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Hu S, Ye B, Li H, Yan P, Chen D, Zhao M. Enhanced selectivity for convenient extraction of acidic mycotoxins using a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation: Determination of fumonisins and ochratoxins in cereals as a proof-of-concept study. Food Chem 2024; 454:139715. [PMID: 38795619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Starches-rich and protein-rich cereal samples commonly need tedious sample preparation steps before instrumental analysis. This study developed a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation (CIPS) method for convenient sample preparation. A small-sized centrifuge tube (2 mL) and a low-temperature centrifuge, both of which are easily accessible, make up the basic components of the system. Unlike conventional sample preparation methods that need a step-by-step extraction, enrichment, purification, and centrifugation, this centrifugal integrated CIPS method can be performed by a one-step combination protocol under a low-temperature centrifuge. As a proof-of-concept study, satisfactory recoveries and enrichment factors were demonstrated for the extraction of fumonisins and ochratoxins from cereals. A sensitive and selective quantification method was yielded by combining LC-HRMS using tSIM acquisition mode, with good linearity (R2 > 0.998), accuracy (82.9-106.5%), and precision (<13.4%). This strategy is convenient, low-cost, repeatable, and easy to semi-automate, further expanding the extraction potential for other acidic mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Baoye Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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2
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Yan H, Zhao W, Parveen A, Ye Z, Fei Q, Wang X, Zhou Y. Comprehensive and cumulative risk evaluation of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A on fermented teas worldwide by a new assessment model. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114321. [PMID: 38072213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently, mycotoxin risks in fermented tea have received high attention, but mycotoxin transfer rates from tealeaf to infusion during brewing were rarely considered. In addition, the assessment data (i.e., mycotoxin occurrences and tea consumption) in previous assessments were usually limited. Here, a comprehensive and cumulative risk assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was performed using a tea assessment model, by which mycotoxin transfer rates were included and the assessment data were collected worldwide. By 10 times of brewing, the aflatoxin transfer rate was only 2.94% and OTA was 63.65%. Besides the extreme case, hazard quotients (HQs) from all consumers were lower than the threshold of 1.0, indicating no noncarcinogenic risk; the P95 cumulative margin of exposure (1/MoET) values were 2.52E-04 (30-39 years of age) and 2.42E-04 (≥50 years of age) for two high exposure groups under the upper bound scenario, which a little higher than the carcinogenic risk threshold of 1.00E-04. Notably, the P95 cumulative 1/MoET values (3.24E-03 -7.95E-03) by food assessment model were ten times higher than those of by tea assessment model. The comparative results showed that mycotoxin dietary risks on tea consumption by food assessment model were much overestimated. The result of this study indicated that the contaminants transfer rates should be considered for risk assessment on tea consumption in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China; Lu'an Institute of Supervision and Inspection on Product Quality, Anhui, Lu'an, 237000, China
| | - Weifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Asma Parveen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qingru Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China.
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3
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Casado N, Berenguer CV, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. What Are We Eating? Surveying the Presence of Toxic Molecules in the Food Supply Chain Using Chromatographic Approaches. Molecules 2024; 29:579. [PMID: 38338324 PMCID: PMC10856495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
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Qiu T, Zhang H, Lei H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shen X, Xu B, Zhu J, Xiao W, Zheng J, Chen J. Preparation of Anti-Zearalenone IgY and Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA Method for the Measurement of Zearalenone in Post-Fermented Tea. Foods 2023; 12:4478. [PMID: 38137282 PMCID: PMC10742412 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-fermented tea (PFT) is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Rapid microbial growth and significant changes in the microbial composition of PFT during processing and storage pose a potential risk of contamination with mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN). Screening for ZEN contamination in a simple, rapid, and inexpensive manner is required to ensure that PFT is safe for consumption. To monitor ZEN in PFT, ZEN was conjugated with bovine serum albumin to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY). A specific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on IgY was developed and validated. ZEN was extracted with acetonitrile and water (50:50, v/v) containing 5% acetic acid and purified using a mixture of primary and secondary amines and graphitized carbon black to remove matrix interference from the PFT samples. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of this assay was 13.8-508.9 ng mL-1, the limit of detection was 9.3 ng mL-1, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 83.8 ng mL-1. Cross-reactivity was negligible, and the assay was specific for ZEN-related molecules. The recovery rate of ZEN in the control blanks of PFT samples spiked with a defined concentration of ZEN of 89.5% to 98.0%. The recovery and accuracy of the method were qualified for PFT matrices. No significant differences were evident between the results of the actual PFT samples analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and ic-ELISA. The collective data indicate that the developed ic-ELISA can be used for the rapid and simple detection of ZEN in PFT products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Qiu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huayi Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Biyun Xu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jialin Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wentao Xiao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jixu Zheng
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (H.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (W.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
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5
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Dao Y, Yu J, Yang M, Han J, Fan C, Pang X. DNA Metabarcoding Reveals the Fungal Community on the Surface of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, an Edible and Medicinal Herb. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15081. [PMID: 37894762 PMCID: PMC10606453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) has been globally applied as an herbal medicine and tea. A number of reports recently revealed fungal and mycotoxin contamination in medicinal herbs. It is essential to analyze the fungal community in LJF to provide an early warning for supervision. In this study, the fungal community in LJF samples was identified through DNA metabarcoding. A total of 18 LJF samples were collected and divided based on the collection areas and processing methods. The results indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum. At the genus level, Rhizopus was the most abundant, followed by Erysiphe and Fusarium. Ten pathogenic fungi were detected among the 41 identified species. Moreover, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Aspergillus had lower relative abundances in LJF samples under oven drying than under other processing methods. This work is expected to provide comprehensive knowledge of the fungal community in LJF and a theoretical reference for enhanced processing methods in practical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohui Pang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.D.); (J.Y.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
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Chau SL, Zhao A, Jia W, Wang L. Simultaneous Determination of Pesticide Residues and Mycotoxins in Storage Pu-erh Tea Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:6883. [PMID: 37836726 PMCID: PMC10574668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides are the most concerning chemical contaminants that can affect the quality of Pu-erh tea during its production and storage. This study presents a method that can simultaneously determine 31 pesticide residues and six mycotoxins in Pu-erh tea within 11 min using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) for all analytes ranged between 0.06 and 50 ppb. Recoveries for each pesticide and mycotoxin ranged between 62.0 and 130.3%, with intra- and inter-day precisions lower than 15%. Good linear relationships were obtained, with correlation coefficients of r2 > 0.991 for all analytes. The established method was applied to 31 Pu-erh tea samples, including raw and ripened Pu-erh tea with different storage times. As a result, pesticide residues were not detected in any of the collected samples, and the mycotoxins detected in the samples were well below the official maximum residue limits (MRLs). Notably, the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) were lower than 1 ppb in the samples stored for more than 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Leung Chau
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200023, China;
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
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7
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Caño-Carrillo I, Gilbert-López B, Montero L, Martínez-Piernas AB, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Comprehensive and heart-cutting multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its applications in food analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37056215 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In food analysis, conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods sometimes lack sufficient separation power due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the analyzed matrices. Therefore, the use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) turns out to be a powerful tool to consider, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This review presents the most remarkable 2D-LC-MS food applications reported in the last 10 years, including a critical discussion of the multiple approaches, modulation strategies as well as the importance of the optimization of the different analytical aspects that will condition the 2D-LC-MS performance. The presence of contaminants in food (food safety), the food quality, and authenticity or the relationship between the beneficial effects of food and human health are some of the fields in which most of the 2D-LC-MS applications are mainly focused. Both heart-cutting and comprehensive applications are described and discussed in this review, highlighting the potential of 2D-LC-MS for the analysis of such complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caño-Carrillo
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lidia Montero
- Institute of Food Science Research-CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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8
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Caño-Carrillo I, Gilbert-López B, Montero L, Martínez-Piernas AB, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Comprehensive and heart-cutting multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its applications in food analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37010157 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In food analysis, conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods sometimes lack sufficient separation power due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the analysed matrices. Therefore, the use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) turns out to be a powerful tool to consider, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This review presents the most remarkable 2D-LC-MS food applications reported in the last 10 years, including a critical discussion of the multiple approaches, modulation strategies as well as the importance of the optimisation of the different analytical aspects that will condition the 2D-LC-MS performance. The presence of contaminants in food (food safety), the food quality and authenticity or the relationship between the beneficial effects of food and human health are some of the fields in which most of the 2D-LC-MS applications are mainly focused. Both heart-cutting and comprehensive applications are described and discussed in this review, highlighting the potential of 2D-LC-MS for the analysis of such complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caño-Carrillo
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lidia Montero
- Institute of Food Science Research-CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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9
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Fungal flora and mycotoxin contamination in tea: Current status, detection methods and dietary risk assessment - A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Contamination status and health risk assessment of 31 mycotoxins in six edible and medicinal plants using a novel green defatting and depigmenting pretreatment coupled with LC-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pandey AK, Samota MK, Sanches Silva A. Mycotoxins along the tea supply chain: A dark side of an ancient and high valued aromatic beverage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8672-8697. [PMID: 35452322 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2061908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSTea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a high valued beverage worldwide since ancient times; more than three billion cups of tea are consumed each day. Leaf extracts of the plant are used for food preservation, cosmetics, and medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, tea contaminated with mycotoxins poses a serious health threat to humans. Mycotoxin production by tea fungi is induced by a variety of factors, including poor processing methods and environmental factors such as high temperature and humidity. This review summarizes the studies published to date on mycotoxin prevalence, toxicity, the effects of climate change on mycotoxin production, and the methods used to detect and decontaminate tea mycotoxins. While many investigations in this domain have been carried out on the prevalence of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in black, green, pu-erh, and herbal teas, much less information is available on zearalenone, fumonisins, and Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxins in teas were detected using several methods; the most commonly used being the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, followed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, mycotoxins decontamination methods for teas included physical, chemical, and biological methods, with physical methods being most prevalent. Finally, research gaps and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology & Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahesh K Samota
- Horticulture Crop Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Food Science, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
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Wang S, Qiu Y, Gan RY, Zhu F. Chemical constituents and biological properties of Pu-erh tea. Food Res Int 2022; 154:110899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Zainudin BH, Iskandar MI, Sharif S, Ahmad AA, Safian MF. Validation of quick and highly specific quantitation method of mycotoxin in cocoa beans by high resolution multiple reaction monitoring technique for reference materials analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Zhou H, Yan Z, Yu S, Wu A, Liu N. Development of a Novel UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 16 Mycotoxins in Different Tea Categories. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030169. [PMID: 35324666 PMCID: PMC8951691 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of potential mycotoxins in tea production and consumption has always been a concern. However, the risk monitoring on multiple mycotoxins remains a challenge by existing methods due to the high cost and complex operation in tea matrices. This research has developed a simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry strategy based on our homemade purification column, which can be applied in the detections of mycotoxins in complex tea matrices with high-effectively purifying and removing pigment capacity for 16 mycotoxins. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were in the ranges of 0.015~15.00 and 0.03~30.00 µg·kg−1 for 16 mycotoxins, respectively. Recoveries from mycotoxin-fortified tea samples (0.13~1200 µg·kg−1) in different tea matrices ranged from 61.27 to 118.46%, with their relative standard deviations below 20%. Moreover, this method has been successfully applied to the analysis and investigation of the levels of 16 mycotoxins in major categories of tea and the monitoring of multiple mycotoxins in processed samples of ripened Pu-erh. In conclusion, the proposed strategy is simple, effective, time-saving, and low-cost for the determination of a large number of tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Song Yu
- Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-54-920-716
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15
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Screening of multi-mycotoxins in fruits by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 368:130858. [PMID: 34425334 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction procedure combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation and ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of 20 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin, patulin, aflatoxin and trichothecenes) in fruit samples from Xinjiang. A complete platform, including screening via an in-house library, confirmation and quantification using reference standards, was established, which provided accurate MS data and complete spectra containing the fragment ions for each analyte. To evaluate the performance of the developed method, satisfactory validation parameters, such as linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (RSDs ≤ 9.8%), recovery (81.2-99.2%), LOD (0.06-2.22 µg kg-1), and LOQ (0.2-7.39 µg kg-1), were obtained. The analysis of 130 fruit samples revealed nonnegligible contamination with mycotoxins; specifically, the highest levels of three Alternaria toxins were detected in jujube, wolfberries and raisins.
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16
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Liang L, Duan W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Sun B. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Chalyy Z, Kiseleva M, Sedova I, Tutelyan V. Mycotoxins in herbal tea: transfer into the infusion. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural food contaminants, associated with adverse health effects due to acute intoxication and, what is much more common, chronic exposure. The most hazardous and widespread mycotoxins are subjected to regulation in food in most countries. Alongside with regulated, a wide list of mycotoxins is monitored in various foods. Traditionally mycotoxins in tea are determined in a dry sample, not taking into account their transfer rate into the infusion. This study was aimed at the determination of the transfer rate of several mycotoxins from naturally contaminated herbal tea samples into an infusion. Seven of the most contaminated samples were pre-selected during the monitoring of mycotoxins in Camellia sinensis and herbal tea available in the Russian Federation. Ochratoxin A (OTA), sterigmatocystin (STE), mycophenolic acid (MPA), tentoxin (TTX), alternariol (AOH), its methyl ether (AME), zearalenone (ZEN), enniatins A and B (ENN A and B), beauvericin (BEA) were detected in these samples in the range of several μg/kg to several mg/kg. HPLC-MS/MS was used for dry tea samples and their infusion analysis. Mycotoxin polarity and infusion pH (for analytes possessing carboxylic groups) appeared to be factors determining transfer rate. STE transferred into infusion at the average rate of 10%. Average transfer of Alternaria toxins varied from 73% (TTX) to 45% (AOH) and about 11% (AME). A third part of ZEN was detected in the infusion. Transfer of ENNs and BEA was low and did not exceed 7%. Infusion pH affected MPA transfer rate; it increased from 23% to 96% in the pH range from 5.5 to 6.3. 83% of OTA was detected in the infusion of a single contaminated sample. Consideration of the mycotoxin transfer rate to herbal tea infusions resulted in the change of the model herbal tea input into mean chronic dietary exposure for most studied mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Chalyy
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr. 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M. Kiseleva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr. 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I. Sedova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr. 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V. Tutelyan
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr. 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8/2, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Yan H, Zhang L, Ye Z, Wu A, Yu D, Wu Y, Zhou Y. Determination and Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Ochratoxin A on Fermented Teas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12021-12029. [PMID: 34606275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A specialized method for ochratoxin A (OTA) determination on fermented teas was developed and validated using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methodology results showed that recovery, relative standard deviation, accuracy, and precision were qualified. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.32 and 0.96 μg/kg, respectively. Two of 158 collected samples were screened for OTA contamination. Comprehensive risk assessment based on OTA contaminations of this study and other peer-reviewed publications was performed. The highest hazard quotient (HQ) value (8.86 × 10-2) and the highest 1/MoE value (8.61 × 10-5) in probabilistic assessment were equally below the recommended non-neoplastic and neoplastic thresholds, indicating no health risks. However, the HQ and 1/MoE values of the 95th percentiles in 20-39 and ≥50 years of age were close to thresholds of 1.0 and 1.0 × 10-4, respectively. Under the extreme case, there were only a few scenarios (e.g., 40-49 years of age) of HQ values below the non-neoplastic threshold, but the 1/MoE value of each group exceeded the neoplastic threshold. This is the first extensive risk assessment on OTA from fermented teas worldwide, but the sample size is still limited, and a large number of samples is encouraged in a future study for a more accurate assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - You Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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19
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Pugajeva I, Ikkere LE, Jansons M, Perkons I, Sukajeva V, Bartkevics V. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry as an effective tool for assessing a wide range of pharmaceuticals and biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114295. [PMID: 34364149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers used in wastewater-based epidemiology studies have a wide range of physicochemical properties, making simultaneous analysis extremely challenging or even impossible. So far, the majority of analytical procedures employed in this field have focused on specific classes or a limited number of analytes. The heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique (2D-LC-MS/MS) has enabled the incorporation of compounds with significantly different polarities in a single analytical method. In this study, a 2D-LC-MS/MS method has been developed and optimized for the simultaneous analysis of various biomarkers in wastewater, providing relevant information about lifestyle habits (the usage of alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine), health and well-being (pharmaceuticals), and a population size biomarker (5-HIAA) that is useful for correct calculation of human population during wastewater-based epidemiology studies. A single-laboratory validation procedure showed satisfactory analytical performance, with the mean trueness for most compounds falling in the range of 80÷110 % and the mean repeatability being less than 20 %. The applicability of the method was evaluated by testing 28 wastewater samples collected at different wastewater treatment plants in Latvia. The obtained results revealed the occurrence of 44 out of 62 selected biomarkers, with the lowest quantified concentration at 1.1 ng L-1 in the case of xylometazoline and up to 148 μg L-1 in the case of metformin and 156 μg L-1 for caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - Laura Elina Ikkere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Martins Jansons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Veronika Sukajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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20
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Zhou H, Liu N, Yan Z, Yu D, Wang L, Wang K, Wei X, Wu A. Development and validation of the one-step purification method coupled to LC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins in fermented tea. Food Chem 2021; 354:129497. [PMID: 33752112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is the potential chemical contaminant of most concern during the production and storage of fermented tea. In this work, a simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous detection of four aflatoxins in fermented tea based on a modified sample pretreatment method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Aflatoxins were extracted using acetonitrile and purified using mixed fillers (carboxyl multiwalled carbon nanotubes, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, silica gel). Under optimum LC-MS conditions, the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02-0.5 µg·kg-1. Recoveries from aflatoxins-fortified tea samples (1-12 µg·kg-1) were in the range of 78.94-105.23% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 18.20%. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine aflatoxin levels in fermented tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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21
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Multi-mycotoxin contamination of green tea infusion and dietary exposure assessment in Moroccan population. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109958. [PMID: 33648210 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Green tea infusion is one of the most widely drunk beverages worldwide due to its health benefits associated with microelements, essential oils, and polyphenols, etc. Several studies have reported that green tea is subjected to contamination by various toxigenic fungi. Thus, this work aims to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins [four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2 and HT-2 toxins] in green tea samples available in Morocco by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Analytical and consumption data were then used to assess the dietary exposure for the population. Out of 111 total green tea samples, 62 (56%) were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin. The most found mycotoxins in samples were AOH (40%), ZEN (35%), AFG1 (2%), AFB2 (2%), ENB (2%) and TENT (1%). The highest level was found for ZEN with 45.8 ng/g. There is no sample that exceeded the recommended levels set by European Pharmacopoeia for certain mycotoxins in plant material. Although multi-mycotoxin co-occurred in samples (33%), the probable estimated daily intake values show that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of green tea does not represent a risk for the population.
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22
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Arena K, Mandolfino F, Cacciola F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Multidimensional liquid chromatography approaches for analysis of food contaminants. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:17-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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23
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Reinholds I, Bogdanova E, Pugajeva I, Alksne L, Stalberga D, Valcina O, Bartkevics V. Determination of Fungi and Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Camelia Sinensis and Herbal Teas and Dietary Exposure Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090555. [PMID: 32872457 PMCID: PMC7551389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a study of fungal and multi-mycotoxin contamination in 140 Camellia sinensis and 26 herbal teas marketed in Latvia is discussed. The analysis was performed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC-TOF-MS) and MALDI-TOF-MS. In total, 87% of the tea samples tested positive for 32 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, with the total enumeration of moulds ranging between 1.00 × 101 and 9.00 × 104 CFU g−1. Moreover, 42% of the teas (n = 70) were contaminated by 1 to 16 mycotoxins, and 37% of these samples were positive for aflatoxins at concentrations ranging between 0.22 and 41.7 µg kg−1. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives co-occurred in 63% of the tea samples, with their summary concentrations reaching 81.1 to 17,360 µg kg−1. Ochratoxin A (OTA), enniatins, and two Alternaria toxins were found in 10–37% of the teas at low concentrations. The dietary exposure assessment based on the assumption of a probable full transfer of determined mycotoxins into infusions indicated that the analysed teas are safe for consumers: the probable maximum daily exposure levels to OTA and the combined DON mycotoxins were only 0.88 to 2.05% and 2.50 to 78.9% of the tolerable daily intake levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingars Reinholds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2680-2448
| | - Estefanija Bogdanova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Darta Stalberga
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Olga Valcina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; (E.B.); (I.P.); (L.A.); (O.V.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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24
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Atapattu SN, Poole CF. Recent advances in analytical methods for the determination of citrinin in food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461399. [PMID: 32823104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic small organic molecule produced as a secondary metabolite by fungi types Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus and is known to contaminate various food commodities during postharvest stages of food production. During the last 10 years, most reported methods for citrinin analysis employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or high-performance liquid chromatography. Over this same time period, liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS were the most cited sample preparation and clean-up methods. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of the various sample preparation, separation and detection methods for citrinin analysis over the last decade are evaluated. Furthermore, current trends, emerging technologies and the future prospects of these methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin F Poole
- Department of chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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