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Ren S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Jiao D, Chang H. A microchip based Z-cell absorbance detector integrating micro-lenses and slits for portable liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465099. [PMID: 38901298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector was developed for portable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The microchip integrating a Z-shaped cell, two collimating micro-lenses and two ink-filled optical slits is small in size (30 mm × 15 mm × 7 mm). The Z-shaped cell has a cross-sectional size of 500 μm × 500 μm and a physical optical path length of 2 mm. Two collimating micro-lenses were inserted in empty grooves on both sides of the cell, one micro-lens for collimating the initial light and the other for focusing the transmitted light. Optical slits on each end of the cell were used to block the stray light. Therefore, this detector indicated a low stray light level (0.011 %) and noise level (2.5 × 10-4 AU). This detector was applied for the commercial HPLC system to detect HbA1c level, and showed a low limit of detection (0.5 μg/mL) and excellent repeatability (≤ 2.03 %). The sensitivity was enhanced by 3.4 times when the optical path length was increased from 0.5 mm to 2 mm and the stray light was blocked by optical slits. The miniaturized microchip-based absorbance detector developed shows a great potential for application in portable and compact HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hantian Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dezhao Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Jiao D, Zhang R, Wang M, Zhang X, Ma H, Li M, Chang H. Compact photometric detector integrated with separation microchip for potential portable liquid chromatography system. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465175. [PMID: 39032217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, miniaturized analytical instruments have been developing to meet the needs of portable and rapid analysis. The key of miniaturized analytical equipment is the miniaturization and integration of functional modules. This paper aims to develop a miniaturized photometric detector and separation microfluidic chip for a liquid chromatography (LC) system. The detector uses a light-emitting diode to emit ultraviolet light, which is collimated by an internal double lens. A Z-shaped flow cell with a long optical path is designed and fabricated in the separation microfluidic chip with a three-layer structure, which provides a tubing-free connection between the separation and detection unit. Detector performance is evaluated using hemoglobin (Hb) samples, with an upper limit of detection linearity (95 %) of 0.345 AU and stray light level as low as 0.08 %. Additionally, the microchip channel can be filled with cation exchange resin and C18 particles. Finally, an ion LC system and a reversed-phase LC system were constructed based on the miniaturized photometric detector and two microchips with different packed columns, respectively, and were successfully used in the separation and detection of two metabolic markers (glycated hemoglobin or bilirubin). The results of this study are expected to facilitate the development of a portable LC system and their application in community health services and family health management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Jiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ruirong Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Mengbo Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haoquan Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Ishida A, Nishimura T, Koyama K, Maeki M, Tani H, Tokeshi M. A portable liquid chromatography system based on a separation/detection chip module consisting of a replaceable ultraviolet-visible absorbance or contactless conductivity detection unit. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464272. [PMID: 37595418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing demand for miniaturized analytical instruments, including portable HPLC systems, that can enable rapid analysis in the field. This study aimed to develop chip-based separation/detection modules with replaceable detection units for constructing compact HPLC systems to minimize the dead volume. This module provides a tubing-free connection between the column and the detection unit. This study also built detection units for conductivity detection and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detection to cover a wide variety of inorganic and organic compounds. Furthermore, UV- and Vis-light-emitting diodes were employed for the absorbance detection unit. In addition, portable all-in-one HPLC systems and a handy HPLC system were constructed for ion chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography, demonstrating the successful separation and detection of inorganic ions and several organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ishida
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Takuma Nishimura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kaito Koyama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tani
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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4
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Rodríguez-Palma CE, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. A modified micro-solid phase extraction device for in-port elution and injection into portable liquid chromatography: A proof-of-concept study. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464216. [PMID: 37480726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
A micro-solid phase extraction (micro-SPE) device packed with a C18 sorbent (10 mg) has been developed for the enrichment and purification of organic water pollutants prior to their analysis using a portable liquid chromatograph with a dual UV detector. To this end, the sorbent was immobilized at the inlet of a 4 mm syringe filter (0.20 µm), which was modified to reduce its internal volume. The filter was coupled to the needle of the chromatograph. After loading the sample and cleaning the sorbent for analyte purification, the device was installed into the injection port of the chromatograph, and the target compounds were desorbed and transferred directly to the chromatographic column with a small volume of organic solvent. Under optimized conditions, sample volumes as large as 50 mL could be processed with the micro-SPE device, while the analytes were desorbed with only 60 µL of methanol. As a result, efficient preconcentration could be reached, as demonstrated for different water contaminants, namely aclonifen, bifenox, tritosulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl and caffeine. The proposed micro-SPE device was applied to the analysis of different types of water (river, well, sea, ditch and wastewater). The recoveries of the target compounds in samples ranged from 76 % to 109 %, which allowed their detection at low to sub µg/L levels. All operations were carried out manually, and thus, no additional laboratory instruments such as centrifuges, stirrers or evaporators were required. This proof-of-concept study shows that the proposed micro-SPE approach can be considered a reliable and effective option for the on-site analysis of pollutants in environmental water samples by portable liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Rodríguez-Palma
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, València, Spain
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Libert BP, Foster SW, Gates EP, Morse M, Ward G, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Exploring Biopharmaceutical Analysis with Compact Capillary Liquid Chromatography Instrumentation. LC GC EUROPE 2023; 36:24-27. [PMID: 37484870 PMCID: PMC10358286 DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.qq7969g7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
A recent trend in the design of liquid chromatography (LC) instrumentation is the move towards miniaturized and portable systems. These smaller platforms provide wider flexibility in operation, with the opportunity for conducting analysis directly at the point of sample collection rather than transporting the sample to a centralized laboratory facility. For the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, these platforms can be implemented for process monitoring and product characterization directly in manufacturing environments. This article describes a portable, miniaturized LC instrument coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) for characterization of a biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibody (mAb).
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Closed-loop Control Systems for Pumps used in Portable Analytical Systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463931. [PMID: 37011525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for accurate control of the flowrate/pressure in chemical analytical systems has given rise to the adoption of mechatronic approaches in analytical instruments. A mechatronic device is a synergistic system which combines mechanical, electronic, computer and control components. In the development of portable analytical devices, considering the instrument as a mechatronic system can be useful to mitigate compromises made to decrease space, weight, or power consumption. Fluid handling is important for reliability, however, commonly utilized platforms such as syringe and peristaltic pumps are typically characterized by flow/pressure fluctuations and slow responses. Closed loop control systems have been used effectively to decrease the difference between desired and realized fluidic output. This review discusses the way control systems have been implemented for enhanced fluidic control, categorized by pump type. Advanced control strategies used to enhance the transient and the steady state responses are discussed, along with examples of their implementation in portable analytical systems. The review is concluded with the outlook that the challenge in adequately expressing the complexity and dynamics of the fluidic network as a mathematical model has yielded a trend towards the adoption of experimentally informed models and machine learning approaches.
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Wang J, Pursell ME, DeVor A, Awoyemi O, Valentine SJ, Li P. Portable mass spectrometry system: instrumentation, applications, and path to 'omics analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200112. [PMID: 36349734 PMCID: PMC10278091 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an information rich analytical technique and plays a key role in various 'omics studies. Standard mass spectrometers are bulky and operate at high vacuum, which hinder their adoption by the broader community and utility in field applications. Developing portable mass spectrometers can significantly expand the application scope and user groups of MS analysis. This review discusses the basics and recent advancements in the development of key components of portable mass spectrometers including ionization source, mass analyzer, detector, and vacuum system. Further, major areas where portable mass spectrometers are applied are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the further development of portable mass spectrometers including the potential benefits for 'omics analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Olanrewaju Awoyemi
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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8
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Mai Y, Debruille K, Edwards S, Cahoon S, Ghiasvand A, Murray E, Paull B. Portable and Field-Deployable Liquid Chromatography for Environmental Studies. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.ux5882h7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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Foster SW, Xie X, Hellmig JM, Moura‐Letts G, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Online monitoring of small volume reactions using compact liquid chromatography instrumentation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022; 5:213-219. [PMID: 37008988 PMCID: PMC10065474 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of analytical techniques have been employed for monitoring chemical reactions, with online instrumentation providing additional benefits compared to offline analysis. A challenge in the past for online monitoring has been placement of the monitoring instrumentation as close as possible to the reaction vessel to maximize sampling temporal resolution and preserve sample composition integrity. Furthermore, the ability to sample very small volumes from bench-scale reactions allows the use of small reaction vessels and conservation of expensive reagents. In this study, a compact capillary LC instrument was used for online monitoring of as small as 1 mL total volume of a chemical reaction mixture, with automated sampling of nL-scale volumes directly from the reaction vessel used for analysis. Analyses to demonstrate short term (~2 h) and long term (~ 50 h) reactions were conducted using tandem on-capillary ultraviolet absorbance followed by in-line MS detection or ultraviolet absorbance detection alone, respectively. For both short term and long term reactions (10 and 250 injections, respectively), sampling approaches using syringe pumps minimized the overall sample loss to ~0.2% of the total reaction volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob M. Hellmig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Gustavo Moura‐Letts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | | | - Milton L. Lee
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
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10
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Towards in field miniaturized liquid chromatography: biocides in wastewater as a proof of concept. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fu Q, Yang L, Wang Q. [Development of a portable micro-liquid chromatograph]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1030-1037. [PMID: 34486843 PMCID: PMC9404123 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Portable analytical instruments find extensive application in on-site examination because of their significant advantages: these instruments are convenient and easy-to-carry, leading to high time-effectiveness, and involve low reagent consumption. We report a portable micro-liquid chromatograph (p-μLC) that was designed and fabricated in our laboratory. The p-μLC integrates homemade dual large-thrust syringe pumps for delivering the mobile phase, a capillary polymer monolithic column as the stationary phase for the separation of the target analytes, and a specially designed dual-functional optical-fiber microflow-cell for online detection. The dual-thrust syringe pumps can realize isocratic and/or gradient elution as well as reloading of the mobile phase, with flow rates ranging from 0.025 μL/min to 5.6 mL/min and the maximum working pressure of 4.5 MPa. The polymethacrylate based C-18 monolithic column facilitates the separation of small organic molecules and biomacromolecules. A homemade high-power light emission diode (LED) light source and a modified xenon flash lamp are assembled as the light source module. The dual-functional detector consists of an optical fiber microflow-cell with a self-focusing lens and a light-guiding capillary, light source module, and a small-sized grating spectrometer with an output wavelength range of 400-680 nm for the LED light source and 220-700 nm for the xenon flash lamp, enabling online detection of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the analytes from 220 to 700 nm. A bifurcated optical fiber bundle is prepared and used to connect the light source, microflow-cell, and grating spectrometer so that the incident light leading-in and the fluorescence/scatting light leading-out can be realized simultaneously. The junction end of the bifurcated optical fiber bundles connects to one end of the light path of the microflow-cell, and a straight-through optical fiber connects another end of the microflow-cell. In the UV-Vis absorption mode, the straight-through optical fiber reads out the transmitted light, while in the fluorescence mode, the excitation light beam from the light source irradiates the sample solution in the flow-cell via one branch of the bifurcated optic fiber bundles. The fluorescence leading-out via the other branch of the bifurcated optical fiber bundles in the opposite direction of the excitation light beam is read out by the spectrometer. All the large-thrust syringe pumps and flow-path, capillary monolithic column, and optical fiber mediated flow-cell detection as well as controlling modules are installed in a suitcase with a total weight of less than 8 kg. The p-μLC is powered by DC 12V 3A or 18650 lithium battery pack and controlled by a panel computer with a custom-built windows-based chromatography workstation software for data acquisition. When using the home-made polymethacrylate based C-18 monolithic capillary column (530 μm ID×200 mm in length), the mixed alkylbenzenes can be separated and detected in an isocratic elution mode. The separation efficiency is comparable to that obtained with a commercially available HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen 361005, China.,Guangzhou Huibiao Testing Technology Center, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Limin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen 361005, China
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12
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Advancements in the preparation and application of monolithic silica columns for efficient separation in liquid chromatography. Talanta 2021; 224:121777. [PMID: 33379011 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fast and efficient separation remains a big challenge in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The need for higher efficiency and resolution in separation is constantly in demand. To achieve that, columns developed are rapidly moving towards having smaller particle sizes and internal diameters (i.d.). However, these parameters will lead to high back-pressure in the system and will burden the pumps of the HPLC instrument. To address this limitation, monolithic columns, especially silica-based monolithic columns have been introduced. These columns are being widely investigated for fast and efficient separation of a wide range of molecules. The present article describes the current methods developed to enhance the column efficiency of particle packed columns and how silica monolithic columns can act as an alternative in overcoming the low permeability of particle packed columns. The fundamental processes behind the fabrication of the monolith including the starting materials and the silica sol-gel process will be discussed. Different monolith derivatization and end-capping processes will be further elaborated and followed by highlights of the performance such monolithic columns in key applications in different fields with various types of matrices.
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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Abstract
AbstractThere is a growing need for chemical analyses to be performed in the field, at the point of need. Tools and techniques often found in analytical chemistry laboratories are necessary in performing these analyses, yet have, historically, been unable to do so owing to their size, cost and complexity. Technical advances in miniaturisation and liquid chromatography are enabling the translation of these techniques out of the laboratory, and into the field. Here we examine the advances that are enabling portable liquid chromatography (LC). We explore the evolution of portable instrumentation from its inception to the most recent advances, highlighting the trends in the field and discussing the necessary criteria for developing in-field solutions. While instrumentation is becoming more capable it has yet to find adoption outside of research.
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15
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Foster SW, Xie X, Pham M, Peaden PA, Patil LM, Tolley LT, Farnsworth PB, Tolley HD, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Portable capillary liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical and illicit drug analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1623-1627. [PMID: 31960568 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed portable capillary liquid chromatograph was investigated for the separation of various pharmaceutical and illicit drug compounds. The system consists of two high-pressure syringe pumps capable of delivering capillary-scale flow rates at pressures up to 10 000 psi. Capillary liquid chromatography columns packed with sub-2 μm particles are housed in cartridges that can be inserted into the system and easily connected through high-pressure fluidic contact points by simply applying a specific, predetermined torque rather than using standard fittings and less precise sealing protocols. Several over-the-counter analgesic drug separations are demonstrated, along with a simple online measurement of tablet dissolution. Twenty illicit drug compounds were also separated across six targeted drug panels. The results described in this study demonstrate the capability of this compact liquid chromatography instrument to address several important drug-related applications while simplifying system operation, and greatly reducing solvent usage and waste generation essential for onsite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | | | - Michelle Pham
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | | | - Leena M Patil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | | | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Milton L Lee
- Axcend Corporation, Provo, UT.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
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Lam SC, Coates LJ, Hemida M, Gupta V, Haddad PR, Macka M, Paull B. Miniature and fully portable gradient capillary liquid chromatograph. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1101:199-210. [PMID: 32029112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A robust, portable and miniature battery powered gradient capillary liquid chromatograph (total weight ∼2.7 kg, without battery ∼2.0 kg), with integrated microfluidic injection, column heating and high sensitivity low-UV absorbance detection is presented. The portable capillary chromatograph, was applied with a packed reversed-phase capillary column (100 mm × 300 μm I.D., 5 μm ODS), housed within an integrated capillary column heater controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) chip module. The system delivered retention time and peak area relative standard deviation in isocratic mode of <0.7% (n = 10) and <3.3% (n = 10), respectively, and <0.1% (n = 10) and <2.3% (n = 10) respectively, for gradient elution mode. Detection was based upon a 255 nm light-emitting diode (LED) using one of two commercial capillary flow-cell options, namely a high sensitivity 12 nL Agilent capillary z-cell (HSDC) and a 45 nL Thermo Fisher Scientific UZ-View™ flow cell (UZFC). The HSDC, housed within a 3D printed detector arrangement, gave an effective pathlength of 1.01 mm (84% of nominal pathlength) and stray light of only 0.2%. Limits of detection for four test small molecule pharmaceuticals ranged from 65 to 101 μg L-1 based upon a 316 nL injection volume, with separation efficiencies of between 18,000 and 29,700 N m-1, with sub-4 min run times. The portable capillary LC system was successfully coupled to a small footprint portable mass spectrometer (Microsaic 4500 MiD) to demonstrate compatibility and 'point-of-need' miniaturised LC-MS capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Lewellwyn Joseph Coates
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Mohamed Hemida
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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18
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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19
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Chatzimichail S, Casey D, Salehi-Reyhani A. Zero electrical power pump for portable high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:6207-6213. [PMID: 31573005 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major trend in analytical chemistry is the miniaturization of laboratory instrumentation. We report a pump requiring no power to operate based on the controlled expansion of a pre-pressurised gas for use in portable applications of high-performance liquid chromatography. The performance of the gas pump is characterised and integrated into a compact liquid chromatography system capable of isocratic separations integrating an LED-based UV-absorption detector. The system weighed 6.7 kg when the mobile phase reservoir was fully charged with 150 mL solvent and included an on-board computer to control the system and analyse data. We characterise the flow-rate through chromatography columns with a variety of geometries and packing materials for a range of pressures up to 150 bar. The maximum variation in flow rate was measured to be 6.5 nL min-1, limited by the resolution of the flow detector. All tests were made on battery power and results are a mixture of those made in the laboratory and in the field. Additionally, we performed a series of 1 m drop tests on the device and show the system's high tolerance to mechanical shocks during operation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Chatzimichail
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
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20
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Heiland JJ, Geissler D, Piendl SK, Warias R, Belder D. Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography On-Chip with Two-Photon-Excited-Fluorescence Detection for High-Speed Chiral Separations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6134-6140. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Foster SW, Alirangues MJ, Naese JA, Constans E, Grinias JP. A low-cost, open-source digital stripchart recorder for chromatographic detectors using a Raspberry Pi. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:396-400. [PMID: 30975526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical aspects of chromatographic analysis is effective data acquisition and processing. Typical approaches include software platforms designed for specific instruments or commercial data acquisition hardware boards, both of which require expensive licenses to use and operate. To increase the access and affordability of chromatographic data acquisition, especially for systems in which software control has become obsolete or must be written in-house, an open-source digital stripchart recorder has been developed. This system is built upon a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and a plug-in printed circuit board with the necessary integrated circuits for data acquisition. Using an open-source software called Processing, a complete user interface to control the system was developed that enables the acquisition, filtering, and processing of chromatographic data. The system performs comparably to more expensive platforms, with calculated values for peak area, retention time, and plate count all within 3% of the values calculated by a widely used commercial chromatography data software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Michael J Alirangues
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Joseph A Naese
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Eric Constans
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, United States.
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States.
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22
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Drevinskas T, Telksnys L, Maruška A, Gorbatsova J, Kaljurand M. Capillary Electrophoresis Sensitivity Enhancement Based on Adaptive Moving Average Method. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6773-6780. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drevinskas
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Systems’ Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laimutis Telksnys
- Department of Systems’ Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Recognition Processes Department, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Goštauto 12, LT01108 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jelena Gorbatsova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Kaljurand
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT44404 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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23
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Hamper BC, Zawatzky K, Zhang V, Welch CJ. Rapid Determination of Humulones and Isohumulones in Beers Using MISER LC-MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2017-4534-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C. Hamper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, U.S.A
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Merck & Co., Inc., Process Research & Development, Rahway, NJ 07065, U.S.A
| | - Vivian Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Process Research & Development, Rahway, NJ 07065, U.S.A
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24
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Stewart AJ. Ecotoxicology: It's time for a hard re-look. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:9-10. [PMID: 29023921 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Stewart
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Miniaturised electrically actuated high pressure injection valve for portable capillary liquid chromatography. Talanta 2017; 180:32-35. [PMID: 29332817 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturised high pressure 6-port injection valve has been designed and evaluated for its performance in order to facilitate the development of portable capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The electrically actuated valve features a very small size (65 × 19 × 19mm) and light weight (33g), and therefore can be easily integrated in a miniaturised modular capillary LC system suited for portable field analysis. The internal volume of the injection valve was determined as 98 nL. The novel conical shape of the stator and rotor and the spring-loaded rotor performed well up to 32MPa (4641psi), the maximum operating pressure investigated. Suitability for application was demonstrated using a miniaturised capillary LC system applied to the chromatographic separation of a mixture of biogenic amines and common cations. The RSD (relative standard deviation) values of retention times and peak areas of 6 successive runs were 0.5-0.7% and 1.8-2.8% for the separation of biogenic amines, respectively, and 0.1-0.2% and 2.1-3.0% for the separation of cations, respectively. This performance was comparable with bench-top HPLC systems thus demonstrating the applicability of the valve for use in portable and miniaturised capillary HPLC systems.
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26
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Ye D, Wang W, Moline D, Islam MS, Chen F, Wang P. A Microwave Flow Detector for Gradient Elution Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10761-10768. [PMID: 28936868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a microwave flow detector technique for liquid chromatography (LC) application. The detector is based on a tunable microwave interferometer (MIM) with a vector network analyzer (VNA) for signal measurement and a computer for system control. A microstrip-line-based 0.3 μL flow cell is built and incorporated into the MIM. With syringe pump injection, the detector is evaluated by measuring a few common chemicals in DI water at multiple frequencies from 0.98 to 7.09 GHz. Less than 30 ng minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) is demonstrated. An algorithm is provided and used to obtain sample dielectric permittivity at each frequency point. When connected to a commercial HPLC system and injected with a 10 μL aliquot of 10 000 ppm caffeine DI-water solution, the microwave detector yields a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 10 under isocratic and gradient elution operations. The maximum sampling rate is 20 Hz. The measurements show that MIM tuning, aided by a digital tunable attenuator (DTA), can automatically adjust MIM operation to retain detector sensitivity when mobile phase changes. Furthermore, the detector demonstrates a capability to quantify coeluted vitamin E succinate (VES) and vitamin D3 (VD3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Duye Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Weizheng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - David Moline
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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27
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Lynch KB, Chen A, Liu S. Miniaturized high-performance liquid chromatography instrumentation. Talanta 2017; 177:94-103. [PMID: 29108588 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has attracted increasing attention for its potential in high-throughput analyses and point-of-care applications. In this review we highlight the recent advancements in HPLC system miniaturization. We focus on the major components that constitute these instruments along with their respective advantages and drawbacks as well as present a few representative miniaturized HPLC systems. We discuss briefly some of the applications and also anticipate the future development trends of these instrumental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA.
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, USA
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28
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Lynch KB, Chen A, Yang Y, Lu JJ, Liu S. High-performance liquid chromatographic cartridge with gradient elution capability coupled with UV absorbance detector and mass spectrometer for peptide and protein analysis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2752-2758. [PMID: 28514057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the construction and performance of a high-performance liquid chromatography cartridge that we developed that resulted from a culmination of previous research. We have recently developed an innovative approach to creating gradient elutions using dual electroosmotic pumps and a series of three valves. This method has been proved to be the most reproducible and robust in producing gradients compared to our previously tested methods. Using this approach, we have assembled a high-performance liquid chromatography cartridge powered and controlled via a computer. We have successfully coupled the cartridge with an ultraviolet absorbance detector and a mass spectrometer for separating complex protein/peptide samples. The cartridge is readily coupled with other detectors such as electrochemical detector and laser-induced fluorescence detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joann J Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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29
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Blue LE, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias JP, Grinias KM, Lunn DB, Moore SM. Recent advances in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:17-39. [PMID: 28599863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the twenty years since its initial demonstration, capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has proven to be one of most powerful separation techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures. This review focuses on the most recent advances made since 2010 towards increasing the performance of such separations. Improvements in capillary column preparation techniques that have led to columns with unprecedented performance are described. New stationary phases and phase supports that have been reported over the past decade are detailed, with a focus on their use in capillary formats. A discussion on the instrument developments that have been required to ensure that extra-column effects do not diminish the intrinsic efficiency of these columns during analysis is also included. Finally, the impact of these capillary UHPLC topics on the field of proteomics and ways in which capillary UHPLC may continue to be applied to the separation of complex samples are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blue
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Edward G Franklin
- HPLC Research & Development, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Department of Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Daniel B Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Zhao X, Xie X, Sharma S, Tolley LT, Plistil A, Barnett HE, Brisbin MP, Swensen AC, Price JC, Farnsworth PB, Tolley HD, Stearns SD, Lee ML. Compact Ultrahigh-Pressure Nanoflow Capillary Liquid Chromatograph. Anal Chem 2016; 89:807-812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luke T. Tolley
- Tranxend LLC, 6550 South Millrock
Drive, Suite 200, Salt Lake City, Utah 84121, United States
| | - Alex Plistil
- VICI, Valco Instruments, Houston, Texas 77055, United States
| | - Hal E. Barnett
- VICI, Valco Instruments, Houston, Texas 77055, United States
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31
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Loos G, Van Schepdael A, Cabooter D. Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150366. [PMID: 27644982 PMCID: PMC5031633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative pharmaceutical analysis is nowadays frequently executed using mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization coupled to a (hybrid) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is generally used in combination with solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Furthermore, isotopically labelled standards are often used to correct for ion suppression. The challenges in producing sensitive but reliable quantitative data depend on the instrumentation, sample preparation and hyphenated techniques. In this contribution, different approaches to enhance the ionization efficiencies using modified source geometries and improved ion guidance are provided. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize, assess and correct for matrix interferences caused by co-eluting substances are described. With the focus on pharmaceuticals in the environment and bioanalysis, different separation techniques, trends in liquid chromatography and sample preparation methods to minimize matrix effects and increase sensitivity are discussed. Although highly sensitive methods are generally aimed for to provide automated multi-residue analysis, (less sensitive) miniaturized set-ups have a great potential due to their ability for in-field usage.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Loos
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Zhang M, Chen A, Lu JJ, Cao C, Liu S. Monitoring gradient profile on-line in micro- and nano-high performance liquid chromatography using conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1460:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Sharma S, Plistil A, Barnett HE, Tolley HD, Farnsworth PB, Stearns SD, Lee ML. Hand-Portable Gradient Capillary Liquid Chromatography Pumping System. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10457-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Plistil
- VICI Valco Instruments, Houston, Texas 77055, United States
| | - Hal E. Barnett
- VICI Valco Instruments, Houston, Texas 77055, United States
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34
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Sharma S, Tolley LT, Tolley HD, Plistil A, Stearns SD, Lee ML. Hand-portable liquid chromatographic instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:38-47. [PMID: 26592464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, liquid chromatography (LC) has experienced an evolution to smaller columns and particles, new stationary phases and low flow rate instrumentation. However, the development of person-portable LC has not followed, mainly due to difficulties encountered in miniaturizing pumps and detectors, and in reducing solvent consumption. The recent introduction of small, non-splitting pumping systems and UV-absorption detectors for use with capillary columns has finally provided miniaturized instrumentation suitable for high-performance hand-portable LC. Fully integrated microfabricated LC still remains a significant challenge. Ion chromatography (IC) has been successfully miniaturized and applied for field analysis; however, applications are mostly limited to inorganic and small organic ions. This review covers advancements that make possible more rapid expansion of portable forms of LC and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Luke T Tolley
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Alex Plistil
- VICI Valco Instruments, Houston, Texas 77055, USA
| | | | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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