1
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Hou X, Ga L, Zhang X, Ai J. Advances in the application of logic gates in nanozymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05240-w. [PMID: 38488951 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with biocatalytic function and enzyme-like activity, whose advantages include high stability, low cost, and mass production. They can catalyze the substrates of natural enzymes based on specific nanostructures and serve as substitutes for natural enzymes. Their applied research involves a wide range of fields such as biomedicine, environmental governance, agriculture, and food. Molecular logic gates are a new cross-disciplinary discipline, which can simulate the function of silicon circuits on a molecular scale, perform single or multiple input logic operations, and generate logic outputs. A molecular logic gate is a binary operation that converts an input signal into an output signal according to the rules of Boolean logic, generating two signals, a high level, and a low level. The high and low levels represent the "true" and "false" values of the logic gates, and their outputs correspond to "l" and "0" of the molecular logic gates, respectively. The combination of nanozymes and logic gates is a novel and attractive research direction, and the cross-application of the two brings new opportunities and ideas for various fields, such as the construction of efficient biocomputers, intelligent drug delivery systems, and the precise diagnosis of diseases. This review describes the application of logic gates based on nanozymes, which is expected to provide a certain theoretical foundation for researchers' subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Hou
- College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 zhaowudalu, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Lu Ga
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinchuankaifaqu, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, 49 Aimin Road, Hohhot, 010051, China.
| | - Jun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 zhaowudalu, Hohhot, 010022, China.
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2
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Kuncová A, Svoboda J, Tůma J, Asnin L, Schug K, Kohout M. Chiral zwitterionic stationary phases based on Cinchona alkaloids and dipeptides - design, synthesis and application in chiral separation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464664. [PMID: 38271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of polar organic compounds such as amino acids and peptides represents an important chromatographic task due to increasing significance of natural species, which play important signaling and regulatory roles in the living organisms. Despite the number of available chiral stationary phases, this task remains challenging, since not many of the commercially available systems are capable to resolve non-derivatized zwitterionic species. In this study, we present a target-oriented design of a new class of chiral selectors. Pursuing the goal to separate amino acids, and especially short peptides, we have combined Cinchona alkaloids - quinine and quinidine - with three different biogenic dipeptides. We have synthesized six different chiral stationary phases, with selector loading of ∼200 μmol g-1, and tested their chiral recognition capabilities for acidic, basic and zwitterionic analytes using various mobile phases. We have observed that all chiral stationary phases retain the chiral anion exchange capability known for commercially available Cinchona-based columns leading to baseline or partial resolution of six out of ten analytes. The performance in chiral resolution of basic analytes is not optimum due to the weak cation exchange character of the peptidic residue. However, we report on encouraging results in the chiral resolution of short peptides, for which, depending on their structure, we see the chiral resolution of up to three stereoisomers (from four possible) in a preliminary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kuncová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Kevin Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, UT Arlington, 700 Planetarium PI, TX 760 19, Arlington, United States
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Yue L, Miller L, Reilly J. Analytical and preparative chiral supercritical fluid chromatography resolutions using crown ether-derived column. Chirality 2024; 36:e23621. [PMID: 37737018 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, crown ether-derived column Crownpak® CR-I (+) was evaluated under SFC conditions using 12 primary amines, and the chromatographic results were compared against eight immobilized polysaccharide-based columns. Crownpak® CR-I (+) achieved a significantly higher success rate. It was found that the addition of 5% water to the modifier dramatically improved the peak shape for chiral separation of primary amines on Crownpak® CR-I (+). The first reported preparative SFC separations on Crownpak® CR-I (+) are shown, offering a new approach for the preparative resolution of primary amines. The case studies demonstrate that Crownpak® CR-I (+) is a very useful column in the chiral separation of challenging compounds that contain a primary amine group in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Silica Immobilised Chloro- and Amido-Derivatives of Eremomycine as Chiral Stationary Phases for the Enantioseparation of Amino Acids by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010085. [PMID: 36615283 PMCID: PMC9822235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics immobilized on silica are one of the effective classes of stationary phases for chiral recognition and HPLC separation of a wide range of optically active compounds. Enantioselectivity primarily depends on the chemical structure of the chiral ligand, immobilization chemistry, and separation conditions. In the present work, three new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on macrocyclic antibiotic eremomycin were prepared and investigated for enantioseparation of amino acids. Two eremomycin derivatives, including simple non-substituted amide and bulky adamantyl amide, provided important information on the role of the carboxylic group in the eremomycin structure in the chiral recognition mechanism concerning amino acid optical isomers. One more CSP having a chlorine atom in the same position elucidates the role of the first aromatic ring in the eremomycin structure as a crucial point for chiral recognition. CSP with immobilized chloreremomycin was the most successful among the phases prepared in this work. It was additionally investigated under various separation conditions, including the type and content of the organic solvent in the eluent, the effects of different additives, and the concentration and pH of the buffer. Importantly, an efficient enantioselective separation of amino acids was achieved with pure water as the eluent.
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5
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Horáček O, Nováková L, Tüzün E, Grüner B, Švec F, Kučera R. Advanced Tool for Chiral Separations of Anionic and Zwitterionic (Metalla)carboranes: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17551-17558. [PMID: 36475613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuous expansion of research in the field of stable carboranes and their wide potential in the drug design require carrying out fundamental studies regarding their chiral separations. Although supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a viable technique for fast enantioseparations, no investigation concerning boron cluster compounds has been done yet. We aimed at the development of a straightforward method enabling chiral separations of racemic mixtures of anionic cluster carboranes and metallacarboranes that represent an analytical challenge. The fast gradient screening testing nine polysaccharide-based columns was used. The key parameters affecting the selectivity were the type of chiral selector, the type of alcohol, and the base in cosolvent. Moreover, the addition of acetonitrile or water to the cosolvent was identified as an effective tool for decreasing the analysis time while preserving the resolution. After the optimization, the chiral separations of 19 out of 20 selected compounds were achieved in less than 10 min. These results demonstrate the clear advantage of SFC over chiral separations using HPLC in terms of both analysis time and structural variety of successfully separated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ece Tüzün
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, 2030 Hlavova, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Grüner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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6
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Öztepe T, Kale NB, Reçber T, Baysal İ, Yabanoğlu-Çiftçi S, Gumustas M, Kır S, Chankvetadze B, Nemutlu E. Separation of the Enantiomers of Underivatized Amino Acids by Using Serially Connected Dual Column High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Yu H, Wang L, Liu S, Zhao B, Xiao K, Yang B, Duan H, Zhao H, Deng J. Using cellulose, starch and β-cyclodextrin poly/oligosaccharides as chiral inducers for preparing chiral particles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Roy D, Tarafder A, Miller L. Additives in chiral packed column super/subcritical fluid chromatography: A little goes a long way. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ameur M, Sekkoum K, Gonazles F, Comez‐Carpintero J, Menendez C, Belboukhari N, Aboul‐Enein HY. Enantioseparation and antioxidant activity of novel diarylpyrazoline derivatives. Chirality 2022; 34:1389-1399. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Messaouda Ameur
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar Bechar Algeria
| | - Khaled Sekkoum
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar Bechar Algeria
| | - Francisco Gonazles
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Comez‐Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Menendez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain
| | - Nasser Belboukhari
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar Bechar Algeria
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul‐Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division National Research Center, Dokki Giza Egypt
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10
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Ultrafast simultaneous chiral analysis of native amino acid enantiomers using supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Sun Y, Jia P, Wei J, Bai Y, Yang L, Bai Y, Zheng X. Simultaneous and rapid analysis of chiral Danshensu and its ester derivatives by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114884. [PMID: 35738121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis and separation of chiral compounds with wide polar range by supercritical fluid chromatography is of major importance in the process of drug development and quality control. In this work, a fast and reliable enantioselective method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 8 DBZ-related enantiomers has been successfully developed by supercritical fluid chromatography using an amylose-based reversed-chiral stationary phase. Within less than seven minutes all target compounds could be baseline resolved, using a mobile phase comprising supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol with 0.05 % H3PO4. The optimum chiral stationary phase showed to be a CHIRALPAK® AD-RH column, operated at flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, back pressure of 150 bar and temperature of 40 °C. Method validation confirmed that the developed procedure was selective, linear (r2 > 0.998), accurate (recovery rates: 98.02-100.02 %), and precise (intra-day: 0.05-1.98 %, inter-day: 0.08-1.98 %); the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.13-0.55 μg/mL and 0.37-1.68 μg/mL on column, respectively. After initial evaluation of stability according to the ICH Q1A (R2) guideline, R-DBZ showed good stability. Thus, this developed method can be used for assessing the stability of bulk DBZ samples, dosage forms of DBZ and also for monitoring the synthetic procedures of DBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jingdong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yujun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Lingjian Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; Hong-taoism Research Institute of Analytical Science and Technology Ltd., Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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12
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Xue H, Xu J, Zhang J, Wei Y, Cai X, Tan J. Modeling, optimization, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Pomeisl K, Vaňkátová P, Hamplová V. Enantioselective HPLC of aryl-substituted oxazolines as an efficient tool for determination of chiral purity of serine medicinal components. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2217-2227. [PMID: 35460597 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for evaluation of chiral purity of serine esterification products bearing long-chain alkyl substituents was developed. The compounds were simply converted to aryl-substituted oxazolines which: (i) facilitates effective chromatographic enantioseparation and (ii) enables direct detection using ultraviolet absorption. The method employs polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase and allows enantioseparation of highly stable oxazoline products in less than 6 minutes using simple binary mobile phase. As opposed to the previously used normal phase method the developed method was performed in the reversed-phase mode. Aside from the benefits of switching to less hazardous solvents with regards to the principles of Green Chemistry, this has also led to reduction of the analysis time. In comparison with known serine chromophores, the best enantioseparation of aryloxazoline rigid structure may be achieved only based on non-polar interactions with chiral stationary phase. In contrast, substitution of the chromophore moiety with hydroxyl substituent affected intra and intermolecular interactions that caused enantioseparation differences. Concurrently, we found a high chirality retention of (R)- and (S)-configuration oxazoline standards (≥ 99% e.e.) during introduction of ultraviolet label. The method is suitable for rapid injection of mixture containing the ultraviolet absorption marker without prior purification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Pomeisl
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vaňkátová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Hamplová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Tan J, Cui P, Ge S, Cai X, Li Q, Xue H. Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis fruit: Modeling, optimization, purification, and characterization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 84:105966. [PMID: 35247682 PMCID: PMC8897718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis fruit was modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), and optimized using genetic algorithm coupled with ANN (GA-ANN). Statistical analysis showed that the models obtained by RSM and ANN could accurately predict the Cornus officinalis polysaccharides (COPs) yield. However, ANN prediction was more accurate than RSM. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest COPs yield (7.85 ± 0.09)% was obtained at the ultrasound power of 350 W, extraction temperature of 51 ℃, liquid-to-solid ratio of 17 mL/g, and extraction time of 38 min. Subsequently, the crude COPs were further purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (COPs-4-SG, 33.64 kDa) that contained galacturonic acid, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 34.82:14.19:6.75:13.48:12.26. The structure of COPs-4-SG was also characterized with UV-vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Congo-red test, and circular dichroism (CD). The findings provide a feasible way for the extraction, purification, and optimization of polysaccharides from plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Pengshan Cui
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, No. 2666 Qiyi East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shaoqin Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongkun Xue
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhua East Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071002, China.
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15
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16
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Beres M. Expanding the boundaries of SFC: Analysis of biomolecules. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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17
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Gong L, Zhao Q, Wu S, Yin ZZ, Wu D, Cai W, Kong Y. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Impedance Chiral Discrimination and Sensing of Tryptophan Isomers Based on Core-Shell-Structured Au-Ag Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14454-14462. [PMID: 34851110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Au-Ag nanoparticles (Au-Ag NPs) with a core-shell structure are prepared and used for ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance (EI) discrimination of the isomers of tryptophan (Trp). As revealed by circular dichroism, rotary polarization caused by the Au-Ag NPs is consistent with D-Trp but opposite to L-Trp, and thus, the Au-Ag NPs can selectively combine with D-Trp through preferential interactions. Compared with Au-Ag NPs, the composites of D-Trp and Au-Ag NPs (Au-Ag NPs/D-Trp) display significantly increased charge transfer resistance (Rct); differently, the Rct of Au-Ag NPs/L-Trp remains almost unchanged because the Au-Ag NPs exhibit poor affinity toward L-Trp. Therefore, ultrasensitive EI enantiodiscrimination of the isomers of Trp is realized even at an extremely low concentration of the Trp isomers (0.1 nM). In addition, it is successfully applied in the ultrasensitive determination of D-Trp at a low concentration level (0.1 nM∼10 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zheng-Zhi Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenrong Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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18
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Li D, Luo K, Zhang L, Gao J, Liang J, Li J, Pan H. Research and Application of Highly Selective Molecular Imprinting Technology in Chiral Separation Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1066-1079. [PMID: 34802340 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Since residual chiral pollutants in the environment and toxic or ineffective chiral components in drugs can threat human health, there is an urgent need for methods to separation and analyze chiral molecules. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) is a biomimetic technique for specific recognition of analytes with high potential for application in the field of chiral separation and analysis. However, since MIT has some disadvantages when used for chiral recognition, such as poor rigidity of imprinted materials, a single type of recognition site, and poor stereoselectivity, reducing the interference of conformationally and structurally similar substances to increase the efficiency of chiral recognition is difficult. Therefore, improving the rigidity of imprinted materials, increasing the types of imprinted cavity recognition sites, and constructing an imprinted microenvironment for highly selective chiral recognition are necessary for the accurate identification of chiral substances. In this article, the principle of chiral imprinting recognition is introduced, and various strategies that improve the selectivity of chiral imprinting, using derivative functional monomers, supramolecular compounds, chiral assembly materials, and biomolecules, are reviewed in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lianming Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jingxia Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jinlu Liang
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, BeiBu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hongcheng Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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19
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Toribio L, Bernal J, Martín MT, Ares AM. Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: A valuable tool in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Recent developments in separation methods for enantiomeric ratio determination of amino acids specifically involved in cataract and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Like many biological compounds, proteins are found primarily in their homochiral form. However, homochirality is not guaranteed throughout life. Determining their chiral proteinogenic sequence is a complex analytical challenge. This is because certain d-amino acids contained in proteins play a role in human health and disease. This is the case, for example, with d-Asp in elastin, β-amyloid and α-crystallin which, respectively, have an action on arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and cataracts. Sequence-dependent and sequence-independent are the two strategies for detecting the presence and position of d-amino acids in proteins. These methods rely on enzymatic digestion by a site-specific enzyme and acid hydrolysis in a deuterium or tritium environment to limit the natural racemization of amino acids. In this review, chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, such as LC, SFC, GC and CE, will be recently developed (2018–2020) for the enantioseparation of amino acids and peptides. For future work, the discovery and development of new chiral stationary phases and derivatization reagents could increase the resolution of chiral separations.
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22
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Fan X, Cao L, Geng L, Ma Y, Wei Y, Wang Y. Polysaccharides as separation media for the separation of proteins, peptides and stereoisomers of amino acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:616-638. [PMID: 34242648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable separation of peptides, amino acids and proteins as accurate as possible with the maximum conformation and biological activity is crucial and essential for drug discovery. Polysaccharide, as one of the most abundant natural biopolymers with optical activity on earth, is easy to be functionalized due to lots of hydroxyl groups on glucose units. Over the last few decades, polysaccharide derivatives are gradually employed as effective separation media. The highly-ordered helical structure contributes to complex, diverse molecular recognition ability, allowing polysaccharide derivatives to selectively interact with different analytes. This article reviews the development, application and prospects of polysaccharides as separation media in the separation of proteins, peptides and amino acids in recent years. The chiral molecules mechanism, advantages, limitations, development status and challenges faced by polysaccharides as separation media in molecular recognition are summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of its continued development and future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Lilong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Linna Geng
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yalu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
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23
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Li P, Yip H, Sun D, Kempson J, Caceres-Cortes J, Mathur A, Wu DR. Sub/supercritical Fluid Chromatography Purification and Desalting of a Cyclic Dinucleotide STING Agonist. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462356. [PMID: 34218126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and "endotoxin-free" purification of a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) STING agonist was achieved to produce multigram quantities of pure BMT-390025, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), for toxicological studies. A two-step sub/supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) procedure was developed for the achiral purification and desalting of the polar ionic CDN. A robust SFC process employing methanol-acetonitrile-water with ammonium acetate as co-solvent in CO2 on BEH 2-ethylpyridine was established and scaled up as the first step to achieve a successful purification. The desalting/salt-switching (i.e. removing acetate and acetamide) was conducted using methanol-water with ammonium hydroxide as co-solvent on the same column in the second step to convert the final API to the ammonium salt. Water with additive was essential to eliminating salt precipitation and improving the peak shape and resolution. Due to the extreme hydrophilicity of BMT-390025, 65% of co-solvent was needed to adequately elute the target in both steps. More than 40 g of crude API was purified and desalted producing >20 g of pure BMT-390025 as the ammonium salt which was obtained with a chemical purity of >98.5% and met the endotoxin requirement of <0.1 EU/mg. In addition, >80 g of its penultimate prior to the deprotection of the silyl group was purified at a high throughput of 6.3 g/h (0.42 g/day/g SP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States.
| | - Henry Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States.
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States
| | - Janet Caceres-Cortes
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, United States
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24
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Li P, Wu DR, Yip H, Sun D, Zhang H, Hou X, Kempson J, Mathur A. The effect of water on the large-scale supercritical fluid chromatography purification of two factor XIa active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462318. [PMID: 34161834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BMS-962212, a parenteral Factor XIa inhibitor, was scaled-up for toxicity studies. Two steps of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) were developed for the chiral resolution of the penultimate and achiral purification of final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), BMS-962212. A robust SFC process using Chiralcel OD-H with methanol-acetonitrile as modifier in CO2 was established to achieve a stable and uninterrupted operation with reduced mobile phase viscosity and system pressure drop. More than 230 g of the racemic penultimate was chirally resolved to reach >99% chiral purity, ready for final tert-butyl ester deprotection to provide the API. There were a significant number of impurities in BMS-962212 generated from the final step that needed to be removed. In contrast to conventional SFC conditions, an SFC method exploiting water and ammonia as additives in both the mobile phase and sample solution was developed to accomplish purification and desalting (i.e. removing TFA) of the zwitterionic API in one step. Water as an additive eliminated salt precipitation and improved the resolution while ammonia contributed to the desalting, details of which will be discussed in this article. A throughput of 2 g/h was achieved, and >80 g of the crude API was purified. The same strategy was applied to another Factor XIa API (compound A) and its penultimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Henry Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
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25
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Chen W, Jiang JZ, Qiu GS, Tang S, Bai ZW. The interactions between chiral analytes and chitosan-based chiral stationary phases during enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462259. [PMID: 34090134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to disclose the interactions between chitosan-type chiral selectors (CSs) and chiral analytes during enantioseparation. Hence, six chitosan 3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)-2-(cyclohexylmethylurea)s were synthesized and characterized. These chitosan derivatives were employed as CSs with which the corresponding coated-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were prepared. According to the nature and position of the substituents on the phenyl group, the CSs and CSPs were divided into three sets. The counterparts of the three sets were 3,5-diMe versus 3,5-diCl, 4-Me versus 4-Cl and 3-Me versus 3-Cl. The enantioseparation capability of the CSPs was evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography. The CSPs demonstrated a good enantioseparation capability to the tested chiral analytes. In enantioselectivity, the CSs with 3,5-diCl and with 4-Me roughly were better than the counterparts with 3,5-diMe and with 4-Cl respectively. The CS with 3-Me enantiomerically recognized more analytes than the one with 3-Cl, but showed lower separation factors in more enantioseparations. The acidity of the amide hydrogen in the phenylcarbamates was investigated with density functional theory calculations and 1H NMR measurements. The trend of the acidity variation with different substituents on the phenyl group was confirmed by the retention factors of acetone on the CSPs. Compared the retention factors of analytes on every set of the counterparts, the formation of hydrogen bond (HB) in enantioseparation could be outlined as follows: when the CSs interacted with chiral analytes without reactive hydrogen but with lone paired electrons, the carbamate N‒Hs in the CSs were HB donors and the analytes were HB acceptors; if the CSs interacted with analytes with a reactive hydrogen, the role of the CSs in HB formation was related to the acidity of the reactive hydrogen; the patterns of HB formation between the CSs and analytes were also impacted by compositions of mobile phases, in addition to the nature, number and position of substituents on the phenyl group. Based on the discussion, chiral recognition mechanism could be understood in more detail. Besides, the strategy to improve enantioseparation capability of a CSP by introducing a substituent onto phenyl group was clarified and further comprehended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guo-Song Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China
| | - Zheng-Wu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China.
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26
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Qiu X, Zuo L, Sun S, Zhao X, Xu S, Zhu Z, Zhao T, Sun Z, Yao J, Shan G. Impurity profiling of Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA) using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography coupled with corona-charged aerosol detection and high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114099. [PMID: 33957362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complex industrial production process of amino acids (AAs) leads to the existence of a certain amount of impurities in Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA). It is difficult to obtain its comprehensive and systematic impurity profile using conventional ultraviolet (UV) detectors due to lack of a suitable chromophore in the structures of AAs and their impurities. In our study, a universal ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined with high resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) and charged aerosol detection (CAD) was developed to identify and determine the content of impurities in Compound Amino Acid Injection (6AA), respectively. After optimizing the content of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) in the mobile phase on a C18 AQ column, HPLC-CAD method was developed and nine unknown impurities were detected. These impurities were successfully identified using HPLC coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometry and confirmed with their reference substances. The CAD parameters setting was optimized to improve the sensitivity and linearity of the methods before the developed method was validated. The results of validation reflected that the limit of detection (LOD) was approximately 2 ng (corresponding to approximately 0.02 % of L-isoleucine in injection). Under the optimized power function value (PFV) of CAD, the linear range of each impurity was 1 ∼ 200 μg mL-1 (the linear range of one of the impurities with higher content was 2 ∼ 400 μg mL-1) with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.998. The recovery rates for nine impurities were 93.37 % ∼ 110.23 %. This study made full use of the qualitative functions of HRMS and the versatility of CAD, revealing possible impurities in the 6AA injection, which could provide reference for the safety research of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Limin Zuo
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuejia Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhonghao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Yao
- China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, PR China.
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27
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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28
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Wu S, Wang H, Wu D, Fan GC, Tao Y, Kong Y. Silver nanoparticle driven signal amplification for electrochemical chiral discrimination of amino acids. Analyst 2021; 146:1612-1619. [PMID: 33605973 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), denoted as β-CD/AgNPs, were prepared by a simple one-pot method. Due to the inherent chirality of β-CD, the developed β-CD/AgNPs exhibited higher affinity toward l-tyrosine (l-Tyr) than d-tyrosine (d-Tyr), leading to serious aggregation of AgNPs in the presence of l-Tyr. Consequently, the l-Tyr induced aggregation of AgNPs can result in signal amplification in the differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs) of l-Tyr, which can be applied for the electrochemical chiral discrimination of the Tyr enantiomers. Other chiral amino acids including tryptophan and phenylalanine can also be successfully discriminated with the β-CD/AgNPs, suggesting high universality of the developed chiral sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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29
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Homerin G, Ghinet A, Nica AS, Chankvetadze B, Lipka E. Optimization of Detection of Native Amino Acids with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector in Chiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Wawryk NJP, Craven CB, Blackstock LKJ, Li XF. New methods for identification of disinfection byproducts of toxicological relevance: Progress and future directions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:151-159. [PMID: 33183692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous source of chemical exposure in disinfected water. While over 700 DBPs have been identified, the drivers of toxicity remain poorly understood. Additionally, ever evolving water treatment practices have led to a continually growing list of DBPs. Advancement of analytical technologies have enabled the identification of new classes of DBPs and the quantification of these chemically diverse sets of DBPs. Here we summarize advances in new workflows for DBP analysis, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, and data processing. To aid in the selection of techniques for future studies, we discuss necessary considerations for each step in the strategy. This review focuses on how each step of a workflow can be optimized to capture diverse classes of DBPs within a single method. Additionally, we highlight new MS-based approaches that can be powerful for identifying novel DBPs of toxicological relevance. We discuss current challenges and provide perspectives on future research directions with respect to studying new DBPs of toxicological relevance. As analytical technologies continue to advance, new strategies will be increasingly used to analyze complex DBPs produced in different treatment processes with the aim to identify potential drivers of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J P Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Caley B Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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31
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Molineau J, Hideux M, West C. Chromatographic analysis of biomolecules with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113736. [PMID: 33176241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules like proteins, peptides and nucleic acids widely emerge in pharmaceutical applications, either as synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients, or from natural products as in traditional Chinese medicine. Liquid-phase chromatographic methods (LC) are widely employed for the analysis and/or purification of such molecules. On another hand, to answer the ever-increasing requests from scientists involved in biomolecules projects, other chromatographic methods emerge as useful complements to LC. In particular, there is a growing interest for chromatography with a mobile phase comprising pressurized carbon dioxide, which can be named either (i) supercritical (or subcritical) fluid chromatography (SFC) when CO2 is the major constituent of the mobile phase, or (ii) enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) when hydro-organic or purely organic solvents are the major constituents of the mobile phase. Despite the low polarity of CO2, supposedly inadequate to solubilize such biomolecules, SFC and EFLC were both employed in many occasions for this purpose. This paper specifically reviews the literature related to the SFC/EFLC analysis of free amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The analytical conditions employed for specific molecular families are presented, with a focus on the nature of the stationary phase and the mobile phase composition. We also discuss the potential benefits of combining SFC/EFLC to LC in a single gradient elution, a method sometimes designated as unified chromatography (UC). Finally, detection issues are presented, and more particularly hyphenation to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Molineau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Maria Hideux
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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32
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Application of chiral chromatography in radiopharmaceutical fields: A review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461611. [PMID: 33086153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chiral column chromatography (CCC) is a revolutionary analytical methodology for the enantioseparation of novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracers in the primary stages of drug development. Due to the different behaviors of tracer enantiomers (e.g. toxicity, metabolism and side effects) in administrated subjects, their separation and purification is a challenging endeavor. Over the last three decades, different commercial chiral columns have been applied for the enantioseparation of PET-radioligand (PET-RL) or radiotracers (PET-RT), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The categorization and reviewing of them is a vital topic. This review presents a brief overview of advances, applications, and future prospectives of CCC in radiopharmaceutical approaches. In addition, the effective chromatographic parameters and degravitation trends to enhance enantioseparation resolution are addressed. Moreover, the application and potential of chiral super fluidical chromatography (CSFC) as an alternative for enantioseparation in the field of radiopharmaceutical is discussed. Finally, the crucial application challenges of CCC are explained and imminent tasks are suggested.
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33
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Chenet T, Chankvetadze B, Farkas T, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Shedding light on mechanisms leading to convex-upward van Deemter curves on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461532. [PMID: 32950816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An unusual convex-upward van Deemter curve was observed for the more retained enantiomer of a chiral sulfoxide (2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide) on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on silica particles of 1000 Å pore size. In contrast, the firstly eluted enantiomer of the same molecule exhibited the traditional convex-downward van Deemter curve. A detailed kinetic and thermodynamic investigation has revealed that this unusual phenomenon, which however has already been observed in chiral chromatography, originates when the adsorption of the compound is very strong and the solid-phase diffusion negligible. Experimentally, the intraparticle diffusion of the more retained enantiomer of the sulfoxide was found to be one order of magnitude smaller than that of the first eluted one. Overall, this translates into very little longitudinal diffusion (b-term of van Deemter curve) accompanied by high solid-liquid mass transfer resistance (c-term). Finally the comparison with another, differently-substituted chiral sulfoxide (whose enantiomers both exhibit traditional van Deemter curve behavior) has allowed to correlate these findings to the specific characteristics of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, CA 90501, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Carenzi G, Sacchi S, Abbondi M, Pollegioni L. Direct chromatographic methods for enantioresolution of amino acids: recent developments. Amino Acids 2020; 52:849-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Analysis of free amino acids with unified chromatography-mass spectrometry—application to food supplements. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Miller L, Yue L. Chiral separation of underivatized amino acids in supercritical fluid chromatography with chiral crown ether derived column. Chirality 2020; 32:981-989. [PMID: 32141123 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The supercritical fluid chromatographic separation of underivatized amino acids was explored using immobilized chiral crown ether column CROWNPAK CR-I (+) and mass spectrometric detection. The type of modifier, acidic additives, and the role of water were investigated. Enantioseparation was achieved for all 18 amino acids investigated with short retention times (less than 3 minutes) and average resolution of greater than 5.0. Analysis of enantiomerically pure standards demonstrated the D enantiomer eluted first for all amino acids using a CROWNPAK CR-I (+) column.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Yue
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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37
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Bajtai A, Ilisz I, Péter A, Lindner W. Liquid chromatographic resolution of natural and racemic Cinchona alkaloid analogues using strong cation- and zwitterion ion-exchange type stationary phases. Qualitative evaluation of stationary phase characteristics and mobile phase effects on stereoselectivity and retention. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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Chankvetadze B. Recent trends in preparation, investigation and application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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39
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Shedania Z, Kakava R, Volonterio A, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. Separation of enantiomers of chiral sulfoxides in high-performance liquid chromatography with cellulose-based chiral selectors using acetonitrile and acetonitrile-water mixtures as mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Liu L, Sun D, Li F, Ma S, Tan Z. Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction of valine enantiomers in the aqueous two-phase system formed by the cholinium amino acid ionic liquid copper complexes and salt. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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42
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Hofstetter RK, Potlitz F, Schulig L, Kim S, Hasan M, Link A. Subcritical Fluid Chromatography at Sub-Ambient Temperatures for the Chiral Resolution of Ketamine Metabolites with Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1927. [PMID: 31109124 PMCID: PMC6572699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral metabolites of ketamine exerting rapid-onset yet sustained antidepressant effects may be marketed directly in the future, but require chemo- and enantio-selective chromatographic methods for quality assurance and control. The chromatographic behavior of S-/R-ketamine, S-/R-norketamine, S-/R-dehydronorketamine, and (2R,6R)-/(2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was investigated computationally and experimentally with the aim of identifying problematic pairs of enantiomers and parameters for chiral resolution. Retention on three different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (Lux Amylose-2, i-Amylose-3, and i-Cellulose-5) provided new information on the significance of halogen atoms as halogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors for enantioselectivity, which could be corroborated in silico by molecular docking studies. Modifiers inversely affected enantioselectivity and retention. Methanol yielded lower run times but superior chiral resolution compared to 2-propanol. Lower temperatures than those conventionally screened did not impair phase homogeneity but improved enantioresolution, at no cost to reproducibility. Thus, sub-ambient temperature subcritical fluid chromatography (SubFC), essentially low-temperature HPLC with subcritical CO2, was applied. The optimization of the SubFC method facilitated the chiral separation of ketamine and its metabolites, which was applied in combination with direct injection and online supercritical fluid extraction to determine the purity of pharmaceutical ketamine formulations for proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Hofstetter
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Felix Potlitz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Trauma, Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Andreas Link
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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43
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Huang Y, Wang T, Fillet M, Crommen J, Jiang Z. Simultaneous determination of amino acids in different teas using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:254-258. [PMID: 31452963 PMCID: PMC6702419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is a widely consumed beverage and has many important physiological properties and potential health benefits. In this study, a novel method based on supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) was developed to simultaneously determine 11 amino acids in different types of tea (green teas, Oolong tea, black tea and Pu-erh tea). The separation conditions for the analysis of the selected amino acids including the column type, temperature and backpressure as well as the type of additive, were carefully optimized. The best separation of the 11 amino acids was obtained by adding water (5%, v/v) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.4%, v/v) to the organic modifier (methanol). Finally, the developed SFC-MS method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of these amino acids in six different tea samples. Good linearity (r ≥ 0.993), precision (RSDs ≤ 2.99%), accuracy (91.95%–107.09%) as well as good sample stability were observed. The limits of detection ranged from 1.42 to 14.69 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification were between 4.53 and 47.0 ng/mL. The results indicate that the contents of the 11 amino acids in the six different tea samples are greatly influenced by the degree of fermentation. The proposed SFC-MS method shows a great potential for further investigation of tea varieties. A SFC-MS approach was developed for the determination of amino acids. Water and trifluoroacetic acid are interesting additives for the SFC separation of amino acids. The SFC-MS method shows a good potential to differentiate the types of tea based on the content of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Tiejie Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Corresponding author.
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44
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Dascalu AE, Ghinet A, Billamboz M, Lipka E. Performance comparison of chlorinated chiral stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography for separation of selected pyrrolidone derivatives. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:248-253. [PMID: 31452962 PMCID: PMC6702407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of two chlorinated chiral stationary phases, namely, Lux Cellulose-2 and Lux i-Cellulose-5, flow-rate, percentage of co-solvent and chemical structures of the compounds on retention and resolution were studied within this article. In this work a backpressure of 150 bar, a temperature of 40 °C and 10% of methanol as co-solvent were chosen as operating conditions. The optimum flow-rate was 2 mL/min. The percentage of co-solvent was studied between 7.5% and 15%. We have observed that 15% of methanol gave the best results for most of the compounds. For all the derivatives, the Lux Cellulose-2 provided better resolutions going from 1.50 to 3.59 compared with Lux i-Cellulose-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Elena Dascalu
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI), Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, 13 rue de Toul, F-59046 Lille, France.,UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, BP 83, F-59006 Lille, France.,'Alexandru Ioan Cuza' University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Bd. Carol I nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI), Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, 13 rue de Toul, F-59046 Lille, France.,'Alexandru Ioan Cuza' University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemistry, Bd. Carol I nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI), Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, 13 rue de Toul, F-59046 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, BP 83, F-59006 Lille, France
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