1
|
Schaefer C, Allers M, Hitzemann M, Nitschke A, Kobelt T, Mörtel M, Schröder S, Ficks A, Zimmermann S. Reliable Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents Using High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:2008-2019. [PMID: 39013159 PMCID: PMC11311216 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometers (HiKE-IMS) ionize and separate ions at reduced pressures of 10-40 mbar and over a wide range of reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td. Their reduced operating pressure is distinct from that of conventional drift tube ion mobility spectrometers that operate at ambient pressure for trace compound detection. High E/N can lead to a field-induced fragmentation pattern that provides more specific structural information about the analytes. In addition, operation at high E/N values adds the field dependence of ion mobility as an additional separation dimension to low-field ion mobility, making interfering compounds less likely to cause a false positive alarm. In this work, we study the chemical warfare agents tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclosarin (GF) and sulfur mustard (HD) in a HiKE-IMS at variable E/N in both the reaction and the drift region. The results show that varying E/N can lead to specific fragmentation patterns at high E/N values combined with molecular signals at low E/N. Compared to the operation at a single E/N value in the drift region, the variation of E/N in the drift region also provides the analyte-specific field dependence of ion mobility as additional information. The accumulated data establish a unique fingerprint for each analyte that allows for reliable detection of chemical warfare agents even in the presence of interfering compounds with similar low-field ion mobilities, thus reducing false positives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaefer
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Bundeswehr
Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstrasse 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Nitschke
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Mörtel
- Bundeswehr
Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstrasse 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schröder
- Bundeswehr
Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstrasse 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Arne Ficks
- Bundeswehr
Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstrasse 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belay C, Shifrovitch A, Prihed H, Madmon M, Blanca M, Shamai Yamin T, Weissberg A. Ethanolysis of nitrogen mustards: A novel strategy for nitrogen mustard identification in environmental matrices by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9701. [PMID: 38355882 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are blistering chemical warfare agents. The ability to detect NMs in environmental samples is very important for obtaining forensic evidence. The most common analytical techniques for NM detection are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which detects NMs in their intact form but is disadvantaged by high limits of detection (LODs), and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) of their hydrolysis products, which do not provide robust evidence to support NM use. METHODS We developed a novel approach to detect and identify NMs using LC/ESI-MS/MS after chemical derivatization. The method is based on ethoxide-promoted ethanolysis prior to analysis. The effects of reaction time, temperature, ethoxide concentration and chromatography behavior were studied and optimized. In the developed procedure, 0.1% (v/v) sodium ethoxide solution is added to the NMs in ethanol and agitated for 2 h at 50°C, followed by LC/ESI-MS/MS, without any other pretreatment. RESULTS The ethanolysis reaction efficiencies were evaluated in ethanolic extracts from soil, asphalt, and ethanol contaminated with 0.5% (v/v) diesel fortified with NMs at a five-point calibration curve. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-1 ng/mL, with an R2 value of 0.99, and were similar to those of LC/MS-grade ethanol, with almost no observable matrix effects. The derivatization products were stable at room temperature, with LODs of 10 pg/mL, in all investigated extracts. CONCLUSIONS Through this newly developed strategy, the derivatization of active NMs by ethanolysis was achieved for the first time, and these derivatization products can serve as specific indicators for the use and presence of NMs. The methodology can also verify trace levels of NM chemical warfare agents collected in war or terror scenarios in forensic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Belay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Shifrovitch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moran Madmon
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), POB 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Disley J, Gil-Ramírez G, Eaton P, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. A smart chitosan-graphite molecular imprinted composite for the effective trapping and sensing of dimethyl methylphosphonate based on changes in resistance. Analyst 2023; 148:5012-5021. [PMID: 37672009 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01293j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) fabricated from a chitosan doped with graphite to create a conductive composite (CG-MIC) with the ability to trap and detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) through a change in resistance of the material has been successfully manufactured. The GC-MIC presented a maximum trapping capacity of 96 ppm (0.096 mg g-1) of DMMP. A similar non-imprinted composite made of chitosan-graphite (CG-NIC) had a surface adsorption of 48 ppm (0.048 mg g-1) of DMMP. The manufacturing process was tested for consistency and there were no significant differences in resistance between batches of CG-MIC before (around 450 Ω) and after (around 70 Ω) DMMP extraction, representing a homogeneous manufacturing process. Although Atomic Force Microscopy studies revealed that the graphite was not homogenously distributed throughout the chitosan matrix, the response was consistent. The changes in the concentration of DMMP within the self-sensing material, being proportional to those in gas concentration, could be followed by the changes in resistance. The inclusion of common interferents: Acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide and 2-propanol, equivalent in concentration to the DMMP, caused a change in the resistance of the material but did not substantially affect the specific resistance response of the composite material. Based on this data, the CG-MIC could be used as a smart material with sensing capabilities to monitor trapping levels of DMMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Disley
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
| | - Peter Eaton
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
- The Bridge, University of Lincoln, 4 Edgewest Road, Lincoln LN6 7EL, UK
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rozsypal T. Contaminated disposable rubber gloves as evidence samples after a chemical attack with nerve agents. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36912582 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents have been used recently in the Syrian civil war. Collecting relevant samples for retrospective identification of an attack is often problematic. The article deals with the possibility of using contaminated gloves as an analytical sample for evidence of the chemical weapons use. There have not yet been published studies dealing with the identification of chemical warfare agents in this type of matrix, where the diversity of chemical properties of gloves and the lifetime of the contaminated sample would be considered. Sarin, soman, and cyclosarin were used as contaminants in the study. Nitrile, latex, and vinyl disposable gloves were chosen as matrices. The identification method was gas chromatography. Six solvents commonly used in military laboratories were tested as extractants. The extraction procedure was optimized in terms of the appropriate method (vortex) and the required extraction time (1 min) and resulted in significant reduction in sample preparation time. The chromatographic background of the extracts was also monitored in order to find a method with the least number of peaks interfering in the identification. Suitable solvents were hexane and acetonitrile. The lifetime of the sample was also investigated. The worst result was recorded for latex. For individual contaminants, the time varied depending on the volatility. The developed procedures were successfully validated within a sample handling effects scenario. The results demonstrate that in the event of an ongoing military risk at the site of an attack, even discarded disposable rubber glove type samples can be used as evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rozsypal
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vyskov, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Wingfors H, Mörén L, Wiktelius D, Magnusson R. The potential of thermal desorption-GC/MS-based analytical methods for the unambiguous identification and quantification of perfluoroisobutene and carbonyl fluoride in air samples. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2968-2976. [PMID: 35686932 PMCID: PMC9545249 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The reactive gases perfluoroisobutene and carbonyl fluoride are highly toxic and difficult to analyze in air. For this paper, the available sampling and analysis methods involving gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were investigated for their potential to give unambiguous identification and quantification of perfluoroisobutene and carbonyl fluoride, for which no such methods exist. Although high concentrations of perfluoroisobutene could be analyzed directly by manual split injection, sorbent sampling followed by thermal desorption GC/MS allowed lower concentrations to be analyzed. However, a significant degradation of perfluoroisobutene observed after thermal desorption analysis inspired the use of derivatization of perfluoroisobutene with 3,4‐dimercaptotoluene. The use of Tenax TA sorbent tubes spiked with 3,4‐dimercaptotoluene and trimethylamine in a molar ratio of 1:8 proved successful for the quantification of a unique perfluoroisobutene derivative, and the method was validated for atmospheres in the range of 0.13–152 ppb with a relative standard deviation of less than 20% and an accuracy of 90%. Although carbonyl fluoride was less stable than perfluoroisobutene, direct analysis was possible at high concentrations but the response was not linear. The 3,4‐dimercaptotoluene derivatization method developed was also applicable for quantification of carbonyl fluoride atmospheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Wingfors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lina Mörén
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Wiktelius
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Magnusson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rozsypal T, Kobliha Z. Identification of Nitrogen Mustard Chemical Warfare Agents in Sand by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in a Military Deployable Laboratory. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rozsypal
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kobliha
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vyskov, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
[Determination of cyanogen chloride in organic and water matrices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based on thiol derivatization]. Se Pu 2021; 39:913-920. [PMID: 34212592 PMCID: PMC9404212 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogen chloride (ClCN) has been widely used in industrial production. ClCN is also listed in the Schedule of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The use of traditional colorimetric analysis or gas chromatography for the detection of ClCN has been characterized by low efficiency and poor sensitivity. In this study, a method was established for the qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of ClCN in organic and water matrices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based on thiol derivatization. 1-Butylthiol was selected as the optimal derivatization reagent. The optimal temperature for thiol derivatization in the organic matrices was 40 ℃ and the reaction time was 10 min. The pH for derivatization was approximately 9. The ClCN in the organic matrices was directly analyzed by GC-MS after derivatization. The conditions of ClCN derivatization in the water matrices were the same as those in the organic matrices. After the derivatization of ClCN, headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was employed during sample preparation for water matrices. Different temperatures for HS-SPME were explored, and the optimal temperature was found to be 55 ℃. The product of thiol derivatization was confirmed as butyl thiocyanate. The main fragmentation patterns and mass spectrometric cleavage pathway were investigated by GC-MS/MS. The quantitative determination of ClCN in organic and water matrices was conducted via the internal standard and external standard methods, respectively. ClCN showed good linearity in the corresponding ranges in the organic and water matrices. The correlation coefficients for both matrices were greater than 0.99. The linearities of ClCN in the organic and water matrices were in the range of 20-2000 μg/L and 20-1200 μg/L, respectively. An organic sample and water samples from different substrates were selected to verify the accuracy and precision of the method at three spiked levels. The average spiked recoveries of ClCN in the organic sample and water samples were 87.3%-98.8% and 97.6%-102.2%, respectively. The corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) were 2.1%-4.7% and 2.8%-4.2%. The derivatization method established in this study showed good reaction specificity. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of samples obtained from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The method established in this study for the detection of ClCN showed high sensitivity and precision, and could aid in the analysis and detection of ClCN in the environment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu X, Zhang Z, Gao R, Wang H, Xiao J. Recent progress in the chemical attribution of chemical warfare agents and highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Li J, Wu H, Yu J, Zhang J, Wang C, Xu F, Wang W, Xie Z, Yin T, Tang K. Enhanced Sensitivity and Precision of Portable Mass Spectrometry (MS) with a Discontinuous Atmospheric Pressure Interface by Multiple Ion Injection. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1922430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huanming Wu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiancheng Yu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhibin Xie
- Pan Tianshou College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gangemi CMA, Rimkaite U, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Light-up photoluminescence sensing of a nerve agent simulant by a bis-porphyrin–salen–UO 2 complex. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13047-13050. [PMID: 35423859 PMCID: PMC8697308 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A luminescent bis-porphyrin–salen–UO2 complex, showing a significant fluorescence light-up response upon reacting with DMMP (a simulant of nerve agents), is reported. The fluorescence change of this complex by excitation at 365 nm can be clearly observed with the naked eye, and this complex was successfully employed to construct a test paper to detect nerve agents. The exposure of a nerve agent simulant to a fluorogenic sensor results in a significant increase in fluorescence response, allowing the construction of a paper test for the naked-eye detection of DMMP.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugne Rimkaite
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
- University of Vilnius
- Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- Catania
- Italy
- INSTM Udr of Catania
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ohrui Y, Hashimoto R, Ohmori T, Seto Y, Inoue H, Nakagaki H, Yoshikawa K, McDermott L. Continuous monitoring of chemical warfare agents in vapor using a Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy instrument with multi pass gas cell, mercury cadmium telluride detector and rolling background algorithm. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Hou C, Xu Q, Zhang F, Jiang T, Xu W. Toward high pressure miniature protein mass spectrometer: Theory and initial results. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:957-965. [PMID: 31697856 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current miniature mass spectrometers mainly focus on the analyses of organic and small biological molecules. In this study, we explored the possibility of developing high resolution miniature ion trap mass spectrometers for whole protein analysis. Theoretical derivation, GPU assisted ion trajectory simulation, and initial experiments on home-developed "brick" mass spectrometer were carried out. Results show that ion-neutral collisions have smaller damping effect on large protein ions, and a higher buffer gas pressure should be applied during ion trap operations for protein ions. As a result, higher pressure ion trap operation not only benefits instrument miniaturization, but also improves mass resolution of protein ions. Dynamic mass scan rate and generation of low charge state protein ions are also found to be helpful in terms of improving mass resolutions. Theory and conclusions found in this work are also applicable in the development of benchtop mass spectrometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Hou
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leary PE, Kammrath BW, Lattman KJ, Beals GL. Deploying Portable Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to Military Users for the Identification of Toxic Chemical Agents in Theater. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:841-858. [PMID: 31008649 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819849499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an important capability that has been available commercially for almost 25 years. These systems have been used within a variety of different industries, including their extensive use by environmental scientists for the analysis of hazardous air pollutants. Recently, these systems were deployed to conventional military forces for use in theater to detect and identify toxic chemicals including chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The challenges of deploying such complex analytical instruments to these military users are unique. Among other things, these organizations have considerable and variable mission strains, complex and difficult logistics and coordination needs, and variability in user backgrounds. This review outlines the value portable GC-MS systems offer to these warfighters in theater, discusses some important aspects of the design of portable systems that makes their deployment to this type of end user possible, and proposes methods that can be used to overcome challenges to successful deployment of portable GC-MS to non-scientists working within hostile environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith J Lattman
- 3 Okinawa Lead and Training Manager, United States Marine Corps Regional Contact Logistics Support, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Gary L Beals
- 4 Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defense Chief, United States Marine Corps, Centerville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pang X, Nan H, Zhong J, Ye D, Shaw MD, Lewis AC. Low-cost photoionization sensors as detectors in GC × GC systems designed for ambient VOC measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:771-779. [PMID: 30763857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring based on thermal desorption - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) or gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (TD-GC-FID) is relatively cumbersome and expensive. In this study commercial off the shelf low-cost and low-power photo-ionization detector (PID) sensors are used as simple detectors in VOC analysis systems based on GC, including a miniaturised GC × GC device with portable, low-cost, and low-energy-consumption features. PID sensors produce a voltage signal positively proportional to VOC concentration, which when incorporated into a TD-GC system gave limit of detection of 0.02 ppbV for isoprene. To test PID performance in real-world applications, PID sensors were deployed as (i) a second alternative detector in a GC-Quadruple Time Of Flight Mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS), and (ii) the main detector in a compact two-dimensional gas chromatograph (GC × GC). PID sensors with 10.6 eV and 11.7 eV lamps were used to measure eight toxic chemicals including organic sulfide and organic phosphonates via GC; two species were ionized by a 10.6 eV lamp and four species by the 11.7 eV lamp. Commercially available low-cost PIDs designed for standalone could be straightforwardly and effectively re-used as detectors in compact GC × GC systems, in this work showing excellent VOC sensitivity, fast response and low operational demands compared to comparable field instruments based on GC-FID or MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haijun Nan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jinping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Marvin D Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seto Y, Hashimoto R, Taniguchi T, Ohrui Y, Nagoya T, Iwamatsu T, Komaru S, Usui D, Morimoto S, Sakamoto Y, Ishizaki A, Nishide T, Inoue Y, Sugiyama H, Nakano N. Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5403-5414. [PMID: 30920801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with a novel atmospheric electron emission (AEE) source was developed for determination of gaseous and blister chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in negative mode. The AEE source was fabricated from an aluminum substrate electrode covered with 1 μm silver nanoparticle-dispersed silicone resin and a thin gold layer. This structure enabled stable tunneling electron emission upon the application of more than 11 V potential under atmospheric pressure. The reactant ion peak (RIP) was observed for the reduced mobility constant ( K0) of 2.18 and optimized at the charging voltage of 20 V. This RIP was assigned to O2- by using a mass spectrometer. Hydrogen cyanide was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.47) that was discriminatively separated from the RIP (resolution = 1.4), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 mg/m3, and assigned to CN- and OCN-. Phosgene was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.36; resolution = 1.2; and LOD = 0.6 mg/m3), which was assigned to Cl-. Lewisite 1 was detected as two peaks ( K0 = 1.68 and 1.34; LOD = 12 and 15 mg/m3). The K0 = 1.68 peak was ascribed to a mixture of adducts of molecules or the product of hydrolysis with oxygen or chloride. Cyanogen chloride, chlorine, and sulfur mustard were also well detected. The detection performance with the AEE source was compared with those under corona discharge and 63Ni ionizations. The advantage of the AEE source is the simple RIP pattern (only O2-), and the characteristic marker ions contribute to the discriminative CWAs detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ohrui
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Iwamatsu
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Shohei Komaru
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Usui
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakamoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishizaki
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nishide
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiyama
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Nakano
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma N, Chaudhary M, Butola BS, Jeyabalaji JK, Pathak DP, Sharma RK. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of the zinc titanate and silver nitrate incorporated wipes for topical chemical and biological decontamination. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
19
|
Li X, Zhang Y, Ge S, Qian J, Miao W. Portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer with compact multistage vacuum system and continuous atmospheric pressure interface. Analyst 2019; 144:5127-5135. [PMID: 31338496 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer featuring a compact three-stage vacuum system, a continuous atmospheric pressure interface (CAPI), and a miniature ion funnel was developed and characterized. The dimensions and weight of the instrument were 38 × 26 × 23 cm3 and ∼20 kg, respectively. The combination of a three-stage vacuum system and CAPI reduced the pressure smoothly from atmospheric to ∼5 × 10-4 Torr, ensuring that the miniature ion funnel, quadrupole ion guide, and linear ion trap operated in a suitable and stable vacuum environment. The analytical performance of the instrument was evaluated with a nano-electron spray ionization source and a reserpine sample solution. A satisfactory mass resolution up to 4060 (m/Δm, FWHM) was achieved at m/z 609 when the mass scan rate was 495 Da s-1. Unit mass resolution was achieved at a mass scan rate of 6000 Da s-1. In addition, a limit of detection of 5 ng mL-1 was achieved and tandem mass spectrometry (MS3) was successfully performed with the instrument. Furthermore, the measurements showed high repeatability and stability (RSD < 6%). This portable mass spectrometer shows great potential for practical applications in on-site analyses, such as those required for food safety, drug analysis, environmental protection, forensic investigations, and homeland security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seto Y, Kanamori-Kataoka M, Komano A, Nagoya T, Sasano R, Matsuo S. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with spiral large-volume injection for determination of fluoridated phosphonates produced by fluoride-mediated regeneration of nerve agent adduct in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1583:108-116. [PMID: 30470454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for determination of fluoridated phosphonates produced by fluoride-mediated regeneration of nerve agent adduct in human serum was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) with large-volume injection. The GC injection was administered using stomach-type spiral injector (LVI, AiSTI SCIENCE) enabling introduction of only target compounds from 50 μL ethyl acetate extract after purging the solvent. For GCMS analysis of sarin (GB), 670 times higher sensitivity, based on limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3, on extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) at m/z 99), was achieved using this injection (50 μL) compared to that achieved using 1 μL split injection (ratio 20:1). Ethyl (EtGB), isopropyl (GB), n-propyl (nPrGB), isobutyl (iBuGB), pinacolyl (GD), cyclohexyl (GF) methylphosphonofluoridates, and O-ethyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate (GAF) were detected with low LOD (15-75 pg/mL) and sharp peak shapes (high practical plate number (defined as 5.54 x (tR/Wh)2, where tR is the retention time and Wh is the bandwidth at half-height): 1100000-2400000) in GCMS using a polar separation column, electron ionization, and quadruple mass analyzer. During the analysis of fluoridated phosphonate-spiked ethyl acetate extract of solid phase extraction (SPE, Bond Elut NEXUS) from fluoride-mediated regeneration of blank human plasma, LOD (on EIC at m/z 99 except for GAF (m/z 126)) were 25-140 pg/mL with sharp peak shapes. The reaction recoveries in fluoride-mediated regeneration of plasma, which was inhibited by GB, GD, GA, GF, VX, and Russian VX (10 ng/mL), were 49-114% except for GD (10%). The concentration levels of 0.3-1 ng/mL of nerve agents in plasma could be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | | | - Asuka Komano
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sasano
- AiSTI SCIENCE Ltd, Assort Kuroda 2F, 120-6, Kuroda, Wakayama 640-8341, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuo
- AiSTI SCIENCE Ltd, Assort Kuroda 2F, 120-6, Kuroda, Wakayama 640-8341, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kondo T, Hashimoto R, Ohrui Y, Sekioka R, Nogami T, Muta F, Seto Y. Analysis of chemical warfare agents by portable Raman spectrometer with both 785 nm and 1064 nm excitation. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
22
|
Tian Y, Decker TK, McClellan JS, Bennett L, Li A, De la Cruz A, Andrews D, Lammert SA, Hawkins AR, Austin DE. Improved Miniaturized Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Using Lithographically Patterned Plates and Tapered Ejection Slit. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:213-222. [PMID: 28836122 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a new two-plate linear ion trap mass spectrometer that overcomes both performance-based and miniaturization-related issues with prior designs. Borosilicate glass substrates are patterned with aluminum electrodes on one side and wire-bonded to printed circuit boards. Ions are trapped in the space between two such plates. Tapered ejection slits in each glass plate eliminate issues with charge build-up within the ejection slit and with blocking of ions that are ejected at off-nominal angles. The tapered slit allows miniaturization of the trap features (electrode size, slit width) needed for further reduction of trap size while allowing the use of substrates that are still thick enough to provide ruggedness during handling, assembly, and in-field applications. Plate spacing was optimized during operation using a motorized translation stage. A scan rate of 2300 Th/s with a sample mixture of toluene and deuterated toluene (D8) and xylenes (a mixture of o-, m-, p-) showed narrowest peak widths of 0.33 Th (FWHM). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Trevor K Decker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Linsey Bennett
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Abraham De la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Derek Andrews
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu Q, Zhang Q, Lu X, Qian X, Ni K, Wang X. Developing a Vacuum Electrospray Source To Implement Efficient Atmospheric Sampling for Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12938-12944. [PMID: 29091419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a miniature mass spectrometer in atmospheric analysis is closely related to the design of its sampling system. In this study, a simplified vacuum electrospray ionization (VESI) source was developed based on a combination of several techniques, including the discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface, direct capillary sampling, and pneumatic-assisted electrospray. Pulsed air was used as a vital factor to facilitate the operation of electrospray ionization in the vacuum chamber. This VESI device can be used as an efficient atmospheric sampling interface when coupled with a miniature rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass spectrometer. The developed VESI-RIT instrument enables regular ESI analysis of liquid, and its qualitative and quantitative capabilities have been characterized by using various solution samples. A limit of detection of 8 ppb could be attained for arginine in a methanol solution. In addition, extractive electrospray ionization of organic compounds can be implemented by using the same VESI device, as long as the gas analytes are injected with the pulsed auxiliary air. This methodology can extend the use of the proposed VESI technique to rapid and online analysis of gaseous and volatile samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kücklich M, Möller M, Marcillo A, Einspanier A, Weiß BM, Birkemeyer C, Widdig A. Different methods for volatile sampling in mammals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183440. [PMID: 28841690 PMCID: PMC5571906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that olfactory cues are important for mammalian communication. However, many specific compounds that convey information between conspecifics are still unknown. To understand mechanisms and functions of olfactory cues, olfactory signals such as volatile compounds emitted from individuals need to be assessed. Sampling of animals with and without scent glands was typically conducted using cotton swabs rubbed over the skin or fur and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, this method has various drawbacks, including a high level of contaminations. Thus, we adapted two methods of volatile sampling from other research fields and compared them to sampling with cotton swabs. To do so we assessed the body odor of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using cotton swabs, thermal desorption (TD) tubes and, alternatively, a mobile GC-MS device containing a thermal desorption trap. Overall, TD tubes comprised most compounds (N = 113), with half of those compounds being volatile (N = 52). The mobile GC-MS captured the fewest compounds (N = 35), of which all were volatile. Cotton swabs contained an intermediate number of compounds (N = 55), but very few volatiles (N = 10). Almost all compounds found with the mobile GC-MS were also captured with TD tubes (94%). Hence, we recommend TD tubes for state of the art sampling of body odor of mammals or other vertebrates, particularly for field studies, as they can be easily transported, stored and analysed with high performance instruments in the lab. Nevertheless, cotton swabs capture compounds which still may contribute to the body odor, e.g. after bacterial fermentation, while profiles from mobile GC-MS include only the most abundant volatiles of the body odor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Kücklich
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Manfred Möller
- Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Marcillo
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte M. Weiß
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Widdig
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu X, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Ni K, Qian X, Tang F, Wang X. Direct Analysis of Organic Compounds in Liquid Using a Miniature Photoionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer with Pulsed Carrier-Gas Capillary Inlet. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1702-1708. [PMID: 28432655 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A miniature ion trap mass spectrometer with capillary direct sampling and vacuum ultraviolet photoionization source was developed to conduct trace analysis of organic compounds in liquids. Self-aspiration sampling is available where the samples are drawn into the vacuum chamber through a capillary with an extremely low flow rate (less than 1 μL/min), which minimizes sample consumption in each analysis to tens of micrograms. A pulsed gas-assisted inlet was designed and optimized to promote sample transmission in the tube and facilitate the cooling of ions, thereby improving instrument sensitivity. A limit of detection of 2 ppb could be achieved for 2,4-dimethylaniline in a methanol solution. The sampling system described in the present study is specifically suitable for a miniature photoionization ion trap mass spectrometer that can perform rapid and online analysis for liquid samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiong Lu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ohrui Y, Nagoya T, Kurimata N, Sodeyama M, Seto Y. Identification of V-type nerve agents in vapor samples using a field-portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri-Bed concentrator and fluoridating conversion tube. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:472-479. [PMID: 28544043 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A field-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system (Hapsite ER) was evaluated for the detection of nonvolatile V-type nerve agents (VX and Russian VX (RVX)) in the vapor phase. The Hapsite ER system consists of a Tri-Bed concentrator gas sampler, a nonpolar low thermal-mass capillary GC column and a hydrophobic membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer evacuated by a non-evaporative getter pump. The GC-MS system was attached to a VX-G fluoridating conversion tube containing silver nitrate and potassium fluoride. Sample vapors of VX and RVX were converted into O-ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate (EtGB) and O-isobutyl methylphosphonofluoridate (iBuGB), respectively. These fluoridated derivatives were detected within 10 min. No compounds were detected when the VX and RVX samples were analyzed without the conversion tube. A vapor sample of tabun (GA) was analyzed, in which GA and O-ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate were detected. The molar recovery percentages of EtGB and iBuGB from VX and RVX vapors varied from 0.3 to 17%, which was attributed to variations in the vaporization efficiency of the glass vapor container. The conversion efficiencies of the VX-G conversion tube for VX and RVX to their phosphonate derivatives were estimated to be 40%. VX and RVX vapors were detected at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg m-3 . Gasoline vapor was found to interfere with the analyses of VX and RVX. In the presence of 160 mg m-3 gasoline, the detection limits of VX and RVX vapor were increased to 20 mg m-3 . Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohrui
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - T Nagoya
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Technopro R&D Co., Ltd., Hosokawa Bld. 6F, 1-15-1, Benten, Chica, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0045, Japan
| | - N Kurimata
- INFICON Co., Ltd., NARA Bldg. II 5F, 2-2-8, Shin-Yokohama, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan
| | - M Sodeyama
- Teikoku Sen-i Co., Ltd., 5-12, 2-chome, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Y Seto
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blakeman KH, Cavanaugh CA, Gilliland WM, Ramsey JM. High pressure mass spectrometry of volatile organic compounds with ambient air buffer gas. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:27-32. [PMID: 27747956 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are many chemical measurement scenarios that would benefit from hand portable mass spectrometry tools including forensics, environmental monitoring, and safety and security. High pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) facilitates miniaturization by significantly reducing vacuum system requirements. Previous work demonstrated HPMS using helium buffer gas, but HPMS conducted using ambient air would further reduce the size and weight of a portable instrument while also reducing logistical demands by eliminating the need for a helium supply. METHODS Mass spectrometry was performed at pressures exceeding 1 Torr with ambient air as the buffer gas. A glow discharge electron ionization source and a miniature cylindrical ion trap mass analyzer with a radius of 0.5 mm were used. Mass analysis was possible at these pressures with increased radiofrequency (RF) drive frequencies (10 MHz) compared with commercial ion traps (~1 MHz). A differentially pumped chamber was used so that mass spectrometry could be performed at high pressures and detection performed at low pressures with an electron multiplier. RESULTS HPMS with air buffer gas was demonstrated using a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The glow discharge ionization source was optimized for operation using air. Mass spectral peak widths increased a factor of 8 compared with helium, as expected, but useful chemical information was still acquired. A mixture of VOCs was detected with ambient air as the buffer gas, showing that valuable mass information can be gained using HPMS without the requirement of an onboard buffer gas source. CONCLUSIONS HPMS significantly reduces the pumping requirements required for miniature mass spectrometers and the use of ambient air buffer gas further reduces size, weight, and logistics requirements. Mass analysis at high pressures of ambient air is another important step for the development of hand portable mass spectrometers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenion H Blakeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Craig A Cavanaugh
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William M Gilliland
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
29
|
Okumura A, Takada Y, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H, Ezawa N, Seto Y, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Kondo T, Nagashima H, Nagoya T. In-Line Reactions and Ionizations of Vaporized Diphenylchloroarsine and Diphenylcyanoarsine in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1219-1226. [PMID: 27098411 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose detecting a fragment ion (Ph2As(+)) using counter-flow introduction atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for sensitive air monitoring of chemical warfare vomiting agents diphenylchloroarsine (DA) and diphenylcyanoarsine (DC). The liquid sample containing of DA, DC, and bis(diphenylarsine)oxide (BDPAO) was heated in a dry air line, and the generated vapor was mixed into the humidified air flowing through the sampling line of a mass spectrometer. Humidity effect on the air monitoring was investigated by varying the humidity of the analyzed air sample. Evidence of the in-line conversion of DA and DC to diphenylarsine hydroxide (DPAH) and then BDPAO was obtained by comparing the chronograms of various ions from the beginning of heating. Multiple-stage mass spectrometry revealed that the protonated molecule (MH(+)) of DA, DC, DPAH, and BDPAO could produce Ph2As(+) through their in-source fragmentation. Among the signals of the ions that were investigated, the Ph2As(+) signal was the most intense and increased to reach a plateau with the increased air humidity, whereas the MH(+) signal of DA decreased. It was suggested that DA and DC were converted in-line into BDPAO, which was a major source of Ph2As(+). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki, 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki, 319-0316, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8608, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Tomohide Kondo
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8929, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Blakeman KH, Wolfe DW, Cavanaugh CA, Ramsey JM. High Pressure Mass Spectrometry: The Generation of Mass Spectra at Operating Pressures Exceeding 1 Torr in a Microscale Cylindrical Ion Trap. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5378-84. [PMID: 27109864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenion H. Blakeman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Derek W. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig A. Cavanaugh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dumlao MC, Jeffress LE, Gooding JJ, Donald WA. Solid-phase microextraction low temperature plasma mass spectrometry for the direct and rapid analysis of chemical warfare simulants in complex mixtures. Analyst 2016; 141:3714-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00178e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive, rapid, and direct detection of chemical-warfare agent simulants in urine by solid-phase microextraction low temperature plasma ionisation mass spectrometry.
Collapse
|
32
|
Magnusson R, Nordlander T, Östin A. Development of a dynamic headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for on-site analysis of sulfur mustard degradation products in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Li Y, Dvořák M, Nesterenko PN, Stanley R, Nuchtavorn N, Krčmová LK, Aufartová J, Macka M. Miniaturised medium pressure capillary liquid chromatography system with flexible open platform design using off-the-shelf microfluidic components. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 896:166-76. [PMID: 26482001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trends towards portable analytical instrumentation of the last decades have not been equally reflected in developments of portable liquid chromatography (LC) instrumentation for rapid on-site measurements. A miniaturised medium pressure capillary LC (MPLC) system with gradient elution capability has been designed based on a flexible modular microfluidic system using primarily off-the-shelf low cost components to ensure wide accessibility to other analysts. The microfluidic platform was assembled on a breadboard and contained microsyringe pumps and switch valves, complemented with an injection valve and on-capillary detectors, all controlled by a PC. Four miniaturised microsyringe pumps, with 5, 20 and 100 μL syringe volume options, formed the basis of the pumping system. Two pairs of pumps were used for each mobile phase to create gradient elution capability. The two microsyringe pumps in each pairs were linked by two electrically operated microfluidic switching valves and both pairs of pumps were connected through a zero void volume cross-connector, thus providing a low hold-up volume for gradient formation. Sample was injected by a 20 nL nano-LC sampling valve, directly connected to a 18 cm long 100 μm i.d. Chromolith CapRod RP-18 monolithic capillary column. On-capillary LED-based UV-vis photometric detection was conducted through a piece of equal diameter fused silica capillary connected after the column. The performance of the portable LC system was evaluated theoretically and experimentally, including the maximum operating pressure, gradient mixing performance, and the performance of the detectors. The 5 μL microsyringe pump offered the best performance, with typical maximum operating pressures up to 11.4 ± 0.4 MPa (water) and gradient pumping repeatability of between 4 and 9% for gradients between 0.10% s(-1) and 0.33% s(-1). Test analytes of charged and uncharged dyes and pharmaceuticals of varying hydrophobicity showed typical RSD values of 0.7-1.4% and 3.3-4.8% in isocratic mode and 1.2-4.6% and 3.2-6.4% in gradient mode, respectively for retention time and peak area repeatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel N Nesterenko
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Roger Stanley
- Centre for Food Innovation, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Nantana Nuchtavorn
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; III. Internal Gerontometabolic Clinic, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Aufartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Mirek Macka
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|