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Liu T, Zhang L, Pan L, Yang D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons' Impact on Crops and Occurrence, Sources, and Detection Methods in Food: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1977. [PMID: 38998483 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a category of persistent organic pollutants that pose a global concern in the realm of food safety due to their recognized carcinogenic properties in humans. Food can be contaminated with PAHs that are present in water, air, or soil, or during food processing and cooking. The wide and varied sources of PAHs contribute to their persistent contamination of food, leading to their accumulation within these products. As a result, monitoring of the levels of PAHs in food is necessary to guarantee the safety of food products as well as the public health. This review paper attempts to give its readers an overview of the impact of PAHs on crops, their occurrence and sources, and the methodologies employed for the sample preparation and detection of PAHs in food. In addition, possible directions for future research are proposed. The objective is to provide references for the monitoring, prevention, and in-depth exploration of PAHs in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Suzhou Vocational University Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
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Gao J, Li X, Zheng Y, Qin Q, Chen D. Recent Advances in Sample Preparation and Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Detecting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oils: 2010 to Present. Foods 2024; 13:1714. [PMID: 38890942 PMCID: PMC11171805 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. For non-smoking populations, food is the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. Due to their lipophilic nature, oils and fats rank among the food items with the highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. Consequently, the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils is critical for the promotion of human health. This paper reviews sample pretreatment methods, such as liquid-phase-based extraction methods, adsorbent-based extraction methods, and the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, combined with detection techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatography-based techniques for accurate quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils since 2010. An overview on the advances of the methods discussed herein, along with a commentary addition of current challenges and prospects, will guide researchers to focus on developing more effective detection methods and control measures to reduce the potential risks and hazards posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li M, Ren X, Gao Y, Mu M, Zhu S, Li D, Tian S, Qin P, Lu M. Poly(divinylbenzene) as a fiber coating for headspace solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from river water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7574-7577. [PMID: 35708910 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02461f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porous polydivinylbenzene microspheres with high specific surface area were prepared by distillation-precipitation polymerization, and were used as the coating material in headspace solid phase microextraction for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared with the other reported sorbents, PDVB exhibits lower cost and higher extraction efficiency, and the enrichment factors can reach 5963-16 720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Xitong Ren
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanmei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Mengyao Mu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Shiping Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Shufang Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Peige Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Minghua Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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Gan Y, Zhu Y. Multi-Residue Analysis of Chemical Additives in Edible Vegetable Oils Using QuEChERS Extraction Method Followed by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051681. [PMID: 35268782 PMCID: PMC8911653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the quality and safety of food highly depend on its preservation and protection, the use of food packaging materials increases the risk of chemical contamination of the packaged food by migration. Herein, we focused on antioxidants, photoinitiators, UV absorbers and plasticizers which are extensive additives used in food packaging materials. In the present study, a rapid, simple, green and reliable method was developed and validated for the determination of twelve chemical additives in edible vegetable oils using SFC together with a modified QuEChERS procedure. Under the optimum conditions, twelve additives were separated within 10 min, and the consumption of the organic solvent was significantly reduced, which improved the environmentally friendliness. The performance of the developed method was evaluated. Good linearity (r > 0.999) was obtained in the range of 0.20−20.0 µg/mL and 0.50−20.0 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the twelve additives in vegetable oils were 0.05−0.15 µg/mL and 0.15−0.50 µg/mL, respectively. Recoveries of all the chemical additives for the spiked samples were between 60.9% and 106.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 9.9%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was efficient, reliable and robust for the routine analysis of additives in edible vegetable oils and can be an alternative to the multi-residue analysis of chemical additives for other packaged foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Gan
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Correspondence:
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YANG QL, QIN Z, LIU HM, CHENG XC, MA YX, WANG XD. Performance of sesame straw cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biochars as adsorbents in removing benzo(a)pyrene from edible oil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.49021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhao QIN
- Henan University of Technology, China
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Sun Y, Zhou Q, Sheng X, Li S, Tong Y, Guo J, Zhou B, Zhao J, Liu M, Li Z, Li Y, Qu T, Chen C. Highly selective fluorescence sensor sensing benzo[a]pyrene in water utilizing carbon dots derived from 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131127. [PMID: 34119727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Carboxyphenylboronic acid was used as the single precursor to facilely prepare fluorescent carbon quantum dots by one-step solvothermal method. The as-obtained carbon dots (CDs) exhibited highly selective and sensitive for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and may be a splendid sensor for sensing BaP. The principle was that the as-prepared CDs could form a complex with BaP through hydrophobic interaction which causes the decrease of fluorescence intensity of CDs by static quenching principle. The constructed fluorescent sensor exhibited excellent linearity ranged from 0.002 to 0.06 μg mL-1 and provided a low limit of detection of 0.16 ng mL-1. The experimental results showed that this fluorescent sensor resulted in simplicity, rapidness, low cost, short analytical time, and high sensitivity and stability. Validation with real water samples endowed the sensor high reliability and feasibility for BaP determination in practical application in various samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shuanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Boyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Tongxu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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