1
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Li P, Wu DR, Yip SH, Sun D, Pawluczyk J, Smith A, Kempson J, Mathur A. Large-scale purification of a deprotected macrocyclic peptide by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) integrated with liquid chromatography in discovery chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465112. [PMID: 38972253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A macrocyclic peptide A was successfully purified in large quantities (∼30 g) in >95 % purity by an integrated two-step orthogonal purification process combining supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with medium-pressure reverse-phase liquid chromatography (MP-RPLC). MP-RPLC was used to fractionate the crude peptide A, remove unwanted trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) originating from the peptide A cleavage off the resin, and convert the peptide A into ammonium acetate salt form, prior to the final purification by SFC. A co-solvent of methanol/acetonitrile containing ammonium acetate and water in CO2 was developed on a Waters BEH 2-Ethylpyridine column. The developed SFC method was readily scaled up onto a 5 cm diameter column to process multi-gram quantities of the MP-RPLC fraction to reach > 95 % purity with a throughput/productivity of 0.96 g/h. The incorporation of SFC with MP-RPLC has been demonstrated to have a broader application in other large-scale polypeptide purifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Shiuhang Henry Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Aaron Smith
- Spectrix, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
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2
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Samuelsson J, Leśko M, Thunberg L, Weinmann AL, Limé F, Enmark M, Fornstedt T. Fundamental investigation of impact of water and TFA additions in peptide sub/supercritical fluid separations. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465203. [PMID: 39096781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The retention of three peptides was studied under analytical and overloaded conditions at different concentrations of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and water added to the co-solvent methanol (MeOH). Four columns with different stationary phase properties, i.e., silica, diol, 2-ethylpyridine and cyanopropyl (CN) columns, were evaluated in this investigation. The overall aim was to get a deeper understanding on how column chemistry as well as water and TFA in the co-solvent affect the analytical and overloaded elution profiles using multivariate design of experiments and adsorption measurements of co-solvent components. Multivariate experimental design modeling indicated that water had on average around five times higher effect on the retention than the addition of TFA. The results also showed that the retention increases with the addition of TFA and water to the co-solvent on all columns except the CN column, on which the retention decreased. When examining the effect of adding water to the co-solvent, evidence of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-like retention mechanism was found on the three other columns with more polar stationary phases. However, on the CN column water acted as an additive, decreasing the retention due to competition with the peptide for available adsorption surface. Adsorption isotherm measurements of the polar solvent MeOH showed that MeOH adsorbs much weaker on the CN column than on the other columns. Addition of TFA and water to the co-solvent substantially sharpened the elution profiles under both overloaded and analytical conditions. Adding a small amount of TFA (from 0 % to 0.05 %) to the co-solvent substantially improved the peak shape of the elution profiles, while further addition (from 0.05 % to 0.15 %) had only a minor effect on the elution profile shape. The reduced retention on the CN column could not be explained by TFA adsorption, which was very weak on all studied columns (retention factor, 0.05-0.15). One could therefore speculate that the ion-pairing complex formed between the peptide and TFA in the mobile phase, reduce the retention due to its reduced polarity. On the other columns displaying HILIC-like properties, the TFA probably just decreased the pH of the mobile phase, thereby promoting the partitioning of the peptide into the water-rich layer. Finally, peak deformation due to diluent-eluent mismatch was observed under overloaded conditions. This was most severe in the cases where MeOH adsorption to the stationary phase was strong and the peptides were only mildly retained. Adding 1,4-dioxan to the diluent resolved this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden.
| | - Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Linda Thunberg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Langborg Weinmann
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Enmark
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden.
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3
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Wang YT, Price E, Feng M, Hulen J, Doktor S, Stresser DM, Maes EM, Ji QC, Jenkins GJ. High-Throughput SFC-MS/MS Method to Measure EPSA and Predict Human Permeability. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38976596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Permeability is a key factor driving the absorption of orally administered drugs. In early discovery, the efficient evaluation of permeability, particularly for compounds violating Lipinski's Rule of 5, remains challenging. Addressing this, we established a high-throughput method to measure the experimental polar surface area (HT-EPSA) as an in vitro surrogate to measure permeability. Compared to earlier methods, HT-EPSA significantly reduces data acquisition time with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and data quality. In the effort of translating EPSA to human in vitro and in vivo passive permeability, we demonstrated the application of EPSA for predicting Caco-2 cell and human intestinal permeability, showing improvements over topological polar surface area and the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay for rank-ordering permeability in a proteolysis targeting chimera case study. The HT-EPSA method is expected to be highly beneficial in guiding early stage compound rank-ordering, faster decision-making, and in predicting in vitro and/or in vivo human intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ting Wang
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Edward Price
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mei Feng
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jason Hulen
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stella Doktor
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David M Stresser
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Estelle M Maes
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qin C Ji
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gary J Jenkins
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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4
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Neumann J, Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Application of Sub‐/Supercritical fluid chromatography for the fingerprinting of a complex therapeutic peptide. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3095-3104. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH Johann‐Hittorf‐Str. 8 12489 Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH Johann‐Hittorf‐Str. 8 12489 Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Maria K. Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 2+4 14195 Berlin Germany
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5
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Jin Q, Peng D, Zheng Z. Advances in extracting and understanding the bioactivities of marine organism peptides: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Hao Jin
- Donghai Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Ding‐Xin Peng
- Food and Pharmacy College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Zhou‐Jun Zheng
- Donghai Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
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6
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Deidda R, Losacco GL, Schelling C, Regalado EL, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Sub/supercritical fluid chromatography versus liquid chromatography for peptide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Rédei C, Felinger A. The impact of placement, experimental conditions, and injections on mass flow measurements in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Effect of the injection of water-containing diluents on band broadening in analytical supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Si-Hung L, Izumi Y, Nakao M, Takahashi M, Bamba T. Investigation of supercritical fluid chromatography retention behaviors using quantitative structure-retention relationships. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1197:339463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Parr MK, Botrè F. Supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry as an emerging technique in doping control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Fornstedt T, Enmark M, Samuelsson J. Method transfer in SFC from a fundamental perspective. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Beres M. Expanding the boundaries of SFC: Analysis of biomolecules. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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13
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Ferguson P, Hicks M. The state-of-the-art and future perspectives for SFC. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Effect of water addition to super/sub-critical fluid mobile-phases for achiral and chiral separations. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Södergren S, Svensson K, Hjort K. Microfluidic active pressure and flow stabiliser. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22504. [PMID: 34795333 PMCID: PMC8602347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In microfluidics, a well-known challenge is to obtain reproducible results, often constrained by unstable pressures or flow rates. Today, there are existing stabilisers made for low-pressure microfluidics or high-pressure macrofluidics, often consisting of passive membranes, which cannot stabilise long-term fluctuations. In this work, a novel stabilisation method that is able to handle high pressures in microfluidics is presented. It is based on upstream flow capacitance and thermal control of the fluid's viscosity through a PID controlled restrictor-chip. The stabiliser consists of a high-pressure-resistant microfluidic glass chip with integrated thin films, used for resistive heating. Thereby, the stabiliser has no moving parts. The quality of the stabilisation was evaluated with an ISCO pump, an HPLC pump, and a Harvard pump. The stability was greatly improved for all three pumps, with the ISCO reaching the highest relative precision of 0.035% and the best accuracy of 8.0 ppm. Poor accuracy of a pump was compensated for in the control algorithm, as it otherwise reduced the capacity to stabilise longer times. As the dead volume of the stabiliser was only 16 nL, it can be integrated into micro-total-analysis- or other lab-on-a-chip-systems. By this work, a new approach to improve the control of microfluidic systems has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Södergren
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karolina Svensson
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Hjort
- Microsystems Technology Division, Centre of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Yamamoto K, Machida K, Kotani A, Hakamata H. Emerging Separation Techniques in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:970-975. [PMID: 34602578 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has unique separative characteristics distinguished from those of HPLC and gas chromatography. At present, SFC is widely used and there are many applications in various biological, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we focus on recently developed novel techniques related to SFC separation including: new column stationary phases, microfluidics, two-dimensional separation, and gas-liquid separation. In addition, we discuss the application of SFC using a water-containing modifier to biological molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and small proteins that had been challenging analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Koichi Machida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hideki Hakamata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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17
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Losacco GL, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Metamorphosis of supercritical fluid chromatography: A viable tool for the analysis of polar compounds? Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Mert Ozupek N, Cavas L. Modelling of multilinear gradient retention time of bio-sweetener rebaudioside A in HPLC analysis. Anal Biochem 2021; 627:114248. [PMID: 34022188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial neural network (ANN), as one of the artificial intelligence methods, has been widely using in HPLC studies for modelling purposes. Stevia rebaudiana is an important industrial plant due to its bio-sweetener molecule, rebaudioside-a, in its leaves. Although rebaudioside-a is up to 300-fold sweeter than sucrose, its calorie is almost zero. In this study, HPLC optimization of rebaudioside-a was studied and the optimization data based on multilinear gradient retention times were modelled by ANN. The input parameters were selected as concentrations, column temperatures, initial acetonitrile percentage for the first step of gradient elution, initial acetonitrile percentage for the second step of gradient elution, slope of acetonitrile, wavelengths, flow rates. The retention time was the output. Also, dried S. rebaudiana leaves were extracted and the concentrations were evaluated by HPLC. According to the ANN results, the most effective parameters on the prediction of non-linear gradient retention time for rebaudioside-a were found as flow rate and initial acetonitrile percentage for the second step of gradient. The best back propagation was selected as Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The highest rebaudioside-a level was found as 96.53 ± 6.36 μg mL-1. ANN modelling methods can be used in preparative HPLC applications to estimate the retention time of steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Mert Ozupek
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Levent Cavas
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160, İzmir, Turkey; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Dokuz Eylül University, 35390, İzmir, Turkey.
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19
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Enmark M, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. A Retention-Matching Strategy for Method Transfer in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Introducing the Isomolar Plot Approach. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6385-6393. [PMID: 33844504 PMCID: PMC8153393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy to match
any retention shifts due to increased or decreased
pressure drop during supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method
transfer is presented. The strategy relies on adjusting the co-solvent
molarity without the need to adjust the back-pressure regulator. Exact
matching can be obtained with minimal changes in separation selectivity.
To accomplish this, we introduce the isomolar plot approach, which
shows the variation in molar co-solvent concentration depending on
the mass fraction of co-solvent, pressure, and temperature, here exemplified
by CO2–methanol. This plot allowed us to unify the
effects of the co-solvent mass fraction and density on retention in
SFC. The approach, which was verified on 12 known empirical retention
models for each enantiomer of six basic pharmaceuticals, allowed us
to numerically calculate the apparent retention factor for any column
pressure drop. The strategy can be implemented either using a mechanistic
approach if retention models are known or empirically by iteratively
adjusting the co-solvent mass fraction. As a rule of thumb for the
empirical approach, we found that the relative mass fraction adjustment
needed is proportional to the relative change in the retention factor
caused by a change in the pressure drop. Different proportionality
constants were required to match retention in the case of increasing
or decreasing pressure drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Enmark
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
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20
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Si‐Hung L, Bamba T. A review of retention mechanism studies for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:47-67. [PMID: 38715740 PMCID: PMC10989630 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has risen as a promising alternative separation technique to the conventional liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Although the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography has many advantages compared to other chromatographic techniques, its separation mechanism is not fully understood due to the complex combination effects of many chromatographic parameters on separation quality and the lacking of global strategies for studying separation mechanisms. This review aims to provide recent information regarding the chromatographic behaviors and the effects of the parameters on the separation, discuss the results, and point out the remaining bottlenecks in the packed column supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Si‐Hung
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of BioregulationKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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21
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Gordillo R. Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry for metabolomics applications. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:448-463. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
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22
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Glenne E, Leśko M, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Impact of Methanol Adsorption on the Robustness of Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Transfer from SFC to UHPSFC. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15429-15436. [PMID: 33170667 PMCID: PMC7711781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In supercritical fluid chromatography
(SFC), the retention of a
solute depends on the temperature, density, pressure, and cosolvent
fraction. Here, we investigate how the adsorption of the cosolvent
MeOH changes with pressure and temperature and how this affects the
retention of several solutes. The lower the pressure, the stronger
the MeOH adsorption to the stationary phase; in addition, at low pressure,
perturbing the pressure results in significant changes in the amounts
of MeOH adsorbed to the stationary phase. The robustness of the solute
retention was lowest when operating the systems at low pressures,
high temperatures, and low cosolvent fractions in the eluent. Here,
we found a clear relationship between the sensitivity of MeOH adsorption
to the stationary phase and the robustness of the separation system.
Finally, we show that going from classical SFC to ultrahigh-performance
SFC (UHPSFC), that is, separations conducted with much smaller packing
diameters, results in retention factors that are more sensitive to
fluctuations in the flow rate than with traditional SFC. The calculated
density profiles indicate only a slight density drop over the traditional
SFC column (3%, visualized as lighter → darker blue in the
TOC), whereas the drop for the UHPSFC one was considerably larger
(20%, visualized as dark red → light green in the TOC). The
corresponding temperature drops were calculated to be 0.8 and 6.5
°C for the SFC and UHPSFC systems, respectively. These increased
density and temperature drops are the underlying reasons for the decreased
robustness of UHPSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Glenne
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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23
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Molineau J, Hideux M, West C. Chromatographic analysis of biomolecules with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113736. [PMID: 33176241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules like proteins, peptides and nucleic acids widely emerge in pharmaceutical applications, either as synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients, or from natural products as in traditional Chinese medicine. Liquid-phase chromatographic methods (LC) are widely employed for the analysis and/or purification of such molecules. On another hand, to answer the ever-increasing requests from scientists involved in biomolecules projects, other chromatographic methods emerge as useful complements to LC. In particular, there is a growing interest for chromatography with a mobile phase comprising pressurized carbon dioxide, which can be named either (i) supercritical (or subcritical) fluid chromatography (SFC) when CO2 is the major constituent of the mobile phase, or (ii) enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) when hydro-organic or purely organic solvents are the major constituents of the mobile phase. Despite the low polarity of CO2, supposedly inadequate to solubilize such biomolecules, SFC and EFLC were both employed in many occasions for this purpose. This paper specifically reviews the literature related to the SFC/EFLC analysis of free amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The analytical conditions employed for specific molecular families are presented, with a focus on the nature of the stationary phase and the mobile phase composition. We also discuss the potential benefits of combining SFC/EFLC to LC in a single gradient elution, a method sometimes designated as unified chromatography (UC). Finally, detection issues are presented, and more particularly hyphenation to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Molineau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Maria Hideux
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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Govender K, Naicker T, Baijnath S, Kruger HG, Govender T. The development of a sub/supercritical fluid chromatography based purification method for peptides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zajickova Z, Nováková L, Svec F. Monolithic Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) Columns for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Polypeptide. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11525-11529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161, United States
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Unusual effect of flow rate on retention in analytical supercritical fluid chromatography exemplified by polyethylene glycol separation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460513. [PMID: 31543338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a peculiar effect of flow rate on retention in a separation of polyethylene glycol oligomers via supercritical fluid chromatography. During method development, we tested flow rate gradients and notices that for some PEG oligomers retention times at flow rate gradient were lower than at constant flow with the largest flow rate value used in a gradient. For instance, at BEH stationary phase and CO2-MeOH gradient from 10 to 35% at 20 min a PEG oligomer having mass of 1225 Da has a retention time 14 min at 1 mL/min flow rate, 10.3 at 2 mL/min and 9.5 min at 1-2 mL/min flow rate gradient. The effect is not unified for all PEG oligomers, it occurs only starting from a particular PEG molecular weight which depends on the stationary phase type and/or mobile phase conditions. We believe that such an unusual flow rate effects can happen in SFC on various occasions, not exclusively for flow rate gradients, and thus should be taken into account during method development or method transfer.
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Hirose T, Keck D, Izumi Y, Bamba T. Comparison of Retention Behavior between Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Normal-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Various Stationary Phases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132425. [PMID: 31269632 PMCID: PMC6650800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention behavior of a wide variety of stationary phases was compared in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC). We also attempted to elucidate the retention behavior in SFC by investigating the selectivity of the different stationary phases. SFC separation conditions with polar stationary phases, such as silica gel (SL) and diol (Diol) phases, operate via adsorptions that include hydrophilic and ionic interactions similar to those in NP-HPLC. Moreover, non-polar stationary phases, such as pentabromophenyl (PBr), pyrenylethyl (PYE), and octadecyl (C18), could be used despite the non-polar mobile phase conditions, because the dispersion and π-π interactions were stronger in SFC than in HPLC. These results reflect the selectivity of the stationary phase and its retention factor, thus providing useful information for the selection of appropriate stationary phases for particular analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehisa Hirose
- Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Ishibashi 617-0004 17, Kaide-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Daniel Keck
- Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Ishibashi 617-0004 17, Kaide-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 812-8582 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 812-8582 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Investigation of factors influencing the separation of diastereomers of phosphorothioated oligonucleotides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3383-3394. [PMID: 31020370 PMCID: PMC6543027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic investigation of factors influencing the chromatographic separation of diastereomers of phosphorothioated pentameric oligonucleotides as model solutes. Separation was carried out under ion-pairing conditions using an XBridge C18 column. For oligonucleotides with a single sulfur substitution, the diastereomer selectivity was found to increase with decreasing carbon chain length of the tertiary alkylamine used as an ion-pair reagent. Using an ion-pair reagent with high selectivity for diastereomers, triethylammonium, it was found the selectivity increased with decreased ion-pair concentration and shallower gradient slope. Selectivity was also demonstrated to be dependent on the position of the modified linkage. Substitutions at the center of the pentamer resulted in higher diastereomer selectivity compared to substitutions at either end. For mono-substituted oligonucleotides, the retention order and stereo configuration were consistently found to be correlated, with Rp followed by Sp, regardless of which linkage was modified. The type of nucleobase greatly affects the observed selectivity. A pentamer of cytosine has about twice the diastereomer selectivity of that of thymine. When investigating the retention of various oligonucleotides eluted using tributylammonium as the ion-pairing reagent, no diastereomer selectivity could be observed. However, retention was found to be dependent on both the degree and position of sulfur substitution as well as on the nucleobase. When analyzing fractions collected in the front and tail of overloaded injections, a significant difference was found in the ratio between Rp and Sp diastereomers, indicating that the peak broadening observed when using tributylammonium could be explained by partial diastereomer separation.
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