1
|
Huo Y, Ristic R, Puglisi C, Wang X, Muhlack R, Baars S, Herderich MJ, Wilkinson KL. Amelioration of Smoke Taint in Wine via Addition of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers during or after Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39093022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The adsorbents used to remove taint compounds from wine can also remove constituents that impart desirable color, aroma, and flavor attributes, whereas molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made to selectively bind one or more target compounds. This study evaluated the potential for MIPs to ameliorate smoke taint in wine via removal of volatile phenols during or after fermentation. The addition of MIPs to smoke-tainted Pinot Noir wine (for 24 h with stirring) achieved 35-57% removal of guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, cresols, and phenol, but <10% of volatile phenol glycoconjugates were removed and some wine color loss occurred. Of the MIP treatments that were subsequently applied to Semillon and Merlot fermentations or wine, MIP addition post-inoculation of yeast yielded the best outcomes, both in terms of volatile phenol removal and wine sensory profiles. Despite some impact on other aroma volatiles and red wine color, the findings demonstrate that MIPs can ameliorate smoke-tainted wine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Huo
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Renata Ristic
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Carolyn Puglisi
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Richard Muhlack
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Sylvia Baars
- amaea Limited, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Herderich
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Kerry L Wilkinson
- Discipline of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang W, Zheng Z, Shi Y, Reynolds AG, Duan C, Lan Y. Volatile phenols in wine: overview of origin, formation, analysis, and sensory expression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38766770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2354526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Volatile phenols impart particular aromas to wine. Due to their distinctive aroma characteristics and low sensory thresholds, volatile phenols can easily influence and modify the aroma of wine. Since these compounds can be formed in wines in various ways, it is necessary to clarify the possible sources of each volatile phenol to achieve management during the winemaking process. The sources of volatile phenols in wine are divided into berry-derived, fermentation-derived, and oak-derived. The pathways and factors influencing the formation of volatile phenols from each source are then reviewed respectively. In addition, an overview of the sensory impact of volatile phenols is given, both in terms of the aroma these volatile phenols directly bring to the wine and their contribution through aroma interactions. Finally, as an essential basis for exploring the scientific problems of volatile phenols in wine, approaches to quantitation of volatile phenols and their precursors are discussed in detail. With the advancement of analytical techniques, more details on volatile phenols have been discovered. Further exploration is worthwhile to achieve more detailed monitoring and targeted management of volatile phenols in wine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, China
| | - Ziang Zheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Changqing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, China
| | - Yibin Lan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Portugal-Gómez P, Navarro-Cuñado AM, Alonso-Lomillo MA, Domínguez-Renedo O. Electrochemical sensors for the determination of 4-ethylguaiacol in wine. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:141. [PMID: 36933096 PMCID: PMC10024668 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of an electrochemical procedure for the determination of 4-ethylguaiacol and its application to wine analysis is described. Modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) with fullerene C60 (C60) have been shown to be efficient in this kind of analysis. The developed activated C60/SPCEs (AC60/SPCEs) were adequate for the determination of 4-ethylguaicol, showing a linear range from 200 to 1000 µg/L, a reproducibility of 7.6% and a capability of detection (CCβ) value of 200 µg/L, under optimized conditions. The selectivity of the AC60/SPCE sensors was evaluated in the presence of possibly interfering compounds, and their practical applicability was demonstrated in the analysis of different wine samples obtaining recoveries ranging from 96 to 106%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Portugal-Gómez
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - A Marta Navarro-Cuñado
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - M Asunción Alonso-Lomillo
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Olga Domínguez-Renedo
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cengiz N, Guclu G, Kelebek H, Capanoglu E, Selli S. Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Volatile and Off-Odor Compounds in Food Matrices. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15258-15266. [PMID: 35571784 PMCID: PMC9096822 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors having specific cavities intended for a template molecule with a retention mechanism that depends on molecular recognition of the targeted constituent. They were initially established for the detection of minor molecules including drugs, pesticides, or pollutants. One of the most remarkable areas where MIPs have potential utilization is in food analysis, especially in terms of volatile compounds which are found in very low concentrations in foods but play a crucial role for consumer preference and acceptance. In recent years, these polymers have been used extensively for sensing volatile organic and off-odor compounds in terms of food quality for selective high-extraction purposes. This review first summarizes the basic principles and production processes of MIPs. Second, their recent applications in the separation, identification, and quantification of volatile and off-odor compounds in food samples are elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Cengiz
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Turkey
| | - Gamze Guclu
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, 01130 Adana, Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, 01130 Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Darriet P. Strategies for the identification and sensory evaluation of volatile constituents in wine. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4549-4583. [PMID: 34370385 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wine aroma, which stems from complex perceptual and cognitive processes, is initially driven by a multitude of naturally occurring volatile constituents. Its interpretation depends on the characterization of relevant volatile constituents. With large numbers of volatile constituents already identified, the search for unknown volatiles in wine has become increasingly challenging. However, the opportunities to discover unknown volatile compounds contributing to the wine volatilome are still of great interest, as demonstrated by the recent identification of highly odorous trace (µg/L) to ultra-trace (ng/L) volatile compounds in wine. This review provides an overview of both existing strategies and future directions on identifying unknown volatile constituents in wine. Chemical identification, including sample extraction, fractionation, gas chromatography, olfactometry, and mass spectrometry, is comprehensively covered. In addition, this review also focuses on aspects related to sensory-guided wine selection, authentic reference standards, artifacts and interferences, and the evaluation of the sensory significance of discovered wine volatiles. Powerful key volatile odorants present at ultra-trace levels, for which these analytical approaches have been successfully applied, are discussed. Research areas where novel wine volatiles are likely to be identified are pointed out. The importance of perceptual interaction phenomena is emphasized. Finally, future avenues for the exploration of yet unknown wine volatiles by coupling analytical approaches and sensory evaluation are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu T, Chen R, Wang Q, He C, Liu S. Recent advances and applications of molecularly imprinted polymers in solid-phase extraction for real sample analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:274-309. [PMID: 33236831 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is essential for the analysis of complicated real samples due to their complex matrices and low analyte concentrations. Among all sample pretreatment methods, solid-phase extraction is arguably the most frequently used one. However, the majority of available solid-phase extraction adsorbents suffer from limited selectivity. Molecularly imprinted polymers are a type of tailor-made artificial antibodies and receptors with specific recognition sites for target molecules. Using molecularly imprinted polymers instead of conventional adsorbents can greatly improve the selectivity of solid-phase extraction, and therefore molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction has been widely applied to separation, clean up and/or preconcentration of target analytes in various kinds of real samples. In this article, after a brief introduction, the recent developments and applications of molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction for determination of different analytes in complicated real samples during the 2015-2020 are reviewed systematically, including the solid-phase extraction modes, molecularly imprinted adsorbent types and their preparations, and the practical applications of solid-phase extraction to various real samples (environmental, food, biological, and pharmaceutical samples). Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction for real sample analysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianliang Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing and Finishing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Run Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing and Finishing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing and Finishing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chiyang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing and Finishing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole based electrochemical sensor for selective determination of 4-ethylphenol. Talanta 2020; 207:120351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Gong CB, Yang YH, Chen MJ, Liu LT, Liu S, Wei YB, Tang Q. A photoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymer with rapid visible-light-induced photoswitching for 4-ethylphenol in red wine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:661-668. [PMID: 30606579 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trans to cis isomerization of the azobenzene chromophore in most azobenzene-based photoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is initiated by UV irradiation. This limits the application of these materials in cases where UV light toxicity is an issue, such as in biological systems, food monitoring, and drug delivery. Herein we report a tetra-ortho-methyl substituted azobenzene, (4-[(4-methacryloyloxy)-2,6-dimethyl phenylazo]-3,5-dimethyl benzenesulfonic acid (MADPADSA). The photoswitching of MADPADSA could be induced by visible-light irradiation (550 nm for trans to cis and 475 nm for cis to trans) in 4-hydroxyethylpiperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer-ethanol (4:1, v/v) at pH 7.0, however, the photoisomerization was slow. With the use of MADPADSA as a functional monomer, NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ as a substrate, 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) as a template, a novel photoresponsive surface molecularly imprinted polymer NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@MIP was obtained. The NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@MIP displayed rapid visible-light-induced photoswitching. The NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ substrate could efficiently increase the trans to cis isomerization rate of the photoresponsive MIP on its surface, which was faster than that of the corresponding azobenzene monomer MADPADSA. Possible reasons for this effect were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@MIP displayed good specificity toward 4-EP with a specific binding constant (Kd) of 3.67 × 10-6 mol L-1 and an apparent maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 10.73 μmol g-1, respectively. NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@MIP was applied to determine the concentration of 4-EP in red wine with good efficiency and a limit of detection lower than the value that could cause an unpleasant off-flavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yue-Hong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mei-Jun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lan-Tao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Song Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu-Bo Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang P, Sun X, Su X, Wang T. Advancements of molecularly imprinted polymers in the food safety field. Analyst 2018; 141:3540-53. [PMID: 26937495 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted technology (MIT) has been widely employed to produce stable, robust and cheap molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) materials that possess selective binding sites for recognition of target analytes in food, such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, illegal drugs and so on. Because of high selectivity and specificity, MIPs have drawn great attention in the food safety field. In this review, the recent developments of MIPs in various applications for food safety, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation, sensing, immunoassay etc., have been summarized. We particularly discuss the advancements and limitations in these applications, as well as attempts carried out for their improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agriculture Products, China Agricultural Academy of Science, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- Institute of Chemistry, China Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P.R. China and Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agriculture Products, China Agricultural Academy of Science, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Tie Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, China Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Controlled grafting of molecularly imprinted films on gold microelectrodes using a self-assembled thiol iniferter. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
11
|
Milheiro J, Filipe-Ribeiro L, Vilela A, Cosme F, Nunes FM. 4-Ethylphenol, 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylcatechol in red wines: Microbial formation, prevention, remediation and overview of analytical approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1367-1391. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1408563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Milheiro
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe-Ribeiro
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alice Vilela
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Biology and Environment Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Biology and Environment Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao J, Yan H, Shen S, Bai L, Liu H, Qiao F. Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted melamine-urea-formaldehyde monolithic resin prepared in water for selective recognition of plant growth regulators. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
13
|
Milheiro J, Filipe-Ribeiro L, Cosme F, Nunes FM. A simple, cheap and reliable method for control of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol in red wines. Screening of fining agents for reducing volatile phenols levels in red wines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:183-190. [PMID: 27852533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brettanomyces/Dekkera produces 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) and 4-ethylguaiacol (4-EG) from hydroxycinnamic acids that affect the wine aroma and overall quality. A simple, cheap, fast and reliable quantitation method is needed for routine quality control of wines. In this work a simple method based on one simple liquid-liquid extraction with pentane/diethyl ether (2:1) and analysis by GC-MS allow to obtain very good recoveries (98-102%) and low quantification limits (24 and 11μg/L for 4-EP and 4-EG, respectively), well below the sensory threshold for these volatile phenols and with an adequate measurement uncertainty: 70, 1.75 and 78, 1.95 and 1.35μg/L for levels of 1000, 25μg/L for 4-EP and 1000, 25 and 10μg/L for 4-EG, respectively. In addition a screening of eight fining agents (mineral, protein and polysaccharide based) for reducing the levels of these volatile phenols in red wines was performed, and the impact on the physicochemical characteristics of red wines was evaluated. At the levels used, activated carbon was the most efficient fining agent in removing 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol from red wines (57%) resulting in a 75% decrease of headspace concentration of these volatile phenols. Lower reductions were observed when using egg albumin (19%) resulting in a 30% decrease in the headspace concentration. Other fining agents although not reducing the total amount of the volatile phenols present in wine decreased their concentrations in the headspace like isinglass (27%), carboxymethylcellulose (15%) and chitosan (27%). All of these fining agents could be a possibility for treating wine contaminated with 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Milheiro
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe-Ribeiro
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|