1
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Liu H, Chen J, Chen M, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent development of chiral ionic liquids for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341496. [PMID: 37455089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), which are salts in a molten state below 100 °C, have become a hot topic of research in various fields because of their negligible vapour pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable viscosity. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) can be applied in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis fields to improve the performance of enantiomeric separation, such as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); CSPs in gas chromatography (GC); and background electrolyte additives (BGE), chiral ligands and chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review focuses on the applications of CILs in HPLC and CE for the separation of enantiomers in the past five years. The mechanism for separating enantiomers was explained, and the prospect of the application of CILs in chiral liquid chromatography (LC) and CE analysis was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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2
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Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Recent Trends in Graphene-Based Sorbents for LC Analysis of Food and Environmental Water Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:5134. [PMID: 37446796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent advancements in applying graphene-based materials as sorbents for liquid chromatography (LC) analysis. Graphene-based materials are promising for analytical chemistry, including applications as sorbents in liquid chromatography. These sorbents can be functionalized to produce unique extraction or stationary phases. Additionally, graphene-based sorbents can be supported in various materials and have consequently been applied to produce various devices for sample preparation. Graphene-based sorbents are employed in diverse applications, including food and environmental LC analysis. This review summarizes the application of graphene-based materials in food and environmental water analysis in the last five years (2019 to 2023). Offline and online sample preparation methods, such as dispersive solid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, pipette tip solid phase extraction, in-tube solid-phase microextraction, and others, are reviewed. The review also summarizes the application of the columns produced with graphene-based materials in separating food and water components and contaminants. Graphene-based materials have been reported as stationary phases for LC columns. Graphene-based stationary phases have been reported in packed, monolithic, and open tubular columns and have been used in LC and capillary electrochromatography modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V B Borsatto
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
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3
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Wang Z, Wang W, Sun L, Tang B, Zhang F, Luo A. A chiral multi-shelled mesoporous carbon nanospheres used for high-resolution gas chromatography separations. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1702:464100. [PMID: 37263056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a chiral multishelled mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) with unique spiral multishelled hollow mesoporous chiral structure is synthesized; the MCNs can be used as stationary phases for high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) and have good separation capacity. The successful preparation of MCNs is verified by a variety of characterizations. In addition, the MCNs-coated capillary column shows excellent separation performance for n-alkanes, n-alcohols, aromatic compounds, and esters, and it has a faster analysis time than the HP-5 commercial capillary column. The chromatography separation performance for various isomers and racemates of the MCNs stationary phase was evaluated, and it showed good separation capability for amino acid derivatives. The MCNs-coated capillary column has been demonstrated to present good reproducibility and stability. In summary, all of the chromatography experiments in this work indicate that this new stationary phase of the MCNs has good application potential for GC capillary separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liquan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Fulai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aiqin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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4
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Daneshvar Tarigh G. Enantioseparation/Recognition based on nano techniques/materials. J Sep Sci 2023:e2201065. [PMID: 37043692 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers show different behaviors in interaction with the chiral environment. Due to their identical chemical structure and their wide application in various industries, such as agriculture, medicine, pesticide, food, and so forth, their separation is of great importance. Today, the term "nano" is frequently encountered in all fields. Technology and measuring devices are moving towards miniaturization, and the usage of nanomaterials in all sectors is expanding substantially. Given that scientists have recently attempted to apply miniaturized techniques known as nano-liquid chromatography/capillary-liquid chromatography, which were originally accomplished in 1988, as well as the widespread usage of nanomaterials for chiral resolution (back in 1989), this comprehensive study was developed. Searching the terms "nano" and "enantiomer separation" on scientific websites such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science yields articles that either use miniaturized instruments or apply nanomaterials as chiral selectors with a variety of chemical and electrochemical detection techniques, which are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazale Daneshvar Tarigh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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γ-Cyclodextrin-graphene quantum dots-chitosan modified screen-printed electrode for sensing of fluoroquinolones. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:60. [PMID: 36656431 PMCID: PMC9852125 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An innovative electrochemical approach based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) functionalized with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and assembled to chitosan (CHI) is designed for the assessment of the total content of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in animal source products. For the design of the bionanocomposite, carboxylated graphene quantum dots synthesized from uric acid as precursor were functionalized with γ-CD using succinic acid as a linker. Physic-chemical and nanostructural characterization of the ensuing nanoparticles was performed by high-resolution transmission scanning microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Z potential measurement, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical properties of assembled bionanocomposite like potential difference, kinetic electronic transfer constant and electroactive area among other parameters were assessed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry using potassium ferricyanide as redox probe. The oxidation behaviour of four representative quinolones with distinctive structures was studied, obtaining in all cases the same number of involved e- (2) and H+ (2) in their oxidation. These results led us to propose a single and consistent oxidation mechanism for all the checked analytes. The γ-CD-GQDs-CHI/SPCE sensor displayed a boosted electroanalytical performance in terms of linear range (4-250 µM), sensibility (LOD = 1.2 µM) and selectivity. This electrochemical strategy allowed the determination of FQs total amount in complex processed food like broths, bouillon cubes and milkshakes at three concentration levels (150, 75 and 37.5 µM) for both equimolar and different ratio FQs mixtures with recovery values ranging from 90 to 106%.
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6
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Yao H, Dong X, Xiong H, Liu J, Zhou J, Ye Y. Functional cotton fabric-based TLC-SERS matrix for rapid and sensitive detection of mixed dyes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121464. [PMID: 35717930 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A facile cotton fabric with a built-in TLC-SERS structure was fabricated to demonstrate an integrated TLC separation and SERS identification of mixed dyes. The soft and flexible SERS fabric was firstly fabricated using a simple method in which gold nanoparticles were in-situ synthesized on cotton fabrics by heating. β-CD was then grafted onto cotton fabric through crosslinking with citric acid in presence of sodium hypophosphite monohydrate via esterification reaction. The adsorption and TLC development performance of β-CD grafted fabrics were comprehensively investigated with two organic dyes, one anionic dye and one nonionic dye. Besides, the recyclable adsorption and separation performance were tested to evaluate its sustainable application prospects. It displayed less adsorption capacity loss and reusable separation performance after several cycles than the pristine cotton fabrics. Finally, two sets of mixed dyes were successfully separated on the TLC fabrics and then identified via on-site SERS according to their different migration distance. The developed TLC-SERS fabric shows the advantage of quick, easy to handle, low-cost, sensitive, and could be exploited in on-site study of synthetic dyes in art objects, textile and packaging products or forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of the Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, Wuhan 430035, China
| | - Xiaxiao Dong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hong Xiong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yong Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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7
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Chromatographic supports for enantioselective liquid chromatography: Evolution and innovative trends. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
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9
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Zhang K, Wu HH, Huo HQ, Ji YL, Zhou Y, Gao CJ. Recent advances in nanofiltration, reverse osmosis membranes and their applications in biomedical separation field. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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A visual chiroptical system with chiral assembly graphene quantum dots for D-phenylalanine detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4885-4896. [PMID: 35562570 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental phenomenon of nature, and the enantioselective recognition of amino acids isomers is especially important for life science. In this study, chiroptical system based on chiral assembly graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was developed for visual testing of D-phenylalanine (D-Phe). Here, GQDs were used as the fluorescent element, and chiral functional moieties of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol-functionalized chiral ( +)-diacetyl-L-tartaric anhydride (TPTA) were used as the chiral recognition elements. Based on the formed chiral microenvironment, the fluorescence intensity of TPTA-assembled GQDs had a good linear relationship with D-Phe in the concentration range of 0.1-5 μM, and the detection limit was 0.023 μM. According to the variation in luminance of TPTA-assembled GQDs, visual testing to D-Phe was realized using a smartphone-assisted chiroptical system with a detection limit of 0.050 μM. The spiked recoveries of both chiroptical sensing methods based on TPTA-assembled GQDs from the food matrix ranged from 86.20 to 110.0%. Furthermore, TPTA-assembled GQDs were successfully applied to intracellular chiroptical imaging in response to D-Phe in vitro. The developed chiral nanomaterial TPTA-assembled GQDs with excellent photochemical stability, optical properties, and bioimaging capabilities provide a promising technique for the visual detection of amino acid isomers in the field of smart devices.
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11
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Recent Advances on Chiral Mobile Phase Additives: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Preparation and evaluation of a double-hydrophilic interaction stationary phase based on bovine serum albumin and graphene quantum dots modified silica. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Surface-up construction of quinine bridged functional cyclodextrin for single-column versatile enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462786. [PMID: 34986442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seeking for single-column versatile chiral separation methodology is the ultimate goal for analysts engrossed in enantioseparation. However, the versatility and selectivity are always contradictory due to negative influence among the recognition domains and the relatively low surface concentrations in a limited support surface area. Herein, we reported a novel series of quinine (QN) bridged cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with satisfied surface concentration of both selectors, prepared via a facile surface-up 'thiol-ene click' approach, where QN and CD can not only nicely exhibit their individual resolution capability but also afford possible synergism in resolving difficult-to-separate analytes. QN bridged phenylcarbamoylated CD CSP exhibits powerful resolution ability by positive combining the resolving ability of QN and functional CD and achieves the resolution of almost a double number of racemates over QN or CD CSPs. Meanwhile, it exhibits comparable and even better chiral selectivity over the widely used chemical-bonded chiral column (CHIRALPAK® IA, CHIRALPAK® IB and CHIRALPAK® IC of Daicel) for the studied analytes. This work thus advances the duplex QN-CD structure as a relatively versatile platform for chiral resolution and commendably promotes the design of functional CSPs with chiral molecular bridge.
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14
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Yu S, Sha X, Zhou X, Guo D, Han B, Huang S, Zhu Y. Cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized high performance liquid chromatography stationary phase for efficient separation of aromatic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462730. [PMID: 34896734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, novel cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized high performance liquid chromatography stationary phases were developed for efficient separation of aromatic compounds. β-cyclodextrin was grafted onto the surface of silica gel matrix with poly (amidoamine) dendrimers as spacers. Scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, element analysis and Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurement proved the successful grafting of cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites. The obtained stationary phases showed satisfactory separation effects for alkylbenzenes and benzenesulfonic acid substituents in reverse phase liquid chromatography mode. Weak hydrophilic and ion exchange interactions were also confirmed at the same time. Meanwhile, the effects of dendrimers and cyclodextrin on the chromatography performance were discussed. Separation mechanism of the stationary phases were verified by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance technology, and the result implied that the proposed cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized stationary phases have significant prospects for separation and determination of more aromatic compounds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuming Sha
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bowen Han
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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15
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Zhang JH, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Recent progress in the development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:51-77. [PMID: 34729907 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Separations and analyses of chiral compounds are important in many fields, including pharmaceutical production, preparation of chemical intermediates, and biochemistry. High-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase is regarded as one of the most valuable methods for enantiomeric separation and analysis because it is highly efficient, is broadly applicable, and has powerful separation capability. The focus for development of this method is the identification of novel chiral stationary phases with superior recognition performance and good stability. The present article reviews recent progress in the development of new chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography between January 2018 and June 2021. These newly reported chiral stationary phases are divided into three categories: small organic molecule-based (cyclodextrin and its derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, cinchona alkaloids, and other low molecular weight chiral molecules), macromolecule-based (cellulose and amylose derivatives, chitin and chitosan derivatives, and synthetic helical polymers) and chiral porous material-based (chiral metal-organic frameworks, chiral covalent organic frameworks, and chiral inorganic mesoporous silicas). Each type of chiral stationary phase is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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16
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Lachowicz M, Stańczak A, Kołodziejczyk M. Characteristic of Cyclodextrins: Their Role and Use in the Pharmaceutical Technology. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1495-1510. [PMID: 32538725 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200615150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
About 40% of newly-discovered entities are poorly soluble in water, and this may be an obstacle in the creation of new drugs. To address this problem, the present review article examines the structure and properties of cyclodextrins and the formation and potential uses of drug - cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides containing six or more D-(+)- glucopyranose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which are characterized by a favourable toxicological profile, low local toxicity and low mucous and eye irritability; they are virtually non-toxic when administered orally. They can be incorporated in the formulation of new drugs in their natural form (α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin) or as chemically-modified derivatives. They may also be used as an excipient in drugs delivered by oral, ocular, dermal, nasal and rectal routes, as described in the present paper. Cyclodextrins are promising compounds with many beneficial properties, and their use may be increasingly profitable for pharmaceutical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lachowicz
- Department of Technology of Drug Form, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stańczak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Technology of Drug Form, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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17
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Bui CV, Rosenau T, Hettegger H. Polysaccharide- and β-Cyclodextrin-Based Chiral Selectors for Enantiomer Resolution: Recent Developments and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144322. [PMID: 34299597 PMCID: PMC8307936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, particularly of amylose, cellulose, chitosan, and β-cyclodextrin, are well-known chiral selectors (CSs) of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in chromatography, because they can separate a wide range of enantiomers. Typically, such CSPs are prepared by physically coating, or chemically immobilizing the polysaccharide and β-cyclodextrin derivatives onto inert silica gel carriers as chromatographic support. Over the past few years, new chiral selectors have been introduced, and progressive methods to prepare CSPs have been exploited. Also, chiral recognition mechanisms, which play a crucial role in the investigation of chiral separations, have been better elucidated. Further insights into the broad functional performance of commercially available chiral column materials and/or the respective newly developed chiral phase materials on enantiomeric separation (ES) have been gained. This review summarizes the recent developments in CSs, CSP preparation, chiral recognition mechanisms, and enantiomeric separation methods, based on polysaccharides and β-cyclodextrins as CSs, with a focus on the years 2019-2020 of this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Viet Bui
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology—The University of Danang, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Hubert Hettegger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Li M, Guo X, Di X, Jiang Z. Enantioseparation on a new synthetic β-cyclodextrin chemically bonded chiral stationary phase and molecular docking study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3933-3944. [PMID: 33903946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel β-cyclodextrin derivative chemically bonded chiral stationary phase (EDACD) was synthesized by the reaction of mono-6-ethylenediamine-β-cyclodextrin with the active alkyl isocyanate, anchoring to silica gel. After the successful analysis and characterization using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, the enantioselective performance of the as-prepared EDACD column was evaluated by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and flavonoids under the reversed-phase HPLC condition. The factors that affected enantioseparation including mobile phase compositions and buffers were investigated in more detail. As a result, EDACD showed a satisfactory enantioselectivity for the tested drugs. With the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 20-mM ammonium formate adjusted to pH 4.0 using formic acid (85:15, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1, the enantiomers of ibuprofen, carprofen, naproxen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, eriocitrin, naringin, and narirutin were separated with the best resolutions of 1.53, 1.64, 3.72, 2.40, 0.50, 0.61, 0.58, and 0.52. To adjust the proportion of acetonitrile to 80% (by volume), the enantiomers of pranoprofen and flurbiprofen were completely resolved with the best resolutions of 1.60 and 1.59. Additionally, by the study of the molecular docking, hydrogen bonding and inclusion complexation were believed to play an important role in chiral recognition. As a new material, EDACD will have a wider application in the analysis of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Bao T, Wang S, Zhang N, Zhang J. Facile synthesis and immobilization of functionalized covalent organic framework-1 for electrochromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462130. [PMID: 33848663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the outstanding functions of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which can be used for functionalization of both covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and substrate surfaces, herein, a proof-of-concept demonstration was carried out by one-step synthesis and immobilization of COF-1 in capillary. COF-1 was grown on the inner wall of capillary using APTES, which played a triple role of catalyst, stabilizer, and connecting arm during the process. The immobilization of COF-1 on silicon surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, COF-1 modified capillary (COF-1@capillary) column exhibited excellent performance in the electrochromatographic separation of amino acids. High resolution and separation efficiency (225,378 plates/m for 4-methylbiphenyl) were successfully achieved. Separation of methylbenzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 4-methylbiphenyl, naphthalene, and 4-vinylbipheny in the electro-driven mode confirmed the successful growth of COF-1 on the inner wall of capillary. The developed facile method for the immobilization of COF-1 may pave the way for further application prospects of boron-based COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China..
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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20
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Preparation and applications of cellulose-functionalized chiral stationary phases: A review. Talanta 2021; 225:121987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhao B, Yang S, Deng J, Pan K. Chiral Graphene Hybrid Materials: Structures, Properties, and Chiral Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003681. [PMID: 33854894 PMCID: PMC8025009 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chirality has become an important research subject. The research areas associated with chirality are under substantial development. Meanwhile, graphene is a rapidly growing star material and has hard-wired into diverse disciplines. Rational combination of graphene and chirality undoubtedly creates unprecedented functional materials and may also lead to great findings. This hypothesis has been clearly justified by the sizable number of studies. Unfortunately, there has not been any previous review paper summarizing the scattered studies and advancements on this topic so far. This overview paper attempts to review the progress made in chiral materials developed from graphene and their derivatives, with the hope of providing a systemic knowledge about the construction of chiral graphenes and chiral applications thereof. Recently emerging directions, existing challenges, and future perspectives are also presented. It is hoped this paper will arouse more interest and promote further faster progress in these significant research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Shenghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Kai Pan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
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Facile preparation of ethanediamine-β-cyclodextrin modified capillary column for electrochromatographic enantioseparation of Dansyl amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462082. [PMID: 33780884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication of a fascinating multifunctional cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phase and its chiral separation performance in capillary electrochromatography are proposed. A facile interfacial polymerization was used to anchor ethanediamine-β-cyclodextrin (EDA-β-CD) polymerized with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and to form the chiral stationary phase (CSP) composite onto the surface wall of the capillary. The characters of prepared columns were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). This novel CSP offers multi-typical interactions including hydrogen bonding, π-interaction, hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction as well as steric effects which contribute to prominent chiral recognition for Dansyl-DL-amino acids in CEC modes. The EDA-β-CD modified column showed eminent enantioseparation performance towards five Dansyl-DL-amino acids (the DL-forms of valine, threonine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine). Besides, the prepared columns were perfectly reproducible and stable. The relative standard deviations of the enantiomer retention times for intra-day (n = 5), inter-day (n = 3) runs and column-to-columns (n = 3) are below 0.54%, 1.35% and 4.89%, individually. This innovative chiral stationary phase shows a broader application view and scope in chiral recognition domain.
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Luo Q, Zhong Z, Zheng Y, Gao D, Xia Z, Wang L. Preparation and evaluation of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) derived graphene quantum dots based hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase mixed-mode stationary phase for complex sample analysis. Talanta 2021; 224:121869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Carbon dots – Separative techniques: Tools-objective towards green analytical nanometrology focused on bioanalysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen J, Gong Z, Tang W, Row KH, Qiu H. Carbon dots in sample preparation and chromatographic separation: Recent advances and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kortel M, Mansuriya BD, Vargas Santana N, Altintas Z. Graphene Quantum Dots as Flourishing Nanomaterials for Bio-Imaging, Therapy Development, and Micro-Supercapacitors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E866. [PMID: 32962061 PMCID: PMC7570118 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are considerably a new member of the carbon family and shine amongst other members, thanks to their superior electrochemical, optical, and structural properties as well as biocompatibility features that enable us to engage them in various bioengineering purposes. Especially, the quantum confinement and edge effects are giving GQDs their tremendous character, while their heteroatom doping attributes enable us to specifically and meritoriously tune their prospective characteristics for innumerable operations. Considering the substantial role offered by GQDs in the area of biomedicine and nanoscience, through this review paper, we primarily focus on their applications in bio-imaging, micro-supercapacitors, as well as in therapy development. The size-dependent aspects, functionalization, and particular utilization of the GQDs are discussed in detail with respect to their distinct nano-bio-technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (B.D.M.); (N.V.S.)
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Hobbs C, Řezanka P, Řezanka M. Cyclodextrin‐Functionalised Nanomaterials for Enantiomeric Recognition. Chempluschem 2020; 85:876-888. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hobbs
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
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Ke J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Ji Y, Chen J. Novel chiral composite membrane prepared via the interfacial polymerization of diethylamino-beta-cyclodextrin for the enantioseparation of chiral drugs. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Gao J, Quan K, Li H, Li Z, Zhao L, Qiu H. Preparation and evaluation of biselector bonded-type multifunctional chiral stationary phase based on dialdehyde cellulose and 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-β-cyclodextrine derivatives. Chirality 2020; 32:387-399. [PMID: 31965651 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel biselector bonded-type multifunctional chiral stationary phase (MCSP) was prepared by covalently crosslinking dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-β-cyclodextrine (CD) via Schiff base reaction. The biselector bonded-type MCSP had good chiral and achiral chromatographic performance in normal phase (NP) and reversed phase (RP) modes. Seven and eight enantiomers were successfully separated on the prepared biselector bonded-type MCSP in NP and RP modes, respectively. The biselector bonded-type MCSP showed enhanced chiral resolution ability compared with single selector chiral stationary phases due to the simultaneous introduction of DAC and 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-β-CD on the surface of silica gel. Aromatic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anilines, phenols, phenylates, and aromatic acids were choosed as analytes to investigate the achiral chromatographic performance of the biselector bonded-type MCSP in NP and RP modes. Chromatographic evaluation results showed that the above aromatic compounds were essentially capable of achieving baseline separation by hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction, and π-π electron-donor-acceptor interaction. Moreover, the host-guest inclusion effect of 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-β-CD and the multiple interactions made the biselector bonded-type MCSP have good steric selectivity. The preparation method of the biselector bonded-type MCSP was simple and provided a new idea and strategy for the preparation of the subsequent novel biselector MCSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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