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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Chiarentin L, Gonçalves C, Augusto C, Miranda M, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-42. [PMID: 37665603 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2253321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chiarentin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Center of Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Orlandini S, Hancu G, Szabó ZI, Modroiu A, Papp LA, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. New Trends in the Quality Control of Enantiomeric Drugs: Quality by Design-Compliant Development of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207058. [PMID: 36296650 PMCID: PMC9607418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a potent method for analyzing chiral substances and is commonly used in the enantioseparation and chiral purity control of pharmaceuticals from different matrices. The adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) concepts in analytical method development, optimization and validation is a widespread trend observed in various analytical approaches including chiral CE. The application of Analytical QbD (AQbD) leads to the development of analytical methods based on sound science combined with risk management, and to a well understood process clarifying the influence of method parameters on the analytical output. The Design of Experiments (DoE) method employing chemometric tools is an essential part of QbD-based method development, allowing for the simultaneous evaluation of experimental parameters as well as their interaction. In 2022 the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) released two draft guidelines (ICH Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)) that are intended to encourage more robust analytical procedures. The ICH Q14 guideline intends to harmonize the scientific approaches for analytical procedures’ development, while the Q2(R2) document covers the validation principles for the use of analytical procedures including the recent applications that require multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the new prospects for chiral CE method development applied for the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceuticals using AQbD principles. The review also provides an overview of recent research (2012–2022) on the applicability of CE methods in chiral drug impurity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Lajos-Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
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4
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Peng L, Gao X, Wang L, Zhu A, Cai X, Li P, Li W. Design of experiment techniques for the optimization of chromatographic analysis conditions: A review. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1882-1898. [PMID: 35848309 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Design of experiment (DoE) techniques have been widely used in the field of chromatographic parameters optimization as a valuable tool. A systematic literature review of the available DoE techniques applied to the development of a chromatographic analysis method is presented in this paper. First, the most common available designs and the implementation steps of DoE are comprehensively introduced. Then the studies in recent 10 years for the application of DoE techniques in various chromatographic techniques are discussed, such as capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Current problems and future outlooks are finally given to provide a certain inspiration of research in the application of DoE techniques to the different chromatographic techniques field. This review contributes to a better understanding of the DoE techniques for the efficient optimization of chromatographic analysis conditions, especially for the analysis of complex systems, such as multicomponent drugs and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Aiqiang Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Cai
- Langtian Pharmaceutical (Hubei) Co., Ltd., Huangshi, P. R. China
| | - Pian Li
- Langtian Pharmaceutical (Hubei) Co., Ltd., Huangshi, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
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5
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Comparison of the Performance of Different Bile Salts in Enantioselective Separation of Palonosetron Stereoisomers by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165233. [PMID: 36014471 PMCID: PMC9415088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts are a category of natural chiral surfactants which have ever been used as the surfactant and chiral selector for the separation of many chiral compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). In our previous works, the application of sodium cholate (SC) in the separation of four stereoisomers of palonosetron (PALO) by MEKC has been studied systematically. In this work, the parameters of other bile salts, including sodium taurocholate (STC), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) in the separation of PALO stereoisomers by MEKC were measured and compared with SC. It was found that all of four bile salts provide chiral recognition for both pairs of enantiomers, as well as achiral selectivity for diastereomers of different degrees. The structure of steroidal ring of bile salts has a greater impact on the separation than the structure of the side chain. The varying separation results by different bile salts were elucidated based on the measured parameters. A model to describe the contributions of the mobility difference of solutes in the aqueous phase and the selectivity of micelles to the chiral and achiral separation of stereoisomers was introduced. Additionally, a new approach to measure the mobility of micelles without enough solubility for hydrophobic markers was proposed, which is necessary for the calculation of separation parameters in MEKC. Under the guidance of derived equations, the separation by SDC and STDC was significantly improved by using lower surfactant concentrations. The complete separation of four stereoisomers was achieved in less than 3.5 min by using 4.0 mM of SDC. In addition, 30.0 mM of STC also provided the complete resolution of four stereoisomers due to the balance of different separation mechanisms. Its applicability for the analysis of a small amount of enantiomeric impurities in the presence of a high concentration of the effective ingredient was validated by a real sample.
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6
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Krait S, Schneidmadel FR, Scriba GKE. Quality by design‐assisted development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the enantiomeric purity determination of tenofovir. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:964-969. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Felix R. Schneidmadel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Gerhard K. E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
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7
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Bettazzi F, Orlandini S, Zhang L, Laschi S, Nilsen MM, Krolicka A, Baussant T, Palchetti I. A simple and selective electrochemical magneto-assay for sea lice eDNA detection developed with a Quality by Design approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148111. [PMID: 34119793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a novel, non-invasive sampling procedure that allows the obtaining of genetic material directly from environmental samples without any evidence of biological sources. The eDNA methodology can greatly benefit from coupling it to reliable, portable and cost-effective tools able to perform decentralized measurements directly at the site of need and in resource-limited settings. Herein, we report a simple method for the selective analysis of eDNA using a magneto-assay with electrochemical detection. The proposed method involves the polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial eDNA of parasitic Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), extracted from seawater samples. The eDNA sequence was targeted via sandwich hybridization onto magnetic beads and enzymatic labeling was performed to obtain an electroactive product measured by differential pulse voltammetry. Quality by Design (QbD), a recent concept of science- and risk-oriented quality paradigm, was used for the optimization of the different parameters of the assay. Response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to define the method operable design region. The optimized electrochemical magneto-assay attained a limit of detection of 2.9 amol μL-1 of the short synthetic sea louse DNA analogue (43 bp). In addition, robustness testing using a further experimental design approach was performed for monitoring eDNA amplicons. Seawater samples spiked with individuals of free-swimming L. salmonis copepodite stages and seawater collected from tanks with sea lice-infested fish were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bettazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Fi, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Fi, Italy
| | - Luna Zhang
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Fi, Italy
| | - Serena Laschi
- "Nanobiosens" Join Lab, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mari Mæland Nilsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Mekjarvik 12, 4072 Randaberg, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental engineering, University of Stavanger, Kristine Bonnevies vei 22, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Adriana Krolicka
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Mekjarvik 12, 4072 Randaberg, Norway
| | - Thierry Baussant
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Mekjarvik 12, 4072 Randaberg, Norway
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Fi, Italy; "Nanobiosens" Join Lab, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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8
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Application of Experimental Design Methodologies in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154681. [PMID: 34361834 PMCID: PMC8348688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is one of the major issues in pharmaceutical research and industry. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an interesting alternative to the more frequently used chromatographic techniques in the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals, and is used for the determination of enantiomeric ratio, enantiomeric purity, and in pharmacokinetic studies. Traditionally, optimization of CE methods is performed using a univariate one factor at a time (OFAT) approach; however, this strategy does not allow for the evaluation of interactions between experimental factors, which may result in ineffective method development and optimization. In the last two decades, Design of Experiments (DoE) has been frequently employed to better understand the multidimensional effects and interactions of the input factors on the output responses of analytical CE methods. DoE can be divided into two types: screening and optimization designs. Furthermore, using Quality by Design (QbD) methodology to develop CE-based enantioselective techniques is becoming increasingly popular. The review presents the current use of DoE methodologies in CE-based enantioresolution method development and provides an overview of DoE applications in the optimization and validation of CE enantioselective procedures in the last 25 years. Moreover, a critical perspective on how different DoE strategies can aid in the optimization of enantioseparation procedures is presented.
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9
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Shah M, Patel N, Tripathi N, Vyas VK. Capillary electrophoresis methods for impurity profiling of drugs: A review of the past decade. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:15-28. [PMID: 35573874 PMCID: PMC9073252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is widely used for the impurity profiling of drugs that contain stereochemical centers in their structures, analysis of biomolecules, and characterization of biopharmaceuticals. Currently, CE is the method of choice for the analysis of foodstuffs and the determination of adulterants. This article discusses the general theory and instrumentation of CE as well as the classification of various CE techniques. It also presents an overview of research on the applications of different CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs in the past decade. The review briefly presents a comparison between CE and liquid chromatography methods and highlights the strengths of CE using drug compounds as examples. This review will help scientists, fellow researchers, and students to understand the applications of CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs. An overview of research related to the use of capillary electrophoresis in the impurity profiling of drugs is presented. The principle, instrumentation, and different types of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods are outlined here. Applications of different of CE methods with the chemical structures of drugs and their impurities are highlighted. A brief description is also provided on the analysis of Pharmacopeial monographs using CE methods. A comparison of CE with liquid chromatography for impurity profiling and analysis of drugs is presented in this review.
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10
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Quality by design optimization of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of structurally heterogeneous pharmaceutical compounds and its application to the rapid screening in wastewater and surface water samples by large volume direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462225. [PMID: 34038785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) optimization of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of a wide group of structurally heterogeneous model pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) and transformation products (TPs), chosen to cover the challenging issues of the co-presence of compounds characterized by (i) a wide range of physicochemical properties, (ii) the same mass transitions, and (iii) different ionisation modes. Italian consumption of PhCs were also considered as election criteria of target analytes. Octadecyl and pentafluorophenyl stationary phases, acetonitrile/methanol ratios and acidity of the eluents, column temperature, initial organic phase percentage, and elution gradient were investigated by AQbD, aiming at optimizing critical resolutions, sensitivities, and analysis time. Statistically significant models were obtained in most cases with fitting and cross-validation coefficients in the ranges of 0.681-0.998 and 0.514-0.967, respectively. After optimization, the analysis of target analytes was performed in a single chromatographic run, adopting a mixed acquisition mode based on scheduled acquisition windows comprising both single polarity and continuous polarity switching. For most investigated analytes the method provided detection limits in the sub-ng/L to low ng/L range, meeting for macrolides the sensitivity requested by the "Watch List" 2018/840/EU. The optimized method was applied to the direct injection analysis of PhCs and TPs in four wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface water (SW) samples collected in the receiving water bodies. Absolute values of matrix effect were found to be far higher than 20% for most target analytes in most samples. Seventeen PhCs and two TPs were quantified in at least one sample, at the wide concentration range of about 1-3200 ng/L. The most occurring PhCs in both WWTP effluents and SWs were levofloxacin (202-1239 and 100-830 ng/L), furosemide (865-3234 and 230-880 ng/L), ketoprofen (295-1104 and 270-490 ng/L), and ibuprofen (886-3232 and 690-1440 ng/L).
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11
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Perovani IS, Serpellone CO, de Oliveira ARM. An appraisal of experimental designs: Application to enantioselective capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1726-1743. [PMID: 33544902 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioresolution processes are vital tools for investigating the enantioselectivities of chiral compounds. An analyst resolves to optimize enantioresolution conditions once they are determined. Generally, optimization is conducted by a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. Although this approach may determine an adequate condition for the method, it does not often allow the estimation of the real optimum condition. Experimental designs are conducive for the optimization of enantioresolution methods via capillary electromigration techniques (CETs). They can efficiently extract information from the behavior of a method and enable the estimation of the real optimum condition. Furthermore, the application of the analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach to the development of CET-based enantioselective methods is a trend. This article (i) offers an overview of the application of experimental designs to the development of enantioselective methods from 2015 to mid-2020, (ii) reveals the experimental designs that are presently employed in CET-based enantioresolutions, and (iii) offers a critical point of view on how the different experimental designs can aid the optimization of enantioresolution processes by considering the method parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icaro Salgado Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira Serpellone
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil.,National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), UNESP, Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
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12
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Řemínek R, Foret F. Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:19-37. [PMID: 32901975 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis represents a promising technique in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The presented review provides a summary of capillary electrophoretic methods suitable for routine quality control analyses of small molecule drugs published since 2015. In total, more than 80 discussed methods are sorted into three main sections according to the applied electroseparation modes (capillary zone electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and micellar, microemulsion, and liposome-electrokinetic chromatography) and further subsections according to the applied detection techniques (UV, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, and mass spectrometry). Key parameters of the procedures are summarized in four concise tables. The presented applications cover analyses of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their related substances such as degradation products or enantiomeric impurities. The contribution of reported results to the current knowledge of separation science and general aspects of the practical applications of capillary electrophoretic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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Raikar P, Bannimath G. Recent Trends in Chiral Separation-A Collective Paradigm of Selected Chiral Impurities. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666181219144507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chiral separation plays a very important role in the modern pharmaceutical analysis and will
continue in upcoming years. Separation and identification of chiral impurities are indispensable. According
to ICH guidelines, only the active enantiomer of the drug has to be marketed, so there is a focus
on separation of the inactive enantiomer which acts as a chiral impurity. The impurities present in the
enantiomers also pose various toxic adverse effects on bioavailability and efficacy, hence the need to
separate these impurities will forever be trending. This review primarily focuses on the separation techniques
like Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas
Chromatography (GC), and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) followed by the year-wise trend
in the separation of selected chiral impurities. In the coming years, researchers should work on using
ultra-fast, selective, and sensitive methods for the effective separation of chiral impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Raikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Gurupadayya Bannimath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru 570015, India
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Pasquini B, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S, Gotti R, Del Bubba M, Boscaro F, Bertaccini B, Douša M, Pieraccini G. Quality by Design as a risk-based strategy in pharmaceutical analysis: Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of nintedanib and its impurities. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Ortigara R, Steppe M, Garcia CV. Stability-indicating UPLC-PDA Method for Ambrisentan Tablets and Identification of a Main Degradation Product by UPLC-MS/MS. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666181003140449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ambrisentan is a drug used to treat the pulmonary arterial hypertension symptoms,
commercialized as coated tablets. Drug quality control is an essential part for the development
and release of drugs for consumption; however, there are few studies related to the proposition of analytical
methods and stability study for ambrisentan.
Objective:
The development of an UPLC assay of ambrisentan in tablets with degradation product`s
elucidation was proposed.
Methods:
Tests with different solvents and chromatographic columns were carried out, achieving an optimal
condition using mobile phase in gradient mode, Waters® BEH C18 column and detection at 260 nm.
Results:
Satisfactory system suitability was obtained (theoretical plates, sensitivity and resolution
among peaks), with a reduced analysis time (6 minutes). The method was validated in accordance with
the international guidelines and it demonstrated adequate specificity, either for the drug assay as for the
identification and quantification of degradation product. It showed linearity (r= 0.999), accuracy (degradation
products recovery: 98.47 - 102.44; assay recovery: 99.98 - 104.32%) and precision (RSD:
0.69), with limits of quantification and detection in suitable magnitude in order to evaluate possible
drug degradation.
Conclusion:
UPLC method demonstrated to be fast with satisfactory robustness. The main ambrisentan
degradation product formed under thermal stress conditions was elucidated by UPLC-MS/MS and its
structure was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ortigara
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Martin Steppe
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia Virginia Garcia
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
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17
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Casado N, Valimaña-Traverso J, García MÁ, Marina ML. Enantiomeric Determination of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Samples by Electrokinetic Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:554-584. [PMID: 31569950 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1670043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a relevant issue in the pharmaceutical field due to the different biological activity that enantiomers of a chiral drug can show. In fact, the desired biological or pharmaceutical activity might be present in only one of the enantiomers, while the other enantiomer(s) may have different biological activity, be inactive or even toxic. This has motivated in recent years the development of drugs marketed as pure enantiomers to avoid exposing the organism to the action of enantiomers that may not be active or even harmful to health. Thus, it is of high interest to develop enantioselective analytical methodologies to control the presence of enantiomeric impurities and to understand the enantioselective metabolism of chiral drugs. This review gives an overview about the analytical strategies developed by electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) from 2010 to June 2019 for the enantiomeric determination of drugs in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. The types of chiral selectors used, the migration order of enantiomers, their resolution, the detection technique employed and the sensitivity achieved are revised and compared. Also, applications to assess the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceutical formulations and to determine chiral drugs in biological samples to study their metabolism are included. Advantages and limitations of the chiral methods developed by EKC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Valimaña-Traverso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Analytical quality by design: Development and control strategy for a LC method to evaluate the cannabinoids content in cannabis olive oil extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:326-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Feng WD, Zhuo SM, Zhang FL. Isolation, identification, characterization, synthesis and quality control strategy of new process-related impurities in ambrisentan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:325-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Klein-Júnior LC, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental Design Methodologies for the Optimization of Chiral Separations: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:453-478. [PMID: 31069752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the application of design of experiments (DoE) for chiral separation optimization using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods is reviewed. Both screening and optimization steps are covered, including a discussion of each aspect, such as factor-, level-, and response selection. Different designs are also presented, highlighting their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Fukuda IM, Pinto CFF, Moreira CDS, Saviano AM, Lourenço FR. Design of Experiments (DoE) applied to Pharmaceutical and Analytical Quality by Design (QbD). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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Quality by design compliant strategy for the development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of selected polyphenols in Diospyros kaki. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Deidda R, Orlandini S, Hubert P, Hubert C. Risk-based approach for method development in pharmaceutical quality control context: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:110-121. [PMID: 30145448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical regulatory bodies increasingly require the implementation of systematic approaches in pharmaceutical product development. Quality control methods play a key role in the control strategy of drugs manufacturing to assure their quality. A risk-based approach in the analytical method development is strongly recommended to ensure that the method performances fit the purpose of the method during its entire life-cycle. In the last decade, analytical quality by design (AQbD), as risk management oriented methodology, has been progressively integrated with method development for fulfilling this objective. This approach has successfully allowed the quality to be designed into the analytical processes by obtaining a deep understanding of the procedures. In this paper the AQbD workflow and its application in the development of methods to be used for pharmaceutical quality control have been treated and discussed. Recent publications regarding how AQbD has been applied in separation techniques were reviewed. The different development strategies have been also showcased, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, in order to give a useful overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Deidda
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Serena Orlandini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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24
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Pasquini B, Orlandini S, Villar-Navarro M, Caprini C, Del Bubba M, Douša M, Giuffrida A, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. Chiral capillary zone electrophoresis in enantioseparation and analysis of cinacalcet impurities: Use of Quality by Design principles in method development. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:205-213. [PMID: 30005942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric purity and of impurities of the chiral calcimimetic drug cinacalcet hydrochloride has been developed following Quality by Design principles. The scouting phase was aimed to select the separation operative mode and to identify a suitable chiral selector. Among the tested cyclodextrins, (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCyD) showed good chiral resolving capabilities. The selected separation system was solvent-modified capillary zone electrophoresis with the addition of HPγCyD and methanol. Voltage, buffer pH, methanol concentration and HPγCyD concentration were investigated as critical method parameters by a multivariate strategy. Critical method attributes were represented by enantioresolution and analysis time. A Box-Behnken Design allowed the contour plots to be drawn and quadratic and interaction effects to be highlighted. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was identified by applying Monte-Carlo simulations and corresponded to the multidimensional zone where both the critical method attributes fulfilled the requirements with a desired probability π≥90%. The working conditions, with the MODR limits, corresponded to the following: capillary length, 48.5cm; temperature, 18°C; voltage, 26kV (26-27kV); background electrolyte, 150mM phosphate buffer pH 2.70 (2.60-2.80), 3.1mM (3.0-3.5mM) HPγCyD; 2.00% (0.00-8.40%) v/v methanol. Robustness testing was carried out by a Plackett-Burman matrix and finally a method control strategy was defined. The complete separation of the analytes was obtained in about 10min. The method was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines and was applied for the analysis of a real sample of cinacalcet hydrochloride tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Pasquini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mercedes Villar-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Claudia Caprini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Michal Douša
- Zentiva, K.S. Praha, a Sanofi Company, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Giuffrida
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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25
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Critical review of reports on impurity and degradation product profiling in the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Nompari L, Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Campa C, Rovini M, Del Bubba M, Furlanetto S. Quality by design approach in the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method for Bexsero meningococcal group B vaccine. Talanta 2018; 178:552-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Caprini C, Pasquini B, Melani F, Del Bubba M, Giuffrida A, Calleri E, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S. Exploring the intermolecular interactions acting in solvent-modified MEKC by Molecular Dynamics and NMR: The effect of n-butanol on the separation of diclofenac and its impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:249-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Zhu Q, Scriba GK. Analysis of small molecule drugs, excipients and counter ions in pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods – recent developments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:425-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Patel MN, Kothari CS. Review on Implementation of Multivariate Approach for Forced Degradation Study and Impurity Profiling with Regulatory Considerations. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Zhang X, Hu C. Application of quality by design concept to develop a dual gradient elution stability-indicating method for cloxacillin forced degradation studies using combined mixture-process variable models. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1514:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Combined approach using capillary electrophoresis, NMR and molecular modeling for ambrisentan related substances analysis: Investigation of intermolecular affinities, complexation and separation mechanism. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:220-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Guo X, Liu Q, Hu S, Guo W, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Thermodynamic models to elucidate the enantioseparation of drugs with two stereogenic centers by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Advances in the Use of Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Fundamentals and Applications. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Mohamed AMI, Abdel-Wadood HM, Mousa HS. Dual design spaces for micro-extraction together with the core–shell chromatographic determination of dorzolamide and timolol in rabbit plasma: an example of quality by design method development. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An innovative quality by design-integrated VA-SALLME-core–shell chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of DOR and TIM in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heba Salah Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- South Valley University
- Egypt
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