1
|
Gouyon J, Clavié M, Raquel GC, Ngo G, Dumy P, Etienne P, Martineau P, Pugnière M, Ahmad M, Subra G, Perrin C, Ladner Y. A bioinspired approach for the modulation of electroosmotic flow and protein-surface interactions in capillary electrophoresis using silylated amino-amides blocks and covalent grafting. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:557-572. [PMID: 38161236 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We explore a bioinspired approach to design tailored functionalized capillary electrophoresis (CE) surfaces based on covalent grafting for biomolecules analysis. First, the approach aims to overcome well-known common obstacles in CE protein analysis affecting considerably the CE performance (asymmetry, resolution, and repeatability) such as the unspecific adsorption on fused silica surface and the lack of control of electroosmotic flow (EOF). Then, our approach, which relies on new amino-amide mimic hybrid precursors synthesized by silylation of amino-amides (Si-AA) derivatives with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, aims to recapitulate the diversity of protein-protein interactions (π-π stacking, ionic, Van der Waals…) found in physiological condition (bioinspired approach) to improve the performance of CE protein analysis (electrochromatography). As a proof of concept, these silylated Si-AA (tyrosinamide silylation, serinamide silylation, argininamide silylation, leucinamide silylation, and isoglutamine silylation acid) have been covalently grafted in physiological conditions in different amount on bare fused silica capillary giving rise to a biomimetic coating and allowing both the modulation of EOF and protein-surface interactions. The analytical performances of amino-amide functionalized capillaries were assessed using lysozyme, cytochrome C and ribonuclease A and compared to traditional capillary coatings poly(ethylene oxide), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate). EOF, protein adsorption rate, protein retention factor k, and selectivity were determined for each coating. All results obtained showed this approach allowed to modulate the EOF, reduce unspecific adsorption, and generate specific interactions with proteins by varying the nature and the amount of Si-AA in the functionalization mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gouyon
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margaux Clavié
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Dumy
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Etienne
- l2C, CNRS UMR 5221, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mehdi Ahmad
- ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Subra
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali F, AlOthman ZA, Al-Shaalan NH. Mixed-mode open tubular column for peptide separations by capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2602-2611. [PMID: 33905621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode chromatography open tubular column has been developed for peptide separation in electrochromatography. A column with 92 cm effective length and 50 μm internal diameter is fabricated internally with a copolymer sheet of restricted thickness. Catalyst facilitated binding of the coupling agent 3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl isocyanate has been carried out at the interior surface of the column. The initiator sodium diethyldithiocarbamate was bound to the coupling agent. A small amount of N-[2-(acryloylamino) phenyl] acrylamide was used along with methacrylic acid and styrene in the monomer mixture to induce a little polar character in the stationary phase fabricated inside the column. Twenty-three peptides have been separated from a chemically digested protein mixture present in cytochrome C in capillary electrochromatography, in addition to the separation of six commercial peptides. We achieved an average plate count of over 1.5 million/m with the column of current study both for the digested protein components and commercial peptides using 70/30% v/v (acetonitrile/20 mM ammonium formate) at pH 6.5. In addition, the column resulted in baseline separation of all the peptides with very good resolution, enhanced peak capacity, and better retention time span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Hamad Al-Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Svobodová J, Mikšík I. Open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic application of a sol-gel matrix with chilli peppers, garlic, or synthetic additives. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3691-3701. [PMID: 32662597 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a possible combination of two promising fields of analytical chemistry-the preparation of sol-gel matrices with varying additives and their application in capillary electrochromatography. The inner surfaces of capillaries were coated with the sol-gel solution containing either pure synthetic chemical additive-alliin or capsaicin-or an extract of their natural sources-garlic and chilli pepper, respectively. The modified capillaries were tested for interaction with two neurotransmitters, oligopeptides and nucleotides under conditions of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Because both of the natural extracts also contain vitamin C and saccharose, the capillaries with sol-gel modifiers containing each of these substances were also tested. The obtained results from the perspective of changes in the electrochromatograms and the effective mobilities of analytes are discussed with respect to mild conditions both in the preparation process of the sol-gel matrix and during the separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svobodová
- Department of Translation Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Department of Translation Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kravchenko A, Kolobova E, Kartsova L. Multifunction covalent coatings for separation of amino acids, biogenic amines, steroid hormones, and ketoprofen enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kravchenko
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kolobova
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
- The Federal State Institute of Public Health ‘The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine’The Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil DefenceEmergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters 54, Optikov st. St. Petersburg 197082 Russia
| | - Liudmila Kartsova
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pang L, Xue T, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Preparation and application of PGMA-DVB microspheres via surface-modification with quaternary and phenylboronic acid moiety. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 188:110807. [PMID: 31972445 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous cross-linked poly (glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) (PGMA-DVB) particles (7.42 ± 0.24 μm in diameter) were prepared by an improved two-step seed swelling polymerization method. The PGMA-DVB particles were further modified with poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and 4-(bromomethyl) phenylboronic acid (BPA), which were used as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) filler for nucleotides separation. The liquid chromatographic column packing materials successfully achieved complete separation of nucleotides mixture or deoxynucleotides mixture based on non-polar adsorption, hydrogen bonding interaction and electrostatic adsorption. Reckoning on the chemical structure of BPA, nucleotides and deoxynucleotides with same base group were also separated. The column packing materials were durable after over 100 time running or 7 days. It presents a kind of new notion for the separation of nucleotides by HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Xue
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu LF, Yin SJ, Zhang H, Yang FQ. Recent developments of monolithic and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (2017-2019). J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1942-1966. [PMID: 31909566 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography, which combined the high selectivity of high-performance liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis, is an attractive separation tool. In this review, the developments on monolithic and open tubular capillary electrochromatography during 2017 to August 2019 are summarized. Considering the development of novel stationary phases is the most active research field in capillary electrochromatography, monolithic capillary electrochromatography is classified according to the polymer-based and hybrid monolithic columns, while open-tubular capillary electrochromatography is categorized by cyclodextrin, silica, polymer, nanomaterials, microporous materials, and biomaterials-based open tubular columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2017–mid 2019). Electrophoresis 2019; 41:10-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Fu QF, Zheng GC, Yang FQ. Modulation of Electroosmotic Flow in Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography by Chitosan-Assisted Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Liquid Phase Deposition. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Kartsova LA, Kravchenko AV, Kolobova EA. Covalent Coatings of Quartz Capillaries for the Electrophoretic Determination of Biologically Active Analytes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Ahmed MA, Felisilda BMB, Quirino JP. Recent advancements in open-tubular liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography during 2014-2018. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:20-34. [PMID: 31623713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review critically discusses the developments on open-tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) during 2014-2018. An appropriate Scopus search revealed 5 reviews, 4 theoretical papers on open-tubular format chromatography, 29 OT-LC articles, 68 OT-CEC articles and 4 OT-LC/OT-CEC articles, indicating a sustained interest in these areas. The open-tubular format typically uses a capillary column with inner walls that are coated with an ample layer or coating of solid stationary phase material. The ratio between the capillary internal diameter and coating thickness (CID/CT) is ideally ≤ 100 for appropriate chromatographic retention. We, therefore, approximated the CID/CT ratios and found that 22 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratios ≤100. The other 7 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratio >100 but have clearly demonstrated chromatographic retention. These 29 papers utilised reversed phase or ion exchange mechanisms using known or innovative solid stationary phase materials (e.g. metal organic frameworks), stationary pseudophases from ionic surfactants or porous supports. On the other hand, we found that 68 OT-CEC papers, 7 OT-LC papers and 4 OT-LC & OT-CEC papers have CID/CT ratios >100. Notably, 44 papers (42 OT-CEC and 2 OT-LC & OT-CEC) did not report the retention factor and/or effective electrophoretic mobility of analytes. Considering all covered papers, the most popular activity was on the development of new chromatographic materials as coatings. However, we encourage OT-CEC researchers to not only characterise changes in the electroosmotic flow but also verify the interaction of the analytes with the coating. In addition, the articles reported were largely driven by stationary phase or support development and not by practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adel Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen X, Wu Y, Huang L, Yang L, Hong R, Yao H, Li S. Magnetic dispersive solid-phase micro-extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for determining nucleotides in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:432-440. [PMID: 31220701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple, and efficacious analytical method for determining of nucleotides in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl (A. roxburghii) was developed. Magnetic dispersive solid-phase micro-extraction (MDSPME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was applied for extraction and determination of three nucleotides, such as adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP), uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) and guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP) in A. roxburghii from different sources. The structure and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4@GO, were illustrated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermagravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The effects of different extraction conditions on extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were performed as follows: 40.0 mg Fe3O4@GO were dispersed in 30 mL adsorption solution (pH 3.50, 2 μg/mL), 50 mM NaOH was employed for elution with 12 min of ultra-sonication at 40 °C. Under the aforementioned extraction conditions, the Fe3O4@GO nano-adsorbent obtained an excellent adsorption property. The corresponding linearity range for all three analytes exhibited a good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9982) and notable added recoveries ranging from 88.4% to 109.8%, whereas the limit of quantitation was between 0.8-8 ng/mL. The enrichment factors (EF) were between 174 and 255. The proposed method showed the advantages of full purification, high EF, simplicity, and good recovery. The method was also successfully applied to nucleotides extraction and determination in A. roxburghii, showing superior reproducibility and high sensitivity. Based on this, the method could be expected to provide a novel experimental means and developmental direction for improving pretreatment and purification of nucleotides, reducing matrix effects as much as possible, in traditional Chinese medicinal materials or biological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Youjia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Liying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Lijuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruixia Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mao Z, Chen Z. Advances in capillary electro-chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:227-237. [PMID: 31452960 PMCID: PMC6702421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a micro-scale separation technique which is a hybrid between capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC). CEC can be performed in packed, monolithic and open-tubular columns. In recent three years (from 2016 to 2018), enormous attention for CEC has been the development of novel stationary phases. This review mainly covers the development of novel stationary phases for open-tubular and monolithic columns. In particular, some biomaterials attracted increasing interest. There are no significant breakthroughs in technology and principles in CEC. The typical CEC applications, especially chiral separations are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang Z, Qu J, Tian X, Huo X, Zhang J, Guo X, Fang L. Sol-gel technique for the preparation of β-cyclodextrin gold nanoparticles as chiral stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1948-1954. [PMID: 30919564 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel open-tubular capillary electrochromatography column coated with β-cyclodextrin was prepared using the sol-gel technique. In the sol-gel approach, owing to the three-dimensional network of sol-gel and the strong chemical bond between the stationary phase and the surface of capillary columns, good chromatographic characteristics and unique selectivity in separating enantiomers were shown. The influences of capillary inner diameter, coating time, organic modifier, buffer pH, and buffer concentration on separation were investigated. The sol-gel-coated β-cyclodextrin column has shown improved enantioseparation efficiency of chlorphenamine, brompheniramine, pheniramine, zopiclone in comparison with the sol-gel matrix capillary column. The migration time relative standard deviation of the separation of the enantiomers was less than 0.89% over five runs and 2.9% from column to column. This work confirmed that gold nanoparticles are promising electrochromatographic support to enhance the phase ratio of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography column in capillary electrochromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Qu
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|