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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. High Performance (High Pressure) Layer Electrochromatography Separation Technique: Equipment and Preliminary Results. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9091-9096. [PMID: 35700336 PMCID: PMC9244868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We present a new
prototype device and propose a new analytical
technique: high performance (high pressure) layer electrochromatography
(HPLEC). The equipment provides a combination of overpressured layer
chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography
(PPEC), yet it still enables researchers to perform each of these
analyses separately. In comparison to PPEC, HPLEC provides hydrodynamic
flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and the
mobile phase composition. The advantages of HPLEC over OPLC include
the possibility of the use of the electrophoretic effect to influence
the selectivity of separation and the use of the electroosmotic effect
to facilitate the mobile phase flow in order to decrease backpressure
and increase the flow velocity. Many operational parameters can be
freely adjusted and optimized independently. The equipment is fully
automated and can work in various separation/operational modes, including
combinations of online/offline sample application and detection. We
present preliminary results of simultaneous, fully online, multichannel
HPLEC separation of analgesic drugs (including acetaminophen, ibuprofen,
and tramadol) as an example of increasing analysis throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Łukasz Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Henryk Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Comparison of Overpressured-Layer Chromatography and High-Performance/High-Pressure Layer Electrochromatography Using the New Prototype Equipment in Various Operational Modes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134032. [PMID: 35807278 PMCID: PMC9268599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous paper we have presented the new prototype equipment and introduced a new analytical technique—high-performance/high-pressure layer electrochromatography (HPLEC), a combination of overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). In this paper, the work of the equipment in various operational modes is investigated. Some difficulties and challenges related to various aspects of separation are discussed. The OPLC and HPLEC techniques are compared in terms of selectivity and performance. The results show that our equipment can be successfully used for singe- and multichannel OPLC and HPLEC separations in various sample application and detection modes. It includes the high-throughput, multichannel, and fully automated online separation of multiple samples simultaneously. The equipment allows for the independent optimization of various operational parameters. HPLEC combines the advantages of column/capillary and planar separation techniques while overcoming their limitations. It also combines the advantages and overcomes the drawbacks of OPLC and PPEC. It provides hydrodynamic flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and/or the mobile phase composition. Thus, any optimization of the composition and the voltage can be used independently. Both can be used to obtain the required selectivity of separation. The voltage can be used to facilitate the mobile phase flow and accelerate the analysis.
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Benzyl isothiocyanate-modified α-lactalbumin - Two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography for analyzing modified peptides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122937. [PMID: 34536835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In complex food matrices, non-directed reactions between food proteins and secondary plant metabolites (SPM) are conceivable. In this study, the interaction between the bioactive metabolite from garden cress (Lepidium sativum) and selected Brassicaceae - benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) - and the dairy protein α-lactalbumin (α-LA) was investigated. It was focused on monitoring the proteolytic degradation behaviour of unmodified and BITC-modified α-LA with two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography (2D-HPTLC). The two-dimensional approach of HPTLC offers high resolution in the separation of complex peptide mixtures and might enable differentiation of protein modifications. Based on the specific peptide patterns of native and modified peptides, conclusions can be drawn about differences in protein/peptide polarity, location of a modification, and digestibility. The aim was to characterize tryptically hydrolyzed unmodified and BITC-modified peptides using the 2D method and to investigate the influence of BITC modification of α-LA on polarity and digestibility. To determine the repeatability of peptide separation by 2D-HPTLC, the unmodified and BITC-modified protein hydrolyzates were separated six times. The absolute standard deviations between the retardation factors of the individual peptide spots varied between 0.52 and 4.79 mm for the x-coordinates and between 0.41 and 6.47 mm for the y-coordinates for all three samples. Here, the mean relative standard deviations ranged from 5.80 to 10.4% for the x-coordinates and from 5.91 to 18.3% for the y-coordinates. The results of the tryptic hydrolysis indicated that, depending on the concentration of BITC used, the modification sterically hinders the cleavage sites for the enzyme, resulting in a reduced digestibility. Covalent binding of the hydrophobic BITC altered the digestibility and polarity of the protein, leading to a difference in peptide patterns between the unmodified and modified α-LA. It was concluded that the reaction was undirected, resulting in a mixture of unmodified and modified peptides, and that elongated modified peptides were formed by BITC blocking of trypsin cleavage sites.
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Treblin M, von Oesen T, Class LC, Kuhnen G, Clawin-Rädecker I, Martin D, Fritsche J, Rohn S. Two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography for the characterization of milk peptide properties and a prediction of the retention behavior - a proof-of-principle study. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462442. [PMID: 34365201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a suitable method for the analysis of peptides and proteins due to a wide selection of stationary and mobile phases and various detection options. Especially, two-dimensional HPTLC (2D-HPTLC) enables a higher resolution compared to one-dimensional HPTLC in the separation of complex peptide mixtures. Similar to 2D electrophoresis, characteristic peptide patterns can be obtained, allowing a differentiation of ingredients based on varying protein origins. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2D-HPTLC with regard to its suitability for the characterization of proteins/peptides and to verify whether it is possible to predict the retention behavior of peptides based on their properties. As models, the five most abundant milk proteins α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-, β-, and κ-Casein were used. In order to determine the repeatability of the peptide separation by 2D-HPTLC, each tryptic protein hydrolyzate was separated eight times. The standard deviations of the retardation factors for the separated peptides varied between 1.0 and 11.1 mm for the x-coordinate and 0.5-7.3 mm for the y-coordinate. It was also shown that after the chromatographic separation, peptides of the individual protein hydrolyzates were located in specific areas on the HPTLC plate, so that a clustering could be obtained for the whey proteins' as well as the caseins' hydrolyzates. For establishing correlations between the properties of the peptides and their retardation factors, 51 of 85 selected peptides were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS). On this basis, statistically significant correlations (α = 0.05) between the retardation factors of the peptides and their isoelectric points, as well as the percentage of anionic and non-polar amino acids in the peptides were established. Finally, it was investigated, whether the retardation factors for peptides can be predicted on the basis of a linear regression of the percentage of non-polar amino acids in a peptide. For this purpose, a mixture of artifical (synthetic) peptides (n = 14) was separated by 2D-HPTLC and the measured retardation factors were compared with the corresponding retardation factors calculated. Absolute deviations of 0.3-17.9 mm were obtained. In addition, the universal applicability of the method to other protein sources other than milk proteins (animal protein) was tested using a mixture of pea peptides (plant protein, n = 3) resulting in absolute deviations of 0.7-8.6 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Treblin
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Tobias von Oesen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel D-24103, Germany
| | - Lisa-Carina Class
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Gesine Kuhnen
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Ingrid Clawin-Rädecker
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel D-24103, Germany
| | - Dierk Martin
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel D-24103, Germany
| | - Jan Fritsche
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel D-24103, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg D-20146, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TIB 4/3-1, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin 13355, Germany.
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Pressurized planar electrochromatography of DNS amino acids derivatives in silica gel and silanized silica gel systems with formic acid addition to the water mobile phase. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) of dansyl (DNS) derivatives of amino acids in normal- and reversed-phase systems is presented. The results have been obtained for mobile phases with different acetonitrile (ACN) concentrations (0–85%). The data obtained show differences in separation selectivity between high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and PPEC systems. These differences originate from the electrophoretic effect which is involved in the PPEC system, contrary to the HPTLC one.
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Trzebiatowski MŻ, Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Differences in the Efficiency of Separation of Analgesic Drugs by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with Similar Octadecyl Silica-Based Adsorbents. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radosław Ł. Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Str. 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz H. Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Str. 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Qiao L, Zhao L, Ai H, Li Y, Liu Y, Du K. Diethylaminoethyl-Modified Magnetic Starlike Organic Spherical Adsorbent: Fabrication, Characterization, and Potential for Protein Adsorption. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Liangshen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Kaifeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
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Polak B, Traczuk A, Kamińska M, Kozyra M. Comparison of Phenolic Compound Separations by HPTLC and PPEC with SDS as the Mobile Phase Component. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:6845340. [PMID: 30733887 PMCID: PMC6348846 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6845340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of the surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) as the component of the water-organic mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography and pressurized planar electrochromatography is presented. The influence of various variables on the separation of various phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) as model compounds with systems containing surfactant is discussed. The effect of concentration of butanol and SDS as well as pH of the mobile phase buffer on migration distance of the solute zones is investigated. The presence of SDS in the eluent affects the butanol solubility in the mobile phase. It allows using higher organic solvent concentration systems compared with the mode without surfactant. The amount of SDS in the eluent has the effect on the solute retention, whereas the eluent buffer pH affects the migration distances of ionisable phenolic acids both in HPTLC and PPEC. The migration distances of flavonoid glycosides are considerably longer than those of pure flavonoids. Considering second group of investigated solutes, derivatives of the benzoic acid migrate longer distances in comparison with the cinnamic acid ones. In addition, in the majority of experiments, ionisable compounds (phenolic acids) migrate longer distances in PPEC than nonionisable compounds (flavonoids). Additionally, the order of solutes differs in the PPEC and HPTLC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Polak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Traczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kamińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozyra
- Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Correlation of Migration Distance of Peptides in High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography Systems. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Armour E, Fried B, Sherma J. Effects of starvation for 4-20 days on the amino acid content of Biomphalaria glabrata as determined by cellulose HPTLC-densitometry with confirmation of identity using silica gel and RP-18 W plates with two mobile phases causing inversion of the separation mechanism. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1449059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Armour
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Fried
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
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The influence of pH on retention and migration of peptides in systems with octadecyl silica-based adsorbent by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and pressurized planar electrochromatography techniques. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1534:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
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