4, C6, and C8) on the growth of wheat seedlings and their plant uptake and transfer at two spiking levels (200 and 2000 μg/kg soil). Exposure to C4 PFAAs slightly inhibited chlorophyll activity, whereas exposure to C8 PFAAs showed enhancement. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for C4 PFAAs in wheat were over 10, while BAFs for C8 PFAAs were all below 1. Rhizospheric and root to shoot transfer factors for PFAAs were both negatively correlated with their log Kow (p < 0.05). PFCAs exhibited both higher rhizospheric mobility and accumulation potentials than PFSAs of the same chain lengths. Hence, perfluoroalkyl chain governs the mobility of PFAAs in a soil-plant system besides interactions of their head groups, and the substitution with shorter chain PFASs raises concerns for their higher plant accumulation potential that brings higher ecotoxicological and human exposure risks via food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Monitoring Center for Vehicle Emission, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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13
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Cai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhao S, Li Y, Ma L, Chen C, Huang J, Yu G. Temporal trends and transport of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a subtropical estuary: Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:263-270. [PMID: 29787910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations and spatial distributions of fifteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in the water of the subtropical Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) in Fujian, China. The concentrations and composition profiles of PFASs showed significant seasonal variations. ∑PFASs concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 37.6 ng L-1, 12.2 to 110 ng L-1 and 3.3 to 43.0 ng L-1 in the dry, medium and wet seasons, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the most abundant PFAS in the dry season, with a composition of 33% ± 5%, Perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA (47% ± 13%) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) (52% ± 15%) were the dominant compounds in the medium and wet seasons, respectively. Seasonal and spatial distributions of ∑PFASs were different in the upstream and downstream sections. High concentration of PFHxA occurred in the medium season, and showed a linear decreasing trend from upstream to downstream. The majority of other PFASs did not show clear seasonal variation. Composition profiles indicated that the JRE was mainly contaminated by short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), shipbuilding industry, multiple wastewater and river runoff were identified as major potential sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Shanwei Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanwei 516600, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Songhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Tian Y, Yao Y, Chang S, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Yuan X, Wu F, Sun H. Occurrence and Phase Distribution of Neutral and Ionizable Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Atmosphere and Plant Leaves around Landfills: A Case Study in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1301-1310. [PMID: 29309135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in the air, dry deposition, and plant leaves at two different landfills and one suburban reference site in Tianjin, China. The potential of landfills as sources of PFASs to the atmosphere and the phase distribution therein were evaluated. The maximum concentrations of ∑PFASs in the two landfills were up to 9.5 ng/m3 in the air, 4.1 μg/g in dry deposition, and 48 μg/g lipid in leaves with trifluoroacetic acid and perfluoropropionic acid being dominant (71%-94%). Spatially, the distribution trend of ionizable and neutral PFASs in all three kinds of media consistently showed the central landfill > the downwind > the upwind > the reference sites, indicating that landfills are important sources to PFASs in the environment. Plant leaves were found effective in uptake of a variety of airborne PFASs including polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters, thus capable of acting as a passive air sampling approach for air monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojia Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science , 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin, China
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15
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Determination of perfluoroalkyl acid isomers in biosolids, biosolids-amended soils and plants using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Zhao S, Zhu L. Uptake and metabolism of 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in soil-earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and soil-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:124-131. [PMID: 27639617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH) in the systems of soil-earthworm (Eisenia fetida), soil-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil-earthworm-wheat, including degradation in soil, uptake and metabolism in wheat and earthworms were investigated. Several perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) as degradation products of 10:2 FTOH were identified in the soil, plant and earthworms. 10:2 FTOH could be biodegraded to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) in soil in the absence or presence of wheat/earthworms, and PFDA was the predominant metabolite. Accumulation of initial 10:2 FTOH and its metabolites were observed in the wheat and earthworms, suggesting that 10:2 FTOH could be bioaccumulated in wheat and earthworms and biotransformed to the highly stable PFCAs. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic (PFHxA) and PFDA were detected in wheat root, while PFDA and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were detected in shoot. PFNA and PFDA were determined in earthworms and the concentration of PFDA was much higher. The presence of earthworms and/or plant stimulated the microbial degradation of 10:2 FTOH in soil. The results supplied important evidence that degradation of 10:2 FTOH was an important potential source of PFCAs in the environment and in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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17
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Zhang H, Wen B, Hu X, Wu Y, Pan Y, Huang H, Liu L, Zhang S. Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of 8:2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13309-13317. [PMID: 27993068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) is widely considered as an additional source of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in environmental biota. Compared with the extensive studies conducted in animals and microbes, biotransformation pathways of FTOHs in plants are still unclear. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the uptake, translocation and metabolism of 8:2 FTOH in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) over 144 h. 8:2 FTOH and its metabolites were found in all parts of soybean plants. At the end of the exposure, 7:3 FTCA [F(CF2)7CH2CH2COOH] was the primary metabolite in roots and stems, while PFOA [F(CF2)7COOH] was predominant in leaves. PFOA and 7:3 FTCA in the soybean-solution system accounted for 6.01 and 5.57 mol % of the initially applied 8:2 FTOH, respectively. Low levels of PFHpA [F(CF2)6COOH] and PFHxA [F(CF2)5COOH] in solutions and soybean roots resulted from microbial metabolism and plant root uptake. Glutathione-conjugated metabolites in soybean tissues were also identified. The activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferase in soybean roots increased during the exposure, suggesting their roles in 8:2 FTOH metabolism in soybean. This study provides important information for a better understanding of the uptake and metabolism of FTOHs and fluorotelomer-based compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Prieto A, Fernández LA, Zuloaga O. Uptake of 8:2 perfluoroalkyl phosphate diester and its degradation products by carrot and lettuce from compost-amended soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 152:309-17. [PMID: 26991379 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied the uptake of 8:2 perfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (diPAP) by two different crops (lettuce and carrot) and two different amended soils. Firstly, the possible degradation of 8:2 diPAP in the absence of crop was studied and 8:2 monoPAP (monophosphate), 8:2 FTCA (saturated fluorotelomer carboxylate), 8:2 FTUCA (unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylate), 7:3 FTCA (saturated fluorotelomer carboxylate), PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid), PFHxA (perfluorohexanoic acid) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) were detected. In the presence of crops, different degradation products were detected in the soil and, while PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFHpA, PFHxA, PFPeA (perfluoropentacoic acid), PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid), 7:3 FTCA and PFOA were determined in the cultivation media when carrot was grown, PFOA was the only degradation product detected in the case of lettuce experiments. Regarding the uptake in carrot, all the degradation products except 7:3 FTCA were translocated from the soil to the carrot. Carrot core, peel and leaves bioconcentration factors, BCFs, were determined for 8:2 diPAP and its degradation products. Values lower than method detection limits for core and low BCFs in peel (0.025-0.042) and leaves (0.028-0.049) were achieved for 8:2 diPAP. Regarding to the degradation products, the higher their water solubility, the higher the plant translocation. In this sense, the lower the carbon chain length of PFCAs, the higher the BCFs determined (PFBA > PFHxA > PFHpA > PFOA > PFNA). In general, lower total BCFs were achieved when the total organic carbon of the soils increased. For lettuce experiments, 8:2 diPAP (0.04-0.18) and PFOA (0.28-1.57) were only determined in lettuce heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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