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Alawadi M, Fakhari AR, Maghsoudi M, Nojavan S. Dextrin-assisted gel electromembrane extraction of chiral drugs: Improving the extraction efficiency and investigation of enantioselectivity of extraction. Talanta 2024; 274:126016. [PMID: 38599118 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates the use of dextrins (maltodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) to improve the efficiency of the agarose-based gel electromembrane extraction technique for extracting chiral basic drugs (citalopram, hydroxyzine, and cetirizine). Additionally, it examines the enantioselectivity of the extraction process for these drugs. To achieve these, dextrins were incorporated into either the sample solution, the membrane, or the acceptor solution, and then the extraction procedure was performed. Enantiomers were separated and analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis device equipped with a UV detector. The results obtained under the optimal extraction conditions (sample solution pH: 4.0, acceptor solution pH: 2.0, gel membrane pH: 3.0, agarose concentration: 3 % w/v, stirring rate: 1000 rpm, gel thickness: 4.4 mm, extraction voltage: 62.3 V, and extraction time: 32.1 min) indicated that incorporating dextrins into either the sample solution, membrane or the acceptor solution enhances extraction efficiency by 17.3-23.1 %. The most significant increase was observed when hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was added to the acceptor solution. The findings indicated that the inclusion of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the sample solution resulted in an enantioselective extraction, yielding an enantiomeric excess of 6.42-7.14 %. The proposed method showed a linear range of 5.0-2000 ng/mL for enantiomers of model drugs. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for all enantiomers were found to be < 4.5 ng/mL and <15.0 ng/mL, respectively. Intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 4) were less than 10.8 %, and the relative errors were less than 3.2 % for all the enantiomers. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to determine concentrations of enantiomers in a urine sample with relative recoveries of 96.8-99.2 %, indicating good reliability of the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alawadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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Martín A, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M. An improved microfluidic device to enhance the enrichment factors in liquid phase microextraction: application to the simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar acids in biological samples. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:170. [PMID: 37016169 PMCID: PMC10073048 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
A new microfluidic device to enhance the enrichment factor in miniaturized systems is proposed. The microfluidic system was design for liquid phase microextractions, and it was applied to the simultaneous extraction of acidic compounds of a wide range of polarity (0.5 < log P < 3). The device operated under stagnant acceptor phase conditions and all the operational parameters involved were optimized. Tributyl phosphate was found to be a new highly efficient supported liquid membrane to simultaneously extract analytes of very different polarities. The optimal donor and acceptor phase were pH 2 and pH 13, respectively. The donor flow rate and the extraction time were investigated simultaneously, offering great versatility with high enrichment factors (EFs). Limits of quantitation were within 0.02 and 0.09 µg mL-1 for all compounds at 10 µL min-1 as donor flow rate and 20-min extractions, offering EFs between 11 and 18 with only 200-µL sample volume consumption. The method was successfully applied to human urine samples, observing recoveries between 47 and 90% for all compounds. This new proposed microfluidic system increases the wide range of applications, especially when the analytes are present in lower concentrations in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof., García González S/N, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof., García González S/N, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Bello-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof., García González S/N, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof., García González S/N, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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3
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Martins RO, de Araújo GL, Simas RC, Chaves AR. ELECTROMEMBRANE EXTRACTION (EME): FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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4
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Alkan C, Çabuk H. Matrix‐induced sugaring‐out liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit jams. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Alkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Hasan Çabuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak Turkey
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Chen M, Qin Y, Wang S, Liu S, Zhao G, Lu H, Cui H, Cai J, Wang X, Yan Q, Hua C, Xie F, Wan L. Electromembrane extraction of nicotine in inhaled aerosols from tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1208:123391. [PMID: 35908439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes are considered as alternatives to traditional tobacco cigarettes. However, it is crucial to monitor and compare the nicotine concentration in inhaled aerosols from these tobacco products, owing to the addictive nature and adverse effects of nicotine on human health. This study aimed to provide an electromembrane extraction (EME) combined liquid chromatography method to extract and determine nicotine in different inhaled aerosols. EME showed high extraction efficiency, selectivity, and sample clean-up capability. Under the optimal parameters, the linear range for nicotine was 0.1-200 mg L-1 (r2 > 0.9998), and the limit of detection was 0.02 mg L-1. Good precision was obtained with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of 2.2 % and 2.8 %, respectively. Repeatability was satisfactory (<7.7 %), and recoveries ranged from 81.0 % to 112.8 %. Finally, this method has been successfully used for the determination and comparison of nicotine in aerosols from these three tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yaqiong Qin
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Fujian Industrial Co., LTD, Binshui Road #298, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Huapeng Cui
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Junlan Cai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Quanping Yan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Chenfeng Hua
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Libin Wan
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road #87, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, PR China.
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Behpour M, Maghsoudi M, Nojavan S. Analysis of methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, and buprenorphine in biological samples by ion mobility spectrometry after electromembrane extraction in tandem with slug flow microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463355. [PMID: 35908513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel tandem extraction method based on electromembrane extraction (EME) and slug flow microextraction (SFME) was developed for the extraction of some narcotics (methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, and buprenorphine) from biological samples. The analytes were quantified by corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS). In this method, initially, analytes were extracted using an EME procedure (step-1). After that, the acceptor solution of the first step containing target analytes was applied in an SFME procedure (step-2) as a donor solution for further preconcentration. In the second step, analytes were extracted from an aqueous solution into an organic extractant. The optimum EME and SFME conditions were as follows: type of supported liquid membrane: 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 10% v/v di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, acceptor solution pH: 1.0, sample solution pH: 4.0, voltage: 248 V, extraction time: 17.5 min, tilting number of glass capillary tube: 10 times, type of the organic extractant: toluene, the concentration of NaOH solution: 400 mM. Under optimum extraction conditions, good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.50-750.0 ng/mL with coefficients of determination (r2) ≥ 0.991. The limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the range of 0.15-3.5 ng/mL and 0.50-12.0 ng/mL, respectively. The inter-day and intra-day precisions (n = 3) provided RSDs lower than 12.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 255.7 to 505.4 and 37.6-78.3%, respectively. Comparing the EME/HPLC-UV with EME-SFME/CD-IMS showed that using the tandem extraction method improved the enrichment factors by more than 2.7 times and limits of detection and quantification by more than 15 times. Finally, this procedure was used to quantify target analytes in plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Behpour
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran.
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Shang Q, Mei H, Huang C, Shen X. Fundamentals, operations and applications of electromembrane extraction: An overview of reviews. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Maghsoudi M, Nojavan S, Hatami E. Development of electrically assisted solvent bar microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the extraction and quantification of basic drugs in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462447. [PMID: 34392124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new extraction procedure is introduced based on electrically assisted solvent bar microextraction. In the first step, the analytes are transferred from sample solution to the hollow fiber supported organic solvent. After that, with the aid of an electrical field, the analytes migrated into the aqueous extractant. The proposed approach was used to extract the three basic drugs (including lidocaine, diltiazem, and propranolol) from the plasma and urine samples. Under the optimized condition, (the supported organic solvent: 1-octanol, stirring rate: 300 rpm, pH of sample solution: 12.0, salt concentration: 2.0% (w/v), extraction time: 15 min, aqueous extractant: (30 µL, 100 mM HCl), back-extraction time: 2 min, back-extraction voltage: 100 V), the proposed procedure presented wide linearities with coefficients of determination more than 0.992 over a concentration range of 5.0-1000 ng mL-1. The limit of detection was also determined in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 ng mL-1, repeatability (intra-day) was between 3.3 and 11.1% (n = 4), and reproducibility (inter-day) was between 4.3 and 14.6% (n = 4 days). It was indicated that the proposed approach could effectively extract the analytes from the plasma and urine samples, and the relative recoveries were between 90.2 and 105.6%, indicating the validity of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Ensieh Hatami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Hammad SF, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:185-209. [PMID: 34472701 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Santigosa E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Muñoz M, Ramos-Payán M. Green microfluidic liquid-phase microextraction of polar and non-polar acids from urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3717-3723. [PMID: 33884461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hippuric acid (log P = 0.5), anthranilic acid (log P = 1.3), ketoprofen (log P = 3.6), and naproxen (log P = 3.0) were simultaneously extracted by a green microfluidic device based on the principles of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). Different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as supported liquid membrane (SLM), and a mixture of camphor and menthol as eutectic solvents in the molar ratio 1:1 was found to be highly efficient for the simultaneous extraction of non-polar and polar acidic drugs. LPME was conducted for 6 min per sample. Urine sample was delivered to the system at 1 μL min-1, and target analytes were extracted exhaustively (75-100% recovery) across the DES SLM, and into pure aqueous phosphate buffer pH 11.0 delivered as acceptor at 1 μL min-1. The acceptor was analyzed with liquid chromatography-UV detection. Interestingly, the DES enabled extraction of both the polar and non-polar model analytes at the same time; all chemicals were green and non-hazardous, and the chemical waste was less than 1 mg per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Santigosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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Analysis of basic drugs in biological samples using dynamic single-interface hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with fast electromembrane extraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Mahdavi P, Nojavan S, Asadi S. An investigation on the effect of filtration and dilution of biological samples on electromembrane extraction efficiency: Determination of basic drugs in plasma and urine samples. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Mahdavi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Sakine Asadi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
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Fashi A, Cheraghi M, Badiee H, Zamani A. An analytical strategy based on the combination of ultrasound assisted flat membrane liquid phase microextraction and a smartphone reader for trace determination of malondialdehyde. Talanta 2020; 209:120618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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