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Ding Y, Liao S, Yang J, He J, Lv S, Huang J, Song X, Ou D. Analysis of authorized coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on dispersive solid-phase extraction and lyophilization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123884. [PMID: 37714049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and efficient method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 8 coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water (including sewage, pond water, and lake water) surrounding the farm. Target analytes in chicken feces were extracted with 2% acetic acid in acetonitrile solution, followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) cleanup step using the mixture of PSA and C18 adsorbents. Environmental water samples were pretreated using a lyophilization approach. Analysis was carried out on a UPLC-MS/MS with the combination of methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase under multiple reaction monitoring in positive and negative ionization modes. Results showed that 8 coccidiostats were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. Method validation was performed using fortified samples, reaching satisfactory recoveries of 75.9%-97.8% in chicken feces and 71.9%-108.2% in environmental water. Limits of detection for 8 analytes in chicken feces and environmental water were 0.03∼2 µg/kg and 0.005∼1 µg/L, respectively. Matrix effects were calculated and strong signal suppression (>50%) for some coccidiostats was observed. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water collected from local chicken farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shudan Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Areas of Kaili City, Kaili 556000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Inspection and Testing for Quality and Safety of Guiyang Agricultural Products, Guizhou 550081, Guiyang, China
| | - Shiming Lv
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuqin Song
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Deyuan Ou
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
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Wei XW, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Liu ZF, Feng XS, Tan Y. A Review on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Polyether Antibiotics in Complex Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37647335 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2251156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyether antibiotics (PAs) are the anti-coccidiosis drugs used for treating and preventing coccidiosis. Studies show the residues of these antibiotics in food cause adversities and threaten human health. PAs thus need robust, rugged, and accurate methods for their analysis. This review encompasses pretreatment and detection methods of PAs in diverse matrices since 2010. Both conventional and developed methods are part of the pretreatments, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, solvent front position extraction, QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe), supercritical fluid extraction, and others. The analysis methods involve liquid chromatography coupled with detectors, sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques for PAs have been discussed and future tendencies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Saeed Z, Alkheraije KA. Botanicals: A promising approach for controlling cecal coccidiosis in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157633. [PMID: 37180056 PMCID: PMC10168295 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian species have long struggled with the problem of coccidiosis, a disease that affects various parts of the intestine, including the anterior gut, midgut, and hindgut. Among different types of coccidiosis, cecal coccidiosis is particularly dangerous to avian species. Chickens and turkeys are commercial flocks; thus, their parasites have remained critical due to their economic importance. High rates of mortality and morbidity are observed in both chickens and turkeys due to cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiostats and coccidiocidal chemicals have traditionally been added to feed and water to control coccidiosis. However, after the EU banned their use because of issues of resistance and public health, alternative methods are being explored. Vaccines are also being used, but their efficacy and cost-effectiveness remain as challenges. Researchers are attempting to find alternatives, and among the alternatives, botanicals are a promising choice. Botanicals contain multiple active compounds such as phenolics, saponins, terpenes, sulfur compounds, etc., which can kill sporozoites and oocysts and stop the replication of Eimeria. These botanicals are primarily used as anticoccidials due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Because of the medicinal properties of botanicals, some commercial products have also been developed. However, further research is needed to confirm their pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and methods of concentrated preparation. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the plants that have the potential to act as anticoccidials and to explain the mode of action of different compounds found within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Saeed
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Oh HS, Kim T, Gu DH, Lee TS, Kim TH, Shin S, Shin BS. Pharmacokinetics of Nafamostat, a Potent Serine Protease Inhibitor, by a Novel LC-MS/MS Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061881. [PMID: 35335247 PMCID: PMC8955020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nafamostat, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as pancreatitis. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown the promising antiviral effects of nafamostat for the treatment of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This study aimed to develop a novel liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of nafamostat in rats. Nafamostat in the rat plasma was extracted by solid phase extraction, and 13C6-nafamostat was used as an internal standard. The quantification limit of nafamostat in the rat plasma was 0.5 ng/mL. The LC-MS/MS method was fully validated and applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of nafamostat in rats. Following intravenous injection (2 mg/kg), nafamostat in the plasma showed a multiexponential decline with an average elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.39 h. Following oral administration of nafamostat solutions (20 mg/kg) in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in 10% DMSO with 10% Tween 80, nafamostat was rapidly absorbed, and the average oral bioavailability was 0.95% and 1.59%, respectively. The LC-MS/MS method and the pharmacokinetic information of nafamostat could be helpful for the further preclinical and clinical studies of nafamostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.S.O.); (T.K.); (D.-H.G.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Taehyung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.S.O.); (T.K.); (D.-H.G.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Hyeon Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.S.O.); (T.K.); (D.-H.G.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Tae Suk Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.S.O.); (T.K.); (D.-H.G.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea;
| | - Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.S.O.); (T.K.); (D.-H.G.); (T.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7705
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Veiga-Gómez M, Nebot C, Falqué E, Pérez B, Franco CM, Cepeda A. Determination of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in groundwater for human and animal consumption and crop irrigation in Galicia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2055-2076. [PMID: 34477499 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1964702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and heavy metals are contaminants present in groundwaters, which are the main source of drinking water in most parts of the world. In the northwest region of Spain, Galicia, groundwater harvesting is a common practice for drinking water supply, crop irrigation, cattle watering, as well as recreational use such as filling pools. In order to assess the quality of Galician groundwaters, the presence of 21 pharmaceuticals and 10 heavy metals was analysed by UPLC-MS/MS and ICP/MS methods, respectively, in a total of 118 groundwater samples from private wells. Seventeen of the 21 compounds studied were detected in 28% of the samples, with the highest presence of pharmaceuticals belonging to the antimicrobial group (52%), specifically the sulphonamides group in a range of concentration between 21 and 14.9 ng/L. In addition, 30% of the samples contained at least one heavy metal (Mn, As and Fe) above the legally permitted levels. Evaluation of the risk associated with the consumption of the analysed groundwater indicated no human risk for any of the detected pharmaceuticals but high cancer risk for children due to Cd, Cr and As concentrations was observe.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Veiga-Gómez
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carolina Nebot
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Elena Falqué
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Benita Pérez
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo-Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Manuel Franco
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Mooney D, Richards KG, Danaher M, Grant J, Gill L, Mellander PE, Coxon CE. An investigation of anticoccidial veterinary drugs as emerging organic contaminants in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141116. [PMID: 32758987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of the food production system to meet increased global demand for food has led to veterinary pharmaceuticals becoming a critical component in animal husbandry. Anticoccidials are a group of veterinary products used to control coccidiosis in food-producing animals, with primary prophylactic use in poultry production. Excretion in manure and subsequent land-spreading provides a potential pathway to groundwater. Information on the fate and occurrence of these compounds in groundwater is scant, therefore these substances are potential emerging organic contaminants of concern. A study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of anticoccidial compounds in groundwater throughout the Republic of Ireland. Twenty-six anticoccidials (6 ionophores and 20 synthetic anticoccidials) were analysed at 109 sites (63 boreholes and 46 springs) during November and December 2018. Sites were categorised and selected based on the following source and pathway factors: (a) the presence/absence of poultry activity (b) predominant aquifer category and (c) predominant groundwater vulnerability, within the zone of contribution (ZOC) for each site. Seven anticoccidials, including four ionophores (lasalocid, monensin, narasin and salinomycin) and three synthetic anticoccidials (amprolium, diclazuril and nicarbazin), were detected at 24% of sites at concentrations ranging from 1 to 386 ng L-1. Monensin and amprolium were the two most frequently detected compounds, detected at 15% and 7% of sites, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that source factors are the most significant drivers of the occurrence of anticoccidials, with no definitive relationships between occurrence and pathway factors. The study found that the detection of anticoccidial compounds is 6.5 times more likely when poultry activity is present within the ZOC of a sampling point, compared to the absence of poultry activity. This work presents the first detections of these contaminants in Irish groundwater and it contributes to broadening our understanding of the environmental occurrence and fate of anticoccidial veterinary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mooney
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland.
| | - K G Richards
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - M Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - J Grant
- Statistics and Applied Physics, Research Operations Group, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - L Gill
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P-E Mellander
- Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - C E Coxon
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland
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Goessens T, Baere SD, Troyer ND, Deknock A, Goethals P, Lens L, Pasmans F, Croubels S. Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2117-2131. [PMID: 32969449 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs, such as coccidiostats and anthelmintics are routinely administered in extensive animal husbandry, finding their way into the aquatic environment through urine and/or feces of treated animals kept outdoors or by the application of contaminated liquid manure on agricultural fields and subsequent mechanisms of surface run-off, leaching and drift. Several of these compounds are known to exert acute and chronic toxicity effects on aquatic organisms, and can lead to changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The overall objective of this research was to develop, validate and apply a highly sensitive, multi-residue SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of 12 coccidiostats, registered as a feed supplement or veterinary medicine in Europe and three regularly used anthelmintics, in pond water, often functioning as amphibian habitat. Sample extraction was optimized using a fractional factorial resolution design. Pond water filtration efficiency (i.e. 80-118%, ≤25% RSD) and matrix effects (i.e. 72-119%, ≤39% RSD) were evaluated using water from respectively 3 and 20 different ponds in Flanders. By incorporating internal standards, overall results improved and adequate precision values (i.e.≤15%) were obtained according to the EMA guidelines. Acceptable within-run and between-run apparent recoveries, satisfactory precision as well as good linearity were demonstrated according to the CD 2002/657/EC, SANTE/12682/2019 and VICH 49 guidelines, except for robenidine for which the between-day precision was between 21.0 and 34.5%. Sample storage stability studies indicated that storage at 4 °C and analysis performed within 96 hours after sampling was sufficient to avoid loss by degradation for all compounds, excluding robenidine. Values for the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in nanograms per liter, which was essential for the environmental application of this novel method. The method was successfully applied on grab water samples from the water surface of 18 different ponds across Flanders, Belgium, detecting amprolium and levamisole at concentrations below the LOQ of 2.5 ng L-1 and at 250.0 ng L-1 or below the LOQ of 250.0 ng L-1, respectively. In conclusion, our newly developed method may provide insights about the contamination status of amphibian breeding ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goessens
- Ghent University, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Niessen W. Tandem mass spectrometry of small-molecule antiviral drugs: 3. antiviral agents against herpes, influenza and other viral infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 455:116377. [PMID: 32834766 PMCID: PMC7292951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the treatment of various viral infections, antiviral drugs may be used. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is the method of choice in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs, e.g., to establish bioavailability, to study pharmacokinetics, and later on possibly for therapeutic drug monitoring. In this study, the fragmentation in MS-MS of small-molecule antiviral drugs against herpes and influenza viruses is reviewed. In this way, insight is gained on the identity of the product ions used in SRM. Fragmentation schemes of antiviral agents are also relevant in the identification of drug metabolites or (forced) degradation products. As information of the fragmentation of antiviral drugs in MS-MS and the identity of the product ions is very much scattered in the scientific literature, it was decided to collect this information and to review it. In this third study, attention is paid to small-molecule antiviral agents used against herpes and influenza virus infections. In addition, some attention is paid to broad-spectrum antiviral agents, that are investigated with respect to their efficacy in challenging virus infections of this century, e.g., involving Ebola, Zika and corona viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, which is causing a world-wide pandemic at this very moment. The review provides fragmentation schemes of ca. 35 antiviral agents. The identity of the product ions used in SRM, i.e., elemental composition and exact-m/z, is tabulated, and more detailed fragmentation schemes are provided.
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Di Rocco M, Moloney M, Haren D, Gutierrez M, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Improving the chromatographic selectivity of β-lactam residue analysis in milk using phenyl-column chemistry prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4461-4475. [PMID: 32447520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analyte isobaric interferences can limit the development of a comprehensive analytical method for the quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling of an important cohort of veterinary drugs. In this work, a selective chromatographic separation was developed for the analysis of 32 β-lactam antibiotic residues (12 penicillins, 14 cephalosporins, five carbapenems and faropenem) in milk samples. A range of analytical columns with different stationary phases and mobile phases were evaluated for retention and separation of the β-lactam compounds. Results showed that, among the columns tested, only phenyl-hexyl could adequately separate ampicillin from cephalexin and amoxicillin from cefadroxil, which had shown isobaric interferences on a number of stationary phases. Chromatography was performed using a water/acetonitrile binary gradient with formic acid and ammonium acetate. The β-lactam residues were extracted from the milk samples using a water:acetonitrile solution and purified by C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, followed by concentration under nitrogen and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) determination. Analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI(+)). Possible interfering matrix effects were overcome by using 13 internal standards. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC guidelines, showing satisfactory performance characteristics. Under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, trueness and precision ranged from 91 to 130% and from 1.4 to 38.6%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) were in the range 2.1-133 μg kg-1. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.0090 and 1.5 μg kg-1 and from 0.030 to 5.0 μg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Haren
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Seán Earley
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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