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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Feng XS, Gao HY. Marine toxins in seafood: Recent updates on sample pretreatment and determination techniques. Food Chem 2024; 438:137995. [PMID: 38029684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins can lead to varying degrees of human poisoning, often resulting in fatal symptoms and causing significant economic losses in seafood-producing regions. To gain a deeper comprehension of the role of marine toxins in seafood and their impact on the environment, it is imperative to develop rapid, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient methods for sample pretreatment and determination to mitigate adverse impacts of marine toxins. This review presents a comprehensive overview of advancements made in sample pretreatment and determination techniques for marine toxins since 2017. The advantages and disadvantages of various technologies were critically examined. Additionally, the current challenges and future development strategies for the analysis of marine toxins are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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2
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Ochi N, Suzuki T. Determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins (azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and okadaic acid group) and domoic acid in mussels by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464795. [PMID: 38490144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
An accurate and efficient method was developed for the determination of azaspiracid shellfish toxins (azaspiracids-1, -2, and -3), neurotoxic shellfish toxins (brevetoxins-2 and -3), diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins-1 and -2), and the amnesic shellfish toxin (domoic acid) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Lipophilic marine biotoxins (azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and okadaic acid group) were extracted with 0.5 % acetic acid in methanol under heating at 60°C to improve the extraction efficiency of okadaic acid group toxins and then cleaned up with a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Domoic acid was extracted with 50 % aqueous methanol and then cleaned up with a graphitized carbon solid-phase extraction cartridge. Lipophilic marine biotoxins and domoic acid were quantified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method had insignificant matrix effects for the nine analytes and good recoveries in the range of 79.0 % to 97.6 % at three spiking levels for all analytes except brevetoxin-2 (43.8-49.8 %). The developed method was further validated by analyzing mussel tissue certified reference materials, and good agreement was observed between certified and determined values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ochi
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, 2-7-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
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Qian MR, Wu HZ, Cai ZX, Xu MJ, Han JL, Xu XM. Determination of tetrodotoxin in bivalve mollusks by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with internal standard calibration and its contamination in Zhejiang province, China. Food Chem 2024; 434:137493. [PMID: 37741232 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A method was established for determining tetrodotoxin (TTX) in bivalve mollusks by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) using kasugamycin as the internal standard for quantification. Samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction with methanol-water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid, protein precipitation with acetonitrile, clean-up using a cation exchange solid phase extraction cartridge, elution with acetonitrile:water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.3% hydrochloric acid, neutralization with ammonia before HILIC-MS/MS analysis. The average recovery of the samples spiked at 3 levels ranged in 84.6%-98.1% with the relative standard deviation less than 7.2%. Using this method, the contamination of TTX in 429 bivalve mollusk samples collected in the local markets during 2018 and 2020 was investigated. The detection rates were 12.0-18.8%, following the order of oyster > mussel > clam > scallop. High contaminated oysters and mussels with TTX were found in July to August. Moreover, TTX analogs found in bivalve mollusks included 4-epiTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, and 5-deoxyTTX/11-deoxyTTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zeng-Xuan Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Mei-Jia Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jian-Long Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
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Han JL, Zhang L, Zhou PP, Xu JJ, Pan XD, Cao P, Xu XM. Analytical Method Optimization of Tetrodotoxin and Its Contamination in Gastropods. Foods 2023; 12:3103. [PMID: 37628101 PMCID: PMC10453083 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extremely potent marine biotoxin. An analytical method was developed for both trace contamination and extremely high levels of TTX in gastropods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with clean-up of cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) in this study. The limit of detection (LOD) in the sample matrix was 0.5 μg/kg. With the calibration of a screened internal standard (validamycin, IS), the linear range was 0.1-100 ng/mL (1.5-1500 μg/kg in sample matrix) with a correlation coefficient of r2 > 0.999. The average recoveries at three spiking levels (1.5 μg/kg, 44 μg/kg, and 1500 μg/kg) were 82.6-94.4% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 8.4%. TTX levels in seven gastropods (741 samples) were studied. The contamination and analogues in Neverita didyma (N. didyma, 565 samples collected in Zhejiang province, China, from 2016 to 2022) were first reported. The detection rate of TTX in N. didyma was 34.2%. The average concentration was 23.1 μg/kg, and the maximum value was 2327 μg/kg. The time distribution study indicated that high contaminations of TTX occurred from May to August for N. didyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Ping-Ping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Jiao-Jiao Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
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Li P, Lu R, Zhu J, Ke Q, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang C, Lu X, Zhao M, Wang Z, Pan L, Zhang M, Ying J, Li S. Simultaneous determination of 13 paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in marine shellfish by porous graphitic carbon solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:147-158. [PMID: 36459089 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2143576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The lethal neurotoxins, paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), and tetrodotoxin (TTX) have recently been found in marine shellfish from many coastal states. Herein, we applied a sensitive and reliable ultra-performance hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method to determine 13 PSTs and TTX in marine shellfish using a porous carbon solid-phase extraction (SPE). This in-house validation study required the development of a novel chromatographic separation using a HILIC-Z column, which was necessary to retain highly polar compounds. Using acetonitrile as the organic phase and ammonium formate-formic acid buffer as the aqueous phase, the quantitative analysis was carried out with an external standard method in the multiple reaction monitoring modes using positive electrospray ionization. To reduce interference, 1% aqueous acetic acid extracts of the shellfish samples were cleaned up by ion-pair SPE using a porous graphitic carbon cartridge. The calibration curves for PSTs and TTX were linear (R2 > 0.995), and the sensitivity was good, with limits of detection (LODs) of 1.7-13.7 µg/kg, and limits of quantitation (LOQs) of 5.2-41.0 µg/kg. The recoveries were 76.5-95.5% with RSDs of 3.1-12.0%. Finally, We applied the method for the determination of PSTs and TTX in three batches of Nassarius showing excellent method accuracy against expected values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongmao Lu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Ke
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingnan Wang
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Miaolong Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- No. 906 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingling Pan
- No. 906 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Ying
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
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Tellinghuisen J. Goodness-of-Fit Tests in Calibration: Are They Any Good for Selecting Least-Squares Weighting Formulas? Anal Chem 2022; 94:15997-16005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Tellinghuisen
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Xin L, Liang Y, Yang S, Jiang F, Yu F, Zhang M, Chang W, Wang W, Yu C, Liu G, Lu Y. Simple and fast determination of tetrodotoxin in human plasma based on hydrophilic-interaction/ion-exchange mixed-mode solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xiang YJY, Liu ZF, Wang ZH, Feng XS. Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in Food: Recent Updates on Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods Since 2012. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12249-12269. [PMID: 36153990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in various organisms including pufferfish, is an extremely potent marine toxin responsible for numerous food poisoning accidents. Due to its serious toxicity and public health threat, detecting TTX and its analogues in diverse food matrices with a simple, fast, efficient method has become a worldwide concern. This review summarizes the advances in sample preparation and analytical methods for the determination of TTX and its analogues, focusing on the latest development over the past five years. Current state-of-the-art technologies, such as solid-phase microextraction, online technology, novel injection technology, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, newly developed lateral flow immunochromatographic strips, immunosensors, dual-mode aptasensors, and nanomaterials-based approaches, are thoroughly discussed. The advantages and limitations of different techniques, critical comments, and future perspectives are also proposed. This review is expected to provide rewarding insights to the future development and broad application of pretreatment and detection methods for TTX and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yang-Jia-Yi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Ye H, Xi Y, Tian L, Huang D, Huang X, Shen X, Cai Y, Wangs Y. Simultaneous Determination of Tetrodotoxin in the Fresh and Heat-Processed Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:925. [PMID: 35407011 PMCID: PMC8997983 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was simultaneously detected in the fresh and heat-processed aquatic products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The detection conditions were investigated, including the chromatography column and mobile phase. Based on the optimized parameters, a sensitive determination method of TTX was established. The proposed method featured the merits of a good linear relationship between signal and TTX concentration (R2 = 0.9998), a wide detection matrix-based range of 0.2-100 ng/g, and a low detection limit of 0.2 ng/g, etc. The spiked assays evidenced its accuracy and reliability with recoveries of 90.5-107.2%. Finally, the developed method was simultaneously successfully applied in the determination of TTX in various fresh and heat-processed aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ye
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yinfeng Xi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Liangliang Tian
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xuanyun Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaosheng Shen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yuan Wangs
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
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Katikou P, Gokbulut C, Kosker AR, Campàs M, Ozogul F. An Updated Review of Tetrodotoxin and Its Peculiarities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010047. [PMID: 35049902 PMCID: PMC8780202 DOI: 10.3390/md20010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a crystalline, weakly basic, colorless organic substance and is one of the most potent marine toxins known. Although TTX was first isolated from pufferfish, it has been found in numerous other marine organisms and a few terrestrial species. Moreover, tetrodotoxication is still an important health problem today, as TTX has no known antidote. TTX poisonings were most commonly reported from Japan, Thailand, and China, but today the risk of TTX poisoning is spreading around the world. Recent studies have shown that TTX-containing fish are being found in other regions of the Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. This review aims to summarize pertinent information available to date on the structure, origin, distribution, mechanism of action of TTX and analytical methods used for the detection of TTX, as well as on TTX-containing organisms, symptoms of TTX poisoning, and incidence worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Katikou
- Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Research, Innovation and Education, Hapsa & Karatasou 1, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (F.O.)
| | - Cengiz Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
| | - Ali Rıza Kosker
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey;
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain;
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (F.O.)
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Wang XF, Wang Q, Zhang YX, Yang JL, Zhao DH. Magnetic Amino-Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Based Magnetic Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction (m-dSPE) for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Bivalve Mollusks with Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2015772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Lab. of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Lab. of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xia Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Lab. of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lan Yang
- Environmental Monitoring Centre of Ocean and Fishery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Lab. of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
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