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Schaufler RL, Slowey NC. Low-cost modular chromatography column rack and vial holders. HARDWAREX 2023; 13:e00388. [PMID: 36578973 PMCID: PMC9791163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gravity-driven chromatography columns are used in scientific, engineering, medical, and industrial fields to separate desired compounds from solutions. Running multiple columns simultaneously saves time and improves procedural consistency. Though column chromatography is widely used, to meet their laboratory needs many investigators must resort to designing and fabricating custom racks for holding their chromatography columns. We have created a robust column rack design, with collection vial holders, that is easily made, inexpensive to build, and may be easily adapted to fit experimental needs. The column holder can be made to hold various sizes of columns (and can be interchanged as necessary); the height of columns above collection vials can be precisely set; and the design is modular, so the rack and vial holders can be expanded to accommodate the desired numbers of columns and the numbers and sizes of vials used to collect fractions eluted from each column. Importantly, the rack is made of inexpensive, readily-available materials and the fabrication is straightforward. Here we present details of the rack's features, a list of materials, and instructions for making it. We hope our design will help investigators who perform gravity-driven column chromatography.
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Han J, Dembinski R, Soloshonok VA, Klika KD. A Call for a Change in Policy Regarding the Necessity for SDE Tests to Validate the Veracity of the Outcome of Enantioselective Syntheses, the Inherent Chiral State of Natural Products, and Other Cases Involving Enantioenriched Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133994. [PMID: 34208870 PMCID: PMC8272130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Roman Dembinski
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.A.S.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Karel D. Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.A.S.); (K.D.K.)
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Han J, Wzorek A, Klika KD, Soloshonok VA. Recommended Tests for the Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers (SDE) to Ensure Accurate Reporting of the Stereochemical Outcome of Enantioselective Reactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26092757. [PMID: 34067099 PMCID: PMC8124418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the necessity of conducting tests to gauge the magnitude of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon to ensure the veracity of reported enantiomeric excess (ee) values for scalemic samples obtained from enantioselective reactions, natural products isolation, etc. The SDE always occurs to some degree whenever any scalemic sample is subjected to physicochemical processes concomitant with the fractionation of the sample, thus leading to erroneous reporting of the true ee of the sample if due care is not taken to either preclude the effects of the SDE by measurement of the ee prior to the application of physicochemical processes, suppressing the SDE, or evaluating all obtained fractions of the sample. Or even avoiding fractionation altogether if possible. There is a clear necessity to conduct tests to assess the magnitude of the SDE for the processes applied to samples and the updated and improved recommendations described herein cover chromatography and processes involving gas-phase transformations such as evaporation or sublimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Karel D. Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.D.K.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (K.D.K.); (V.A.S.)
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Flurbiprofen: A Study of the Behavior of the Scalemate by Chromatography, Sublimation, and NMR. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(2-Fluoro-4-biphenyl) propionic acid (flurbiprofen), from the phenylalkanoic acid family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s), is currently on the pharmaceutical market as a racemate. This racemic compound was tested for its propensity to undergo the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon by various forms of chromatography (SDEvC), such as routine gravity-driven column chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), as well as by sublimation (SDEvS). Furthermore, examination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in various solvents found that flurbiprofen exhibited the phenomenon of self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA). By measurement of the diffusion coefficient (D), the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), and the transverse relaxation time (T2) using NMR, as well as by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) examinations, the preferred intermolecular association was found to be solvent dependent, e.g., heterochiral association was preferred in toluene, while homochiral association was preferred in more polar solvents. This study also attempted, unsuccessfully, to correlate the NMR measurements of flurbiprofen with chromatographic outcomes for the rationalization and prediction of chromatographic results based on NMR measurements. Because the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the acid groups in flurbiprofen overwhelmingly predominates over other intermolecular interactions, flurbiprofen seemed to represent a good test case for this idea. The behavior of scalemic samples of flurbiprofen is important, as, although it is currently dispensed as a racemate, clinical applications of the R enantiomer have been investigated. SDEvC and SDEvS both have ramifications for the preparation, handling, and storage of enantioenriched flurbiprofen, and this concern applies to other chiral drugs as well.
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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Kwiatkowska M, Marcinkowska M, Wzorek A, Pajkert R, Han J, Klika KD, Soloshonok VA, Röschenthaler GV. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) via column chromatography of β-amino-α,α-difluorophosphonic acid derivatives. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1377-1385. [PMID: 31468209 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first study of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers via chromatography (SDEvC) of β-aminophosphonic acid esters, several of which have been synthesized for the first time. Three types of structures were examined, N-acetylated, dipeptide construction with N-Cbz glycine, and a free amine. In the latter case, this is the first time that SDEvC has been reported for free amine amino acids. In all the three types of structures, significant SDE magnitudes (Δee's up to 55%) were exhibited underscoring the ubiquitous nature of the SDE phenomenon. Chemical models of homo- versus heterochiral intermolecular interactions are proposed to rationalize the SDE magnitude differences amongst these new β-aminophosphonic acid derivatives. In addition, the incorporation of additional, competing binding modes to a molecule, was found to lead to a reduction of the SDE magnitude by shifting the intermolecular binding away from the stereogenic center and/or by leading to a convoluted binding system that disrupts the structured and relatively stable assemblies that give rise to the SDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Marcinkowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Romana Pajkert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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A General Phenomenon of Spontaneous Amplification of Optical Purity under Achiral Chromatographic Conditions. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work explores the behavior of chiral compound mixtures enriched in one of the enantiomers whilst a typical chromatography on the achiral stationary phase is employed. The influence of several factors, such as the eluent composition, ratio of the compound to the stationary phase, and the initial enatiomeric purity of the compound used on the distribution of the enantiomers in the collected chromatographic fraction, was studied. The obtained results indicate that the phenomenon of Self Disproportionation of Enantiomer (SDE) occurred in all cases, and some of the collected fractions got higher optical purities than the initial one. Thus, achiral column chromatography could be applied in some cases as the simplest approach for chiral purification. Based on the experimental results and DFT calculations, an alternative concept explaining the SDE phenomenon was proposed. Due to its generality and simplicity, SDE may also be responsible for the formation of the first chiral non-racemic compounds on the early Earth.
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The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of amino acids and their derivatives. Amino Acids 2019; 51:865-889. [PMID: 30903285 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the phenomenon of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of amino acids and their derivatives in all its guises from phase transformations (recrystallization, sublimation, and distillation), to the application of force fields, through to chromatography including HPLC, MPLC, gravity-driven column chromatography, and SEC. The relevance of the SDE phenomenon to amino acid research and to marketed pharmaceuticals is clear given the potential for alteration of the enantiomeric excess of a portion of a scalemic sample. In addition, the possible contribution of the SDE phenomenon to the genesis of prebiotic homochirality is considered.
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Han J, Wzorek A, Soloshonok VA, Klika KD. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): The effect of scaling down, potential problems versus prospective applications, possible new occurrences, and unrealized opportunities? Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1869-1880. [PMID: 30653701 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This commentary discusses an important, though not widely appreciated, chiral phenomenon of molecular chirality that effectively always occurs whenever nonracemic samples are subjected to practically any physicochemical process (e.g., force field, recrystallization, sublimation, even distillation, etc.) under totally achiral conditions external to the sample itself. The phenomenon is termed as the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) and though ubiquitous, its presence may not always be readily apparent, or workers may be otherwise oblivious to its effects. In the particular case of chromatography, when the SDE is apparent, the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the chiral compound is observed to vary across an eluted peak, with anterior eluted portions either enantioenriched or enantiodepleted relative to the ee of the starting material, and conversely for the posterior eluted portions. Herein, we highlight various aspects of the SDE phenomenon as it pertains to chromatography and, in particular, the effect of scaling down chromatographic systems, the potential risk of problems that the SDE can cause, as well as opportunities for practical applications of the phenomenon, possible new occurrences of the SDE phenomenon to be searched for, and unrealized opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Hosaka T, Imai T, Wzorek A, Marcinkowska M, Kolbus A, Kitagawa O, Soloshonok VA, Klika KD. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of α-amino acid derivatives: facets of steric and electronic properties. Amino Acids 2018; 51:283-294. [PMID: 30311082 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino acids (α-AAs) are in extremely high demand in nearly every sector of the food and health-related chemical industries and continue to be the subject of intense multidisciplinary research. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) is an emerging and one of the least studied areas of α-AA or enantiomeric properties, critically important for their production and application. In the present work, we report a detailed study of the SDE via achiral, gravity-driven column chromatography for a set of N-acylated, N-carbonylated, N-fluoroacylated, and N-thioacylated α-amino acid esters. As well as thioacylation, attention was paid to the effect of altering the R group of the ester functionality, the side chain, or that of the acyl group attached to the amide nitrogen, whereby it was found that electron-withdrawing groups in the latter moiety had a pronounced effect on the magnitude and behavior of the resulting SDE phenomenon. Intriguingly, in the case of N-fluoroacylated derivatives, by favoring the formation of dimeric associates and effecting a strong bias toward homochiral associates over heterochiral associates, the SDE magnitude was greatly reduced contrary to intuitive expectations. Energy estimates resulted from DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Hosaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Tomomi Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland. .,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Marcinkowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kolbus
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Osamu Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3. Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Han J, Kitagawa O, Wzorek A, Klika KD, Soloshonok VA. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): a menace or an opportunity? Chem Sci 2018; 9:1718-1739. [PMID: 29675218 PMCID: PMC5892310 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report on the well-documented, yet not widely known, phenomenon of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): the spontaneous fractionation of scalemic material into enantioenriched and -depleted fractions when any physicochemical process is applied.
Herein we report on the well-documented, yet not widely known, phenomenon of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): the spontaneous fractionation of scalemic material into enantioenriched and -depleted fractions when any physicochemical process is applied. The SDE has implications ranging from the origins of prebiotic homochirality to unconventional enantiopurification methods, though the risks of altering the enantiomeric excess (ee) unintentionally, regrettably, remain greatly unappreciated. While recrystallization is well known as an SDE process, occurrences of the SDE in other processes are much less recognized, e.g. sublimation and even distillation. But the most common process that many workers seem to be completely ignorant of is SDE via chromatography and reports have included all manner of structures, all types of interactions, and all forms of chromatography, including GC. The SDE can be either a blessing – as a means to obtain enantiopure samples from scalemates – or a curse, as unwitting alteration of the ee leads to errors in the reporting of results and/or misinterpretation of the system under study. Thus the ramifications of the SDE are relevant to any area involving chirality – natural products, asymmetric synthesis, etc. Moreover, there is grave concern regarding errors in the literature, in addition to the possible occurrence of valid results which may have been overlooked and thus remain unreported, as well as the potential for the SDE to alter the ee, particularly via chromatography, and the following concepts will be conveyed: (1) the SDE occurs under totally achiral conditions of (a) precipitation, (b) centrifugation, (c) evaporation, (d) distillation, (e) crystallization, (f) sublimation, and (g) achiral chromatography (e.g. column, flash, MPLC, HPLC, SEC, GC, etc.). (2) The SDE cannot be controlled simply by experimental accuracy and ignorance of the SDE unavoidably leads to mistakes in the recorded and reported stereochemical outcome of enantioselective transformations. (3) The magnitude of the SDE (the difference between the extremes of enantioenrichment and -depletion) can be controlled and used to: (a) minimize mistakes in the recorded experimental values and (b) to develop unconventional and preparatively superior methods for enantiopurification. (4) The magnitude of the SDE cannot be predicted but can be expected for compounds possessing SDE-phoric groups or which have a general tendency for strong hydrogen or halogen bonds or dipole–dipole or aromatic π–π interactions. (5) An SDE test and the rigorous reporting and description of applied physicochemical processes should become part of standard experimental practice to prevent the erroneous reporting of the stereochemical outcome of enantioselective catalytic reactions and the chirooptical properties of scalemates. New directions in the study of the SDE, including halogen bonding-based interactions and novel, unconventional enantiopurification methods such as pseudo-SDE (chiral selector-assisted SDE resolution of racemates), are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China .
| | - Osamu Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Shibaura Institute of Technology , 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku , Tokyo 135-8548 , Japan
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry , Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce , Świętokrzyska 15G , 25-406 Kielce , Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry I , Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain .
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , D-69009 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I , Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain . .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza, Bizkaia , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
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12
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Han J, Soloshonok VA, Klika KD, Drabowicz J, Wzorek A. Chiral sulfoxides: advances in asymmetric synthesis and problems with the accurate determination of the stereochemical outcome. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 47:1307-1350. [PMID: 29271432 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are in extremely high demand in nearly every sector of the chemical industry concerned with the design and development of new synthetic reagents, drugs, and functional materials. The primary objective of this review is to update readers on the latest developments from the past five years (2011-2016) in the preparation of optically active sulfoxides. Methodologies covered include catalytic asymmetric sulfoxidation using either chemical, enzymatic, or hybrid biocatalytic means; kinetic resolution involving oxidation to sulfones, reduction to sulfides, modification of side chains, and imidation to sulfoximines; as well as various other methods including nucleophilic displacement at the sulfur atom for the desymmetrization of achiral sulfoxides, enantioselective recognition and separation based on either metal-organic frameworks (MOF's) or host-guest chemistry, and the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. A second goal of this work concerns a critical discussion of the problem of the accurate determination of the stereochemical outcome of a reaction due to the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon, particularly as it relates to chiral sulfoxides. The SDE is a little-appreciated phenomenon that can readily and spontaneously occur for scalemic samples when subjected to practically any physicochemical process. It has now been unequivocally demonstrated that ignorance in the SDE phenomenon inevitably leads to erroneous interpretation of the stereochemical outcome of catalytic enantioselective reactions, in particular, for the synthesis of chiral sulfoxides. It is hoped that this two-pronged approach to covering the chemistry of chiral sulfoxides will be appealing, engaging, and motivating for current research-active authors to respond to in their future publications in this exciting area of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Józef Drabowicz
- Department of Heterooganic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland and Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Swiętokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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13
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A question of policy: should tests for the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) be mandatory for reports involving scalemates? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Terada S, Hirai M, Honzawa A, Kitagawa O, Kamizela A, Wzorek A, Soloshonok VA. Possible Case of Halogen Bond-Driven Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers (SDE) via Achiral Chromatography. Chemistry 2017; 23:14631-14638. [PMID: 28783208 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The major breakthrough reported in this work is the discovery of likely halogen bond-driven self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE). Taking into account that the halogen-bonding interactions can be rationally designed and can match, or even exceed, the strength of the more familiar hydrogen bond, this discovery clearly opens an unexpected new direction of research in the areas of molecular chirality and the SDE phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Terada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Motohiro Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Ayaka Honzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Osamu Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
| | - Angelika Kamizela
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,JKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang W, Sha W, Mei H, Han J, Soloshonok VA. Detrifluoroacetylative generation and chemistry of fluorine containing tertiary enolates. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wzorek A, Kamizela A, Sato A, Soloshonok VA. Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers (SDE) via achiral gravity-driven column chromatography of N -fluoroacyl-1-phenylethylamines. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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