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Kochale K, Cunha R, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Development of a column switching for direct online enrichment and separation of polar and nonpolar analytes from aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464554. [PMID: 38065029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Trace substances in surface waters may threaten health and pose a risk for the aquatic environment. Moreover, separation and detection by instrumental analysis is challenging due to the low concentration and the wide range of polarities. Separation of polar and nonpolar analytes can be achieved by using stationary phases with different selectivity. Lower limits of detection of trace substances can be obtained by offline enrichment on solid phase materials. However, these practices require substantial effort and are time consuming and costly. Therefore, in this study, a column switching was developed to enrich and separate both polar and nonpolar analytes by an on-column large volume injection of aqueous samples. The column switching can significantly reduce the effort and time for analyzing trace substances without compromising on separation and detection. A reversed phase (RP) column is used to trap the nonpolar analytes. The polar analytes are enriched on a porous graphitized carbon column (PGC) coupled serially behind the RP column. A novel valve switching system is implemented to enable elution of the nonpolar analytes from the RP column and, subsequently, elution of polar analytes from the PGC column and separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column. To enable separation of polar analytes dissolved in an aqueous matrix by HILIC, the water plug that is flushed from the PGC column is diluted by dosing organic solvent directly upstream of the HILIC column. The developed method was tested by applying target analysis and non-target screening, highlighting the advantage to effectively separate and detect both polar and nonpolar compounds in a single chromatographic run. In the target analysis, the analytes, with a logD at pH 3 ranging from -2.8 to + 4.5, could be enriched and separated. Besides the 965 features in the RP phase, 572 features from real wastewater were observed in the HILIC phase which would otherwise elute in the void time in conventional one-dimensional RP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Kochale
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cunha
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Liang L, Duan W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Sun B. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Pepermans V, Chapel S, Heinisch S, Desmet G. Detailed numerical study of the peak shapes of neutral analytes injected at high solvent strength in short reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns and comparison with experimental observations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462078. [PMID: 33780885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on a numerical investigation of the different steps in the development of the spatial concentration profiles developing along the axis of a liquid chromatography column when injecting large relative volumes (>10 to 20% of column volume) of analytes dissolved in a high solvent strength solvent band as can be encountered in the second dimension (2D) column of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) system. More specifically, we made a detailed study of the different retention and the axial band broadening effects leading to the double-headed peak shapes or strongly fronting peaks that can be experimentally observed under certain conditions in 2D-LC. The establishment of these intricate peak profiles is discussed in all its fine, mechanistic details. The effect of the volume of the column, the volume and the shape of the sample band, the retention properties of the analyte and the band broadening experienced by the analytes and the sample solvent are investigated. A good agreement between the simulations and the experimental observations with caffeine and methylparaben injected in acetonitrile/water (ACN/H2O) mobile phase with different injection volumes is obtained. Save the difference in dwell volume, key features of experimental and simulated chromatograms agree within a few %. The simulations are also validated against a number of simple mathematical rules of thumb that can be established to predict the occurrence of a breakthrough fraction and estimate the amount of breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pepermans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Bogdanova E, Pugajeva I, Reinholds I, Bartkevics V. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry method for simultaneous monitoring of 70 regulated and emerging mycotoxins in Pu-erh tea. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461145. [PMID: 32381303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingars Reinholds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Nardiello D, Melfi MT, Pignatelli C, Centonze D. Enhancing online protein isolation as intact species from soy flour samples by actively modulated two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112976. [PMID: 31757574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an enhanced fully automated approach is described for the protein isolation from soy flour samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with active modulation interface. The use of two multi-port switching valves is proposed to on-line connect the first to the second dimension column, thus overcoming the problems associated with the re-mixing effects and incompatibility of eluent composition and pH. A 5-cm long C4 analytical column installed in the interface device allows to focus the proteins coming from the first column (size exclusion chromatography), before their selective elution in the second column (reversed-phase). A trap washing step was included in the total workflow, as a desalting step to remove buffer residues from the eluent of the first column and to enhance the chromatographic performances of the second column. The experimental conditions were optimized by analyses of mixed standard solutions of bovine serum albumin, glucose oxidase, immunoglobulin A, thyroglobulin and myoglobin. Then, the optimized 2D-LC method was applied to the protein analysis in extracts of soy flour, known worldwide as one of the major food allergen sources, with the final aim to recovery sufficient protein amounts for the molecular characterization and the assessment of the pattern of allergenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Pignatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Chen Y, Montero L, Schmitz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen Y, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Development of an At-Column Dilution Modulator for Flexible and Precise Control of Dilution Factors to Overcome Mobile Phase Incompatibility in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10251-10257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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