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Lynen F, Ampe A, Bandini E, Baert M, Wicht K, Kajtazi A, Rahmani T, Veenhoven J, Spileers G. Perspectives in Hydrophobic Interaction Temperature- Responsive Liquid Chromatography (TRLC). LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.vd2373d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) is an emerging green high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mode allowing reversed phase-type separations while necessitating only water as the mobile phase. The columns therein are typically packed with silica particles to which stimuli-responsive polymers are anchored. In hydrophobic interaction TRLC, such polymers depict a loss of water solubility when increasing the temperature above a characteristic conversion temperature, causing large changes in retention over quite narrow and mild temperature ranges (~5–55 °C). TRLC circumvents the concerns about analyte or column degradation that can occur when implementing high temperatures (>80 °C) on conventional reversed- phase columns. It allows for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using only water often spiked with the additives typically used in reversed-phase LC. Therefore, this separation mode allows for greener, cheaper, and isocratic analyses under non-denaturing conditions. The absence of compositional solvent gradients also allows for the exploitation of temperature gradients in combination with refractive index detection. Purely aqueous hydrophobic interaction TRLC is mostly applicable for solutes depicting a 1 < LogP < 5, yet these ranges can be expanded through implementation of combined aqueous or organic mobiles phases, while preserving the temperature-responsive effects. In this first TRLC installment, our recent developments, new possibilities, and current limitations of the use of 1-D TRLC are discussed, while the column performance is described with respect to the fundamentals of HPLC.
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2
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Ye J, Guo M, Han C, Zhang Y, Meng J. Multifunctionalization of RC membrane via combining surface initiated RAFT polymerization with thiolactone chemistry for enhanced antibody recovery. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Illy N, Mongkhoun E. Thiolactone chemistry, a versatile platform for macromolecular engineering. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the extensive use of γ-thiolactone chemistry as a versatile and powerful tool for macromolecular engineering and the preparation of various polymer architectures, such as functional, alternating, or sequence-controlled (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Illy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emma Mongkhoun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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Wicht K, Baert M, Muller M, Bandini E, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Comprehensive two-dimensional temperature-responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of wine phenolics. Talanta 2022; 236:122889. [PMID: 34635268 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are an interesting class of natural products because of their proposed contribution to health benefits of foods and beverages and as a bio-source of organic (aromatic) building blocks. Phenolic extracts from natural products are often highly complex and contain compounds covering a broad range in molecular properties. While many 1D-LC and mass spectrometric approaches have been proposed for the analysis of phenolics, this complexity inevitably leads to challenging identification and purification. New insights into the composition of phenolic extracts can be obtained through online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. However, several practical hurdles must be overcome to achieve high peak capacities and to obtain robust methods with this technique. In many LC × LC configurations, refocusing of analytes at the head of the 2D column is hindered by the high eluotropic strength of the solvent transferred from the 1D to the 2D, leading to peak breakthrough or broadening. LC × LC combinations whereby a purely aqueous mobile phase is used in the 1D and RPLC is used in the 2D are unaffected by these phenomena, leading to more robust methods. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) with RPLC is used for the first time for the analysis of phenolic extracts of natural origin to illustrate the potential of this alternative combination for natural product analyses. The possibilities of the combination are investigated through analysis of wine extracts by TRLC × RPLC-DAD and TRLC × RPLC-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Norwin von Doehren
- Agilent Technologies, Netherlands BV, NL-4330, EA, Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ampe A, Wicht K, Baert M, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. Investigation of the potential of mixed solvent mobile phases in temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC). Analyst 2021; 146:6990-6996. [PMID: 34668892 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) allows for extensive retention and selectivity tuning through temperature in HPLC. This is mainly achieved through the use of a stationary phases comprising of a temperature-responsive polymer which undergoes a reversible change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behaviour upon increasing the temperature. The approach can allow for reversed phase type separations to be achieved with purely aqueous mobile phases, whereby the retention is controlled through temperature instead of mobile phase composition. Despite the promising nature of such form of retention control under isocratic mobile phase conditions, TRLC can suffer from excessive retention of highly apolar solutes even at lower column temperatures whereby the polymer is considered hydrophilic. This is related both to a residual apolarity of the polymer chain and due to the high log P's and low water solubility of higly apolar compounds. While it was known that elution in TRLC doesn't necessarily has to be performed under purely aqueous conditions and that the use of organic co-solvents to the water is possible, the impact thereof on the temperature responsive behaviour itself had not yet been investigated in a systematic way. Therefore in this work the advantages and drawbacks of the use of the organic co-solvents methanol and acetonitrile in TRLC is assessed on two types of temperature reponsive phases: poly-N-N-propylacrylamide (PNNPAAm) and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm). The influence of organic co-solvents is investigated with two representative test mixtures (comprising 4 parabens and 5 apolar steroids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Maekawa Y, Ayano E, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Effective Separation for New Therapeutic Modalities Utilizing Temperature-responsive Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:651-660. [PMID: 33518586 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scr09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, drug discovery and therapeutics trends have shifted from a focus on small-molecule compounds to biopharmaceuticals, genes, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Therefore, new approaches and technologies must be developed to respond to these changes in medical care. To achieve this, we applied a temperature-responsive separation system to purify a variety of proteins and cells. We developed a temperature-responsive chromatography technique based on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-grafted stationary phase. This method may be applied to various types of protein and cell separation applications by optimizing the properties of the modified polymers used in this system. Therefore, the developed temperature-responsive HPLC columns and temperature-responsive solid-phase extraction (TR-SPE) columns can be an effective separation tool for new therapeutic modalities such as monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid drugs, and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Eri Ayano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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Baert M, Wicht K, Hou Z, Szucs R, Prez FD, Lynen F. Exploration of the Selectivity and Retention Behavior of Alternative Polyacrylamides in Temperature Responsive Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9815-9822. [PMID: 32598128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temperature responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) allows for separation of organic solutes in purely aqueous mobile phases whereby retention is controlled through temperature. The vast majority of the work has thus far been performed on poly[N-isopropylacrylamide] (PNIPAAm)-based columns, while the performance of other temperature responsive polymers has rarely been compared under identical conditions. Therefore, in this work, two novel TRLC phases based on poly[N-n-propylacrylamide] (PNNPAAm) and poly[N,N-diethylacrylamide] (PDEAAm) are reported and compared to the state of the art PNIPAAm based column. Optimal comparison is thereby obtained by the use of controlled radical polymerizations, identical molecular weights, and by maximizing carbon loads on the silica supporting material. Analysis of identical test mixtures of homologue series and pharmaceutical samples revealed that PNNPAAm performs in a similar way as PNIPAAm while offering enhanced retention and a shift of the useable temperature range toward lower temperatures. PDEAAm offers a range of novel possibilities as it depicts a different selectivity, allowing for enhanced resolution in TRLC in, for example, coupled column systems. Reduced plate heights of 3 could be obtained on the homemade columns, offering the promise for reasonable column efficiencies in TRLC despite the use of bulky polymers as stationary phases in HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhanyao Hou
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Szucs
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Paenkaew S, Kajornprai T, Rutnakornpituk M. Water dispersible magnetite nanocluster coated with thermo‐responsive thiolactone‐containing copolymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Paenkaew
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan University Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Todsapol Kajornprai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan University Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Metha Rutnakornpituk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of ScienceNaresuan University Phitsanulok Thailand
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Reese CM, Thompson BJ, Logan PK, Stafford CM, Blanton M, Patton DL. Sequential and one-pot post-polymerization modification reactions of thiolactone-containing polymer brushes. Polym Chem 2019; 10:10.1039/c9py01123d. [PMID: 32117471 PMCID: PMC7047779 DOI: 10.1039/c9py01123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiolactone chemistry has garnered significant attention as a powerful post-polymerization modification (PPM) route to mutlifunctional polymeric materials. Here, we apply this versatile chemistry to the fabrication of ultrathin, multifunctional polymer surfaces via aminolysis and thiol-mediated double modifications of thiolactone-containing polymer brushes. Polymer brush surfaces were synthesized via microwave-assisted surface-initiated polymerization of DL-homocysteine thiolactone acrylamide. Aminolysis and thiol-Michael double modifications of the thiolactone-functional brush were explored using both sequential and one-pot reactions with bromobenzyl amine and 1H,1H-perfluoro-N-decyl acrylate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and argon gas cluster ion sputter depth profiling enabled quantitative comparison of the sequential and one-pot PPM routes with regard to conversion and spatial distribution of functional groups immobilized throughout thickness of the brush. While one-pot conditions proved to be more effective in immobilizing the amine and acrylate within the brush, the sequenital reaction enabled the fabrication of multifunctional, micropattterned brush surfaces using reactive microcontact printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Reese
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Brittany J Thompson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Phillip K Logan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Christopher M Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Michael Blanton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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Baert M, Martens S, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Enhancing the Possibilities of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography through Hyphenation of Purely Aqueous Temperature-Responsive and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4961-4967. [PMID: 29551061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) allows for substantial gains in theoretical peak capacity in the field of liquid chromatography. However, in practice, theoretical performance is rarely achieved due to a combination of undersampling, orthogonality, and refocusing issues prevalent in many LC × LC applications. This is intricately linked to the column dimensions, flow rates, and mobile-phase compositions used, where, in many cases, incompatible or strong solvents are introduced in the second-dimension (2D) column, leading to peak broadening and the need for more complex interfacing approaches. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive (TR) and reversed-phase (RP) LC is demonstrated, which, due to the purely aqueous mobile phase used in TRLC, allows for complete and more generic refocusing of organic solutes prior to the second-dimension RP separation using a conventional 10-port valve interface. Thus far, this was only possible when combining other purely aqueous modes such as ion exchange or gel filtration chromatography with RPLC, techniques which are limited to the analysis of charged or high MW solutes, respectively. This novel TRLC × RPLC combination relaxes undersampling constraints and complete refocusing and therefore offers novel possibilities in the field of LC × LC including temperature modulation. The concept is illustrated through the TRLC × RPLC analysis of mixtures of neutral organic solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussel , Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602 , South Africa
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Mommer S, Keul H, Möller M. One-Pot Synthesis of Amino Acid-Based Polyelectrolytes and Nanoparticle Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:159-168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mommer
- Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmut Keul
- Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive
Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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12
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The use of a temperature-responsive column for the direct analysis of drugs in serum by two-dimensional heart-cutting liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1059-1065. [PMID: 27796461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel pretreatment method, which was performed using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) system, was proposed for the direct analysis of drugs in human serum. A temperature-responsive column was used as a pretreatment column. The stationary phase of the temperature-responsive column exhibits temperature-regulated hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics. Controlling the ionic strength of the eluent enables human serum albumin (HSA) to pass through the column without retention. When serum samples containing barbiturates or benzodiazepines were injected into the temperature-responsive column using 10 mM of ammonium acetate (pH 6.5) as the mobile phase and in the temperature range of 10-40 °C, HSA was eluted from the column near the dead time, followed by the individual drugs. When the column temperature was changed, the retention times of the drugs were altered owing to surface property changes within the pretreatment column. These closely eluted compounds were subsequently introduced into the analytical column using a column-switching valve, with a minimal gap time to avoid foreign substance contamination. This new 2D-HPLC method afforded high-quality chromatograms of multiple drugs without unwanted peaks from foreign substances. The present technique could be an attractive choice in selecting the analytical method for drug analysis.
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Synthesis of thiolactone building blocks as potential precursors for sustainable functional materials. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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