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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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2
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Rial-Berriel C, Ramos-Luzardo Á, Acosta-Dacal A, Macías-Montes A, Fernández-Valerón P, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Zumbado M, Boada LD, Luzardo OP. Validation of a Method Scope Extension for Simple Biomonitoring of 353 Pollutants in Serum Samples. TOXICS 2023; 11:498. [PMID: 37368598 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Animals and humans are exposed to various residues that can have a detrimental impact on health, including carcinogenic potential, endocrine disruption, or fatal toxicity. The toxic burden can be evaluated in several biological samples, with serum being one of the preferred and most convenient options. In this study, we have applied and validated a method for detecting several hundred toxins in serum samples. This technique involved a single-step QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction followed by analysis using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. With this methodology, we could detect and quantify up to 353 compounds, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and rodenticides, using just 250 µL of serum. Among them, 92% could be measured at concentrations below 1.25 ng/mL, making it ideal for biomonitoring. We applied this method to samples collected from camels (n = 40) and humans (n = 25). We detected naproxen, ketoprofen, paracetamol, levamisole, and some POPs in these samples. This study validated the ability to simultaneously detect a broad range of compounds in small volumes of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Álvaro Ramos-Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana Macías-Montes
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández-Valerón
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Beattie M, Jones OA. Rate of Advancement of Detection Limits in Mass Spectrometry: Is there a Moore's Law of Mass Spec? Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2023; 12:A0118. [DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Beattie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University
| | - Oliver A.H. Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University
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Sun Y, Tang S, Cui H, Wang C, Yan H, Hu J, Wan Y. Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride-Enhanced Ionization Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive and Non-targeted Screening of Polyhalogenated Alkyl Compounds from Limited Serum. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14195-14204. [PMID: 36214478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although many types of halogenated compounds are known to bioaccumulate in humans, few are routinely biomonitored and many have remained uncharacterized in human exposome studies due to a lack of high-sensitivity and high-resolution analytical methods. In this study, we discovered tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (Ph4PCl, 10 μM) as a simple additive to the mobile phase, which enhanced the ionizations of polyhalogenated alkyl compounds (such as organochlorinated pesticides [OCPs], chlorinated paraffins [CPs], dechlorane plus [DPs], and some brominated flame retardants [BFRs]) in the form [M + Cl]- and boosted mass spectrometry responses by an average of 1-3 orders of magnitude at a resolution of 140,000. Ph4PCl-enhanced ionization coupled with a halogenation-guided screening process was used to establish a sensitive and non-targeted method that required only single-step sample preparation and identified Cl- and/or bromine-containing alkyl compounds. The method enabled the identification of ∼700 polyhalogenated compounds from 200 μL of human serum, 240 of which were known compounds: 33 short-chain CPs, 52 median-chain CPs, 97 long-chain CPs, 22 very short-chain CPs (vSCCPs), 19 OCPs, 13 DPs, and 4 BFRs. We also identified 325 emerging contaminants (34 unsaturated CPs, 285 chlorinated fatty acid methyl esters [CFAMEs], and 6 chloro-bromo alkenes) and 130 new contaminants (114 oxygen-containing CPs, 2 hexachlorocyclohexane structural analogs, and 11 amino-containing and 3 nitrate-containing chlorinated compounds). The full scan results highlighted the dominance of CPs, CFAMEs, vSCCPs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes in the serum samples. Ph4PCl-enhanced ionization enabled the sensitive and non-targeted identifications of polyhalogenated compounds in small volumes of biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Sun
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Tian Y, Cheng J, Li S, Geng H, Huang C, Zhou Q, Liu W, Ma J. Recent Progress in the Determination of Polychlorodibenzo- p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans by Mass Spectrometry: A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongshuai Geng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixun Liu
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
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Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum using isotope internal standard-gas chromatography-high resolution dual-focus magnetic mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2022; 40:354-363. [PMID: 35362683 PMCID: PMC9404144 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.10017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
建立了同位素内标-气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱(GC-HRMS)同时测定人体血清中14种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的方法。血清样品解冻后,取0.5 mL与13C标记的内标物进行混合,加入甲醇沉淀样品中的蛋白质,比较了3种酸化条件下的去脂效果和回收率,结果显示硫酸去脂效果最好;使用液液萃取法提取样品中的目标物,比较了不同萃取溶剂对回收率的影响,结果显示以正己烷(6 mL)-甲基叔丁基醚(6 mL)作为萃取溶剂效果最好;提取液经固相萃取柱净化和洗脱,比较了不同固相萃取柱和洗脱溶剂的净化效果和回收率,结果显示采用硅胶柱净化和用正己烷-二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)洗脱时效果最好;洗脱液经氮吹近干后用正己烷复溶,经GC-HRMS测定。目标物经Rtx-1614色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.1 μm)分离,电压选择离子检测(VSIR)模式测定。BDE-209在0.40~25 μg/L、其他13种多溴联苯醚在0.08~5 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数>0.995,方法检出限为0.01~0.51 μg/L,定量限为0.04~1.70 μg/L,加标回收率为75.5%~120.7%,日内精密度为3.8%~10.9%(n=6),日间精密度为4.2%~12.4%(n=6)。应用该方法对采集的某地区15份青少年血清样本进行检测,结果显示14种PBDEs中,BDE-47检出率为100%,其他组分均未检出,说明该人群存在一定的PBDEs暴露。与现有文献报道方法相比,本方法样本需求量少,灵敏度、准确度较高,可对人血清中包括BDE-209在内的14种PBDEs同时测定,有效提高检测效率。本方法的建立可为我国开展多溴联苯醚对人群健康的影响提供技术支撑。
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Critical review of analytical methods for the determination of flame retardants in human matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:338828. [PMID: 35058002 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is a powerful approach in assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Flame retardants (FRs) are of particular concern due to their wide distribution in the environment and adverse health effects. This article reviews studies published in 2009-2020 on the chemical analysis of FRs in a variety of human samples and discusses the characteristics of the analytical methods applied to different FR biomarkers of exposure, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), bromophenols, incl. tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and organophosphorous flame retardants (PFRs). Among the extraction techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used most frequently due to the good efficiencies in the isolation of the majority of the FR biomarkers, but with challenges for highly lipophilic FRs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is mainly applied in the instrumental analysis of PBDEs and most NHFRs, with recent inclusions of GC-MS/MS and high resolution MS techniques. Liquid chromatography-MS/MS is mainly applied to HBCD, bromophenols, incl. TBBPA, and PFRs (including metabolites), however, GC-based analysis following derivatization has also been used for phenolic compounds and PFR metabolites. Developments are noticed towards more universal analytical methods, which enable widening method scopes in the human biomonitoring of FRs. Challenges exist with regard to sensitivity required for the low concentrations of FRs in the general population and limited sample material for some human matrices. A strong focus on quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) measures is required in the analysis of FR biomarkers in human samples, related to their variety of physical-chemical properties, low levels in most human samples and the risk of contamination.
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Polachova A, Gramblicka T, Bechynska K, Parizek O, Parizkova D, Dvorakova D, Honkova K, Rossnerova A, Rossner P, Sram RJ, Topinka J, Pulkrabova J. Biomonitoring of 89 POPs in blood serum samples of Czech city policemen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118140. [PMID: 34555793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this biomonitoring study, we evaluated the concentrations of 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 11 organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), 33 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 7 novel brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (novel FRs) and 30 per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in human serum samples (n = 274). A total of 89 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in blood serum samples of city policemen living in three large cities and their adjacent areas (Ostrava, Prague, and Ceske Budejovice) in the Czech Republic. All samples were collected during the year 2019 in two sampling periods (spring and autumn). The identification/quantification of PCBs, OCPs, BFRs, novel FRs and PFAS was performed by means of gas chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/(MS)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The most frequently detected pollutants were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB 138), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB 153), 2,2',3,3',4,4',5-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB 170), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) quantified in 100% of serum samples. In the serum samples, the concentrations of determined POPs were in the range of 0.108-900 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) for PCBs, 0.106-1016 ng g-1 lw for OCPs, <0.1-618 ng g-1 lw for FRs and <0.01-18.3 ng mL-1 for PFAS, respectively. Locality, sampling season, and age were significantly associated with several POP concentrations. One of the important conclusions was that within the spring sampling period, statistically significant higher concentrations of CB 170 and CB 180 were observed in the samples from Ostrava (industrial area) compared to Prague and Ceske Budejovice. Older policemen had higher concentrations of five PCBs and two OCPs in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polachova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Bechynska
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Parizek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Parizkova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Dvorakova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Honkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Cen S, Chen Y, Tan J, Zhong Y, Luo X, Pan X, Wang H, He R. The fabrication of a highly ordered molecularly imprinted mesoporous silica for solid-phase extraction of nonylphenol in textile samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Li X, Zhen Y, Wang R, Li T, Dong S, Zhang W, Cheng J, Wang P, Su X. Application of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) in determination of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129055. [PMID: 33272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may bioaccumulate through food chain and play detrimental effects to organisms even at trace levels. Quantification of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in biotic samples is a great challenge. In the present study, gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) was studied for the isotope-dilution analysis of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for comparison. Light PCBs are compared between the two instruments for the first time. After optimization of instrument parameters, the RSDs of relative response factors of calibration curves were between 3.4% and 15.5% for PCBs and 1.7%-7.9% for PCDD/Fs. The limits of detection were between 0.021 and 0.150 pg/mL for PCBs and 0.051-0.237 pg/mL for PCDD/Fs. PCB concentrations in crab food web samples detected by GC-(APCI)MS/MS were well correlated with those detected by HRGC/HRMS. A DiCB, 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11), was the dominant PCB congener in aquatic food webs. Other MoCB and DiCB congeners were also widely identified; hence, low-weight PCB congeners should arouse more concern in the future. GC-(APCI)MS/MS may become an alternative instrument satisfying the PCB and PCDD/F detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhen
- Waters Corporation, Fourth Jinghai Road, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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