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Anelli P, Dall'Asta C, Cozzi G, Epifani F, Carella D, Scarpetta D, Brasca M, Moretti A, Susca A. Analysis of composition and molecular characterization of mycobiota occurring on surface of cheese ripened in Dossena's mine. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104587. [PMID: 39038900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Accurate identification of the fungal community spontaneously colonizing food products, aged in natural and not controlled environments, provides information about potential mycotoxin risk associated with its consumption. Autochthonous mycobiota colonizing cheese aging in Dossena mines, was investigated and characterized by two approaches: microbial isolations and metabarcoding. Microbial isolations and metabarcoding analysis were conducted on cheese samples, obtained by four batches, produced in four different seasons of the year, aged for 90 and 180 days, by five dairy farms. The two approaches, with different taxonomical resolution power, highlighted Penicillium biforme among filamentous fungi, collected from 58 out of 68 cheeses, and Debaryomyces hansenii among yeasts, as the most abundant species (31 ÷ 65%), none representing a health risk for human cheese consumption. Shannon index showed that the richness of mycobiota increases after 180 days of maturation. Beta diversity analysis highlighted significant differences in composition of mycobiota of cheese produced by different dairy farms and aged for different durations. Weak negative growth interaction between P. biforme and Aspergillus westerdijkiae by in vitro analysis was observed leading to hypothesize that a reciprocal control is possible, also affected by natural environmental conditions, possibly disadvantageous for the last species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daria Carella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Scarpetta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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2
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Lemmink IB, Straub LV, Bovee TFH, Mulder PPJ, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI, Righetti L. Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:67-144. [PMID: 38906592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ids B Lemmink
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids - a review of biological and analytical aspects. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:1-17. [PMID: 37953416 PMCID: PMC10834577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are produced by fungi and contaminate cereal crops and grasses. The ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea are the most abundant worldwide. The metabolites exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). These two configurations can interconvert to one another. Ergot alkaloids cause toxic effects after consumption of ergot-contaminated food and feed at various concentrations. For bioactivity reasons, the C-8-R-isomers have been studied to a greater extent than the C-8-S-isomer since the C-8-S-isomers were considered biologically inactive. However, recent studies suggest the contrary. Analytical assessment of ergot alkaloids now includes the C-8-S-isomers and high concentrations of specific C-8-S-isomers have been identified. The inclusion of the C-8-S-isomer in regulatory standards is reviewed. This review has identified that further research into the C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids is warranted. In addition, the inclusion of the C-8-S-isomers into regulatory recommendations worldwide for food and feed should be implemented. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of historic and current studies that have assessed the C-8-S-isomers. Specifically, this review will compare the C-8-R-isomers to the C-8-S-isomers with an emphasis on the biological activity and analytical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Mulder P, Oswald IP, Woutersen R, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Rovesti E, Hoogenboom L(R. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids in feed. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8496. [PMID: 38264299 PMCID: PMC10804272 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to provide an update of the 2012 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) on the risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in feed. EAs are produced by several fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë genera. This Opinion focussed on the 14 EAs produced by C. purpurea (ergocristine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α- and β-ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine and their corresponding 'inine' epimers). Effects observed with EAs from C. africana (mainly dihydroergosine) and Epichloë (ergovaline/-inine) were also evaluated. There is limited information on toxicokinetics in food and non-food producing animals. However, transfer from feed to food of animal origin is negligible. The major effects of EAs are related to vasoconstriction and are exaggerated during extreme temperatures. In addition, EAs cause a decrease in prolactin, resulting in a reduced milk production. Based on the sum of the EAs, the Panel considered the following as Reference Points (RPs) in complete feed for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and piglets 0.6 mg/kg, for chickens for fattening and hens 2.1 and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively, for ducks 0.2 mg/kg, bovines 0.1 mg/kg and sheep 0.3 mg/kg. A total of 19,023 analytical results on EAs (only from C. purpurea) in feed materials and compound feeds were available for the exposure assessment (1580 samples). Dietary exposure was assessed using two feeding scenarios (model diets and compound feeds). Risk characterisation was done for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that, based on exposure from model diets, the presence of EAs in feed raises a health concern in piglets, pigs for fattening, sows and bovines, while for chickens for fattening, laying hens, ducks, ovines and caprines, the health concern related to EAs in feed is low.
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Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Lv M, Qu G, Nerin C, Jiang G. Application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and the Derived Collision Cross Section in the Analysis of Environmental Organic Micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21485-21502. [PMID: 38091506 PMCID: PMC10753811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid gas-phase separation technique, which can distinguish ions on the basis of their size, shape, and charge. The IMS-derived collision cross section (CCS) can serve as additional identification evidence for the screening of environmental organic micropollutants (OMPs). In this work, we summarize the published experimental CCS values of environmental OMPs, introduce the current CCS prediction tools, summarize the use of IMS and CCS in the analysis of environmental OMPs, and finally discussed the benefits of IMS and CCS in environmental analysis. An up-to-date CCS compendium for environmental contaminants was produced by combining CCS databases and data sets of particular types of environmental OMPs, including pesticides, drugs, mycotoxins, steroids, plastic additives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as their well-known transformation products. A total of 9407 experimental CCS values from 4170 OMPs were retrieved from 23 publications, which contain both drift tube CCS in nitrogen (DTCCSN2) and traveling wave CCS in nitrogen (TWCCSN2). A selection of publicly accessible and in-house CCS prediction tools were also investigated; the chemical space covered by the training set and the quality of CCS measurements seem to be vital factors affecting the CCS prediction accuracy. Then, the applications of IMS and the derived CCS in the screening of various OMPs were summarized, and the benefits of IMS and CCS, including increased peak capacity, the elimination of interfering ions, the separation of isomers, and the reduction of false positives and false negatives, were discussed in detail. With the improvement of the resolving power of IMS and enhancements of experimental CCS databases, the practicability of IMS in the analysis of environmental OMPs will continue to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Meilin Lv
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of
Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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6
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Silva Â, Mateus ARS, Barros SC, Silva AS. Ergot Alkaloids on Cereals and Seeds: Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:7233. [PMID: 37894711 PMCID: PMC10609535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites resulting from fungi of the genus Claviceps that have proven to be highly toxic. These mycotoxins commonly infect cereal crops such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Due to the increase worldwide consumption of cereal and cereal-based products, the presence of ergot alkaloids in food presents a concern for human safety. For this reason, it is essential to develop several analytical methods that allow the detection of these toxic compounds. This review compiles and discusses the most relevant studies and methods used in the detection and quantification of ergot alkaloids. Moreover, the decontamination techniques are also addressed, with special attention to sorting, cleaning, frying, baking, peeling, and ammonization methods, as they are the only ones already applied to ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
| | - Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Sílvia Cruz Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, 4501-401 Oporto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Kartowikromo KY, Olajide OE, Hamid AM. Collision cross section measurement and prediction methods in omics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4973. [PMID: 37620034 PMCID: PMC10530098 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Omics studies such as metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have become important for understanding the mechanisms in living organisms. However, the compounds detected are structurally different and contain isomers, with each structure or isomer leading to a different result in terms of the role they play in the cell or tissue in the organism. Therefore, it is important to detect, characterize, and elucidate the structures of these compounds. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been utilized for decades in the structure elucidation of key compounds. While prediction models of parameters (such as retention time and fragmentation pattern) have also been developed for these separation techniques, they have some limitations. Moreover, ion mobility has become one of the most promising techniques to give a fingerprint to these compounds by determining their collision cross section (CCS) values, which reflect their shape and size. Obtaining accurate CCS enables its use as a filter for potential analyte structures. These CCS values can be measured experimentally using calibrant-independent and calibrant-dependent approaches. Identification of compounds based on experimental CCS values in untargeted analysis typically requires CCS references from standards, which are currently limited and, if available, would require a large amount of time for experimental measurements. Therefore, researchers use theoretical tools to predict CCS values for untargeted and targeted analysis. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the experimental and theoretical estimation of CCS values is given where theoretical prediction tools include computational and machine modeling type approaches. Moreover, the limitations of the current experimental and theoretical approaches and their potential mitigation methods were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orobola E Olajide
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ahmed M Hamid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Wedge A, Hoover M, Pettit-Bacovin T, Aderorho R, Efird E, Chouinard CD. Development of a Rapid, Targeted LC-IM-MS Method for Anabolic Steroids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37390334 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids are of high biological interest due to their involvement in human development and disease progression. Additionally, they are banned in sport due to their performance-enhancing characteristics. Analytical challenges associated with their measurement stem from structural heterogeneity, poor ionization efficiency, and low natural abundance. Their importance in a variety of clinically relevant assays has prompted the consideration of integrating ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) into existing LC-MS assays, due primarily to its speed and structure-based separation capability. Herein we have optimized a rapid (2 min) targeted LC-IM-MS method for the detection and quantification of 40 anabolic steroids and their metabolites. First, a steroid-specific calibrant mixture was developed to cover the full range of retention time, mobility, and accurate mass. Importantly, this use of this calibrant mixture provided robust and reproducible measurements based on collision cross section (CCS) with interday reproducibility of <0.5%. Furthermore, the combined separation power of LC coupled to IM provided comprehensive differentiation of isomers/isobars within 6 different isobaric groups. Multiplexed IM acquisition also provided improved limits of detection, which were well below 1 ng/mL in almost all compounds measured. This method was also capable of steroid profiling, providing quantitative ratios (e.g., testosterone/epitestosterone, androsterone/etiocholanolone, etc.). Lastly, phase II steroid metabolites were probed in lieu of hydrolysis to demonstrate the ability to separate those analytes and provide information beyond total steroid concentration. This method has tremendous potential for rapid analysis of steroid profiles in human urine spanning a variety of applications from developmental disorders to doping in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Wedge
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Makenna Hoover
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Terra Pettit-Bacovin
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Ralph Aderorho
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Emmaleigh Efird
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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Díaz-Galiano FJ, Murcia-Morales M, Monteau F, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Collision cross-section as a universal molecular descriptor in the analysis of PFAS and use of ion mobility spectrum filtering for improved analytical sensitivities. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341026. [PMID: 36925298 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The massive usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as well as their high chemical stability, have led to their ubiquitous presence in environmental matrices and direct human exposure through contaminated food, particularly fish. In the analysis of this large group of substances, the use of ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry is of particular relevance because it uses an additional descriptor, the collision cross-section (CCS), which results in increased selectivity. In the present work, the TWCCSN2 of 24 priority PFAS were experimentally obtained, and the reproducibility of these measurements was evaluated over seven weeks. The average values were employed to critically assess previously reported data and theoretical calculations. This gain in selectivity made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the detection on complex matrices (biota, food and human serum) by using the drift time associated to each analyte as a filter, thus reducing the interferences and background noise and allowing their detection at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, 44000, France; University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, 44000, France; University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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