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Bržezická T, Kohútová L, Glatz Z. Atypical applications of transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles methodology for in-capillary reactions in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400157. [PMID: 38982555 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique offering quick and efficient analyses in various fields of bioanalytical chemistry. It is characterized by many well-known advantages, but one, which is perhaps the most important for this application field, is somewhat overlooked. It is the possibility to perform chemical and biochemical reactions at the nL scale inside the separation capillary. There are two basic formats applicable for this purpose, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In the former, one reactant is immobilized onto a particle or monolithic support or directly on the capillary wall, and the other is injected. In the latter, the reactant mixing inside a capillary is based on electromigration or diffusion. One of the diffusion-based methodologies, termed Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles, is the subject of this review. Since most studies utilizing in-capillary reactions in CE focus on enzymes, which are being continuously and exhaustively reviewed, this review covers the atypical applications of this methodology, but still in the bioanalytical field. As can be seen from the demonstrated applications, they are not limited to reactions, but can also be utilized for other biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Bržezická
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Schlecht J, Jooß K, Moritz B, Kiessig S, Neusüß C. Two-Dimensional Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry: Intact mAb Charge Variant Separation Followed by Peptide Level Analysis Using In-Capillary Digestion. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4059-4066. [PMID: 36800441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of charge heterogeneity is an essential pillar for pharmaceutical development and quality control of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The highly selective and commonly applied capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method containing high amounts of ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) provides a detailed and robust charge heterogeneity profile of intact mAb variants. Nevertheless, the exact location of protein modifications within these charge profiles remains ambiguous. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a promising tool for this purpose; however, EACA is incompatible with electrospray. In this context, we present a two-dimensional CZE-CZE-MS system to combine efficient charge variant separation of intact mAbs with subsequent peptide analysis after in-capillary digestion of selected charge variants. The first dimension is based on a generic CZE(EACA) method in a fused silica capillary. In the second dimension, a neutral-coated capillary is used for in-capillary reduction and digestion with Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and pepsin, followed by CZE separation and MS/MS-characterization of the resulting peptides. The setup is demonstrated using stressed and nonstressed mAbs where peaks of basic, main, and acidic variants were transferred in a heart-cut fashion, digested, and characterized on the peptide level. Sequence coverages of more than 90% were obtained for heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) for four different mAbs, including low-abundance variants (<2% of the main peak). Frequently observed modifications (deamidation, oxidation, etc.) could be detected and localized. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept for identification and localization of protein modifications from CZE charge heterogeneity profiles and, in this way, is expected to support the development and quality control testing of protein pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schlecht
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bernd Moritz
- F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
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4
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Kašička V. Peptide mapping of proteins by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4245-4279. [PMID: 36200755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides a wide overview of important developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods in the area of peptide mapping of proteins in the period 1997-mid-2022, including review articles on this topic. It deals with all major aspects of peptide mapping by capillary electromigration methods: i) precleavage sample preparation involving purification, preconcentration, denaturation, reduction and alkylation of protein(s) to be analyzed, ii) generation of peptide fragments by off-line or on-line enzymatic and/or chemical cleavage of protein(s), iii) postcleavage preparation of the generated peptide mixture for capillary electromigration separation, iv) separation of the complex peptide mixtures by one-, two- and multidimensional capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry detection, and v) a large application of peptide mapping for variable purposes, such as qualitative analysis of monoclonal antibodies and other protein biopharmaceuticals, monitoring of posttranslational modifications, determination of primary structure and investigation of function of proteins in biochemical and clinical research, characterization of proteins of variable origin as well as for protein and peptide identification in proteomic and peptidomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Electromigration Methods, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Ayón C, Castán D, Mora A, Naranjo D, Obando F, Mora JJ. Monoclonal Antibodies: A Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases of the Eye Posterior Segment. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i3.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is an organ that allows us to observe the outside world. Pathologies of the eye's posterior segment, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and retinoblastoma, cause vision loss. Traditional treatments consist of applying topical medications that do not penetrate properly or using high doses that generate adverse effects. Different laser surgeries stop the pathology's progression but do not allow visual improvement. So, an alternative is to use monoclonal antibodies, proteins produced by different processes that selectively bind to metabolites associated with diseases, reducing the adverse effects of traditional treatments and improving the application of the drug in the area. The two main molecular targets are TNF (adalimumab, infliximab, and certolizumab pegol) and VEGF (bevacizumab and ranibizumab); other possibilities are under investigation.
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6
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Ladner Y, Liu D, Montels J, Morel J, Perrin C. Enzymatic Reaction Automation in Nanodroplet Microfluidic for the Quality Control of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Applications of capillary electromigration methods for separation and analysis of proteins (2017–mid 2021) – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Rozenski J, Asfaw AA, Van Schepdael A. Overview of in-capillary enzymatic reactions using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:57-73. [PMID: 34510496 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the research that has recently been performed on in-capillary enzymatic reactions integrated with capillary electrophoresis. The manuscript is subdivided in homogeneous and heterogeneous approaches. The main homogeneous techniques are Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis, At-inlet and Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles. The main heterogeneous ones are Immobilized MicroEnzyme Reactors with enzymes grafted on either non-magnetic or magnetic particles. The overview covers the period from 2018 to early 2021. The applications range from drug discovery over natural products to food, beverage and pesticide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Rozenski
- Department ofPharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adissu Alemayehu Asfaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Montels J, Morel J, Bechara C, Perrin C. In-capillary (electrophoretic) digestion-reduction-separation: A smart tool for middle-up analysis of mAb. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462213. [PMID: 33991752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of physicochemical properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical process to ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety. For this purpose, mAb analysis at different levels (bottom-up, middle-up) is a common approach that includes rather complex multistep sample preparation (reduction, digestion). To ensure high analysis performance, the development of fully integrated methodologies is highly valuable. Capillary zone electrophoresis is a particularly well-adapted technique for the multistep implementation of analytical strategies from sample preparation to detection. This feature was employed to develop novel integrated methodologies for the analysis of mAb at the middle-up level. Multiple in-line reactions (simultaneous reduction and digestion) were performed for the first time in the separation capillary. Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) was used as an effective reducing agent under a broad pH range and IdeS (Immunoglobulin degrading enzyme from Streptococcus) as a highly specific enzyme for mAb digestion. Transverse diffusion of laminar flow profile (TDLFP) was applied for reactants mixing. Both in-line sample preparation and separation parameters were optimized under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The developed in-line methodologies provided good reproducibility and higher peak efficiencies comparing with off-line assays. They were successfully applied to different mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Montels
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie, Université de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Montels J, Morel J, Perrin C. Fast in-line bottom-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies: Toward an electrophoretic fingerprinting approach. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1229-1237. [PMID: 33650106 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For their characterization and quality control, monoclonal antibodies are frequently analyzed at the bottom-up level to generate specific fingerprints that can be used to tackle post-translational modifications or ensure production consistency between lots. To circumvent time-consuming and labor-intensive off-line sample preparation steps, the implementation of integrated methodologies from sample preparation to separation and detection is highly valuable. In this perspective, capillary zone electrophoresis appears as a choice technique since the capillary can subsequently be used as a vessel for sample preparation and electrophoretic discrimination/detection of the reaction products. Here, a fast in-line methodology for the routine quality control of mAbs at the bottom-up level is reported. Simultaneous denaturation and reduction (pretreatment step) were conducted with RapiGest® surfactant and dithiothreitol before in-line tryptic digestion. Reactant mixing was realized by transverse diffusion of laminar flow profile under controlled temperature. In-line digestion was carried out with a resistant trypsin to autolysis. The main parameters affecting the digestion efficiency (trypsin concentration and incubation conditions) were optimized to generate mAb electrophoretic profiles free from trypsin interferences. An acidic MS-compatible BGE was used to obtain high resolution separation of released peptides and in-line surfactant cleavage. The whole methodology was performed in less than two hours with good repeatability of migration times (RSD = 0.91%, n = 5) and corrected peak areas (RSD = 9.6%, n = 5). CE-fingerprints were successfully established for different mAbs and an antibody-drug conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Bich
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Montels
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie, Université de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34295, France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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11
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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12
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Larroque M, Larroque C, Morel J, Bonnet PA, Perrin C. An in-line enzymatic microreactor for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2020; 145:1759-1767. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In-line enzymatic microreactor and electrophoretic strategy for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Christian Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier cedex 5
- France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
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13
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2017–mid 2019). Electrophoresis 2019; 41:10-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
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14
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Insights from capillary electrophoresis approaches for characterization of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates in the period 2016–2018. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Capillary electrophoresis with dual detection UV/C 4D for monitoring myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of thiol glucosinolate designed for gold nanoparticle conjugation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:117-125. [PMID: 31522725 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with dual UV and conductivity detection was used for the first time to monitor the functionalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a process catalyzed by an enzyme, myrosinase (Myr). A thiol glucosinolate (GL-SH) designed by our group was used as substrate. Hydrolysis of free and immobilized GL-SH was characterized using off-line and on-line CE-based enzymatic assays. The developed approaches were validated using sinigrin, a well-referenced substrate of Myr. Michaelis-Menten constant of the synthetized GL-SH was comparable to sinigrin, showing that they both have similar affinity towards Myr. It was demonstrated that transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles was well adapted for in-capillary Mixing of nanoparticles (AuNPs) with proteins (Myr) provided that the incubation time is inferior to 20 min. Only low reaction volume (nL to few μL) and short analysis time (<5 min) were required. The electrophoretic conditions were optimized in order to evaluate and to confirm the AuNPs stability before and after functionalization by CE/UV based on surface plasmon resonance band red-shifting. The hydrolysis of the functionalized AuNPs was subsequently evaluated using the developed CE-C4D/UV approach. Repeatabilities of enzymatic assays, of electrophoretic analyses and of batch-to-batch functionalized AuNPs were excellent.
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Ladner Y, Mas S, Coussot G, Montels J, Perrin C. In-line tryptic digestion of therapeutic molecules by capillary electrophoresis with temperature control. Talanta 2019; 193:146-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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