1
|
Zeng XX, Wu Y. Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction after Partial or Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01163-0. [PMID: 38761327 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The standard strategy is to reconstruct bladder by use of bowel segments as material in bladder cancer with radical cystectomy clinically. Both natural derived and non natural derived materials are investigated in bladder reconstruction. Studies on mechanical bladder, bladder transplantation and bladder xenotransplantation are currently limited although heart and kidney transplantation or xenotransplantation are successful to a certain extent, and bone prostheses are applied in clinical contexts. Earlier limited number of studies associated with bladder xenograft from animals to humans were not particular promising in results. Although there have been investigations on pig to human cardiac xenotransplantation with CRISPR Cas9 gene editing, the CRISPR Cas technique is not yet widely researched in porcine bladder related gene editing for the potential of human bladder replacement for bladder cancer. The advancement of technologies such as gene editing, bioprinting and induced pluripotent stem cells allow further research into partial or whole bladder replacement strategies. Porcine bladder is suggested as a potential source material for bladder reconstruction due to its alikeness to human bladder. Challenges that exist with all these approaches need to be overcome. This paper aims to review gene editing technology such as the CRISPR Cas systems as tools in bladder reconstruction, bladder xenotransplantation and hybrid bladder with technologies of induced pluripotent stem cells and genome editing, bioprinting for bladder replacement for bladder reconstruction and to restore normal bladder control function after cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xue Zeng
- Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 28, Desheng Road Section, Liguan Road, Lishui Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Benjoe Institute of Systems Bio-Engineering, High Technology Park, Changzhou, 213022, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuyan Wu
- Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 28, Desheng Road Section, Liguan Road, Lishui Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niemann H. Xenotransplantate vom Schwein – ist das Ende des Organmangels
in Sicht? TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1814-8440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungUnter „Xenotransplantation“ wird die Übertragung von
funktionsfähigen Zellen, Geweben oder Organen zwischen verschiedenen
Spezies verstanden, insbesondere von Schweinen auf den Menschen. In den meisten
Industrieländern klafft eine große Lücke zwischen der
Anzahl geeigneter Spenderorgane und der Anzahl benötigter Transplantate.
Weltweit können nur etwa 10% des Organbedarfs durch Spenden
gedeckt werden. Eine erfolgreiche Xenotransplantation könnte diesen
Mangel mildern oder sogar weitgehend vermeiden. Das Schwein wird aus
verschiedenen Erwägungen heraus als am besten geeignete Spenderspezies
angesehen. Bei einer Übertragung porziner Organe auf Primaten treten
verschiedene immunologisch bedingte Abstoßungsreaktionen auf, die das
übertragene Organ innerhalb kurzer Zeit zerstören
können, wie die HAR (hyperakute Abstoßung), die AVR (akute
vaskuläre Abstoßung) und die spätere zelluläre
Abstoßung. Diese Abstoßungsreaktionen müssen durch
genetische Modifikationen im Schwein und eine geeignete immunsuppressive
Behandlung des Empfängers kontrolliert werden. Dazu müssen Tiere
mit mehrfachen genetischen Veränderungen produziert und im Hinblick auf
ihre Eignung für eine erfolgreiche Xenotransplantation geprüft
werden. Inzwischen können die HAR und auch die AVR durch Knockouts von
antigenen Oberflächenepitopen (z. B. αGal
[Galaktose-α1,3-Galaktose]) und transgene Expression humaner Gene mit
antiinflammatorischer, antiapoptotischer oder antikoagulativer Wirkung
zuverlässig kontrolliert werden. Nach orthotopen Transplantationen in
nicht humane Primaten konnten inzwischen mit Schweineherzen
Überlebensraten von bis zu 264 Tagen und mit porzinen Nieren von 435
Tagen erzielt werden. Eine Übertragung pathogener Erreger auf den
Empfänger kann bei Einhaltung einschlägiger
Hygienemaßnahmen ausgeschlossen werden. PERV (porzine endogene
Retroviren) können durch RNA-(Ribonukleinsäure-)Interferenz oder
Gen-Knockout ausgeschaltet werden. Sie stellen damit kein
Übertragungsrisiko für den Empfänger mehr dar. Anfang
2022 wurde in Baltimore (USA) ein Schweineherz mit 10 genetischen Modifikationen
auf einen Patienten mit schwerem Herzleiden übertragen, mit dem der
Empfänger 2 Monate offenbar ohne größere Probleme lebte.
Es wird erwartet, dass Xenotransplantate vom Schwein in absehbarer Zeit zur
klinischen Anwendungsreife kommen werden. Dazu werden klinische Versuche zur
systematischen Erfassung aller Auswirkungen solcher Transplantate auf den
Patienten sowie geeignete rechtliche und finanzielle Rahmenbedingungen
benötigt.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Q, Li T, Wang K, Zhang Q, Geng Z, Deng S, Cheng C, Wang Y. Current status of xenotransplantation research and the strategies for preventing xenograft rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928173. [PMID: 35967435 PMCID: PMC9367636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is often the last resort for end-stage organ failures, e.g., kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas. The shortage of donor organs is the main limiting factor for successful transplantation in humans. Except living donations, other alternatives are needed, e.g., xenotransplantation of pig organs. However, immune rejection remains the major challenge to overcome in xenotransplantation. There are three different xenogeneic types of rejections, based on the responses and mechanisms involved. It includes hyperacute rejection (HAR), delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) and chronic rejection. DXR, sometimes involves acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHR) and cellular xenograft rejection (CXR), which cannot be strictly distinguished from each other in pathological process. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the mechanism of these immunological rejections and summarized the strategies for preventing them, such as generation of gene knock out donors by different genome editing tools and the use of immunosuppressive regimens. We also addressed organ-specific barriers and challenges needed to pave the way for clinical xenotransplantation. Taken together, this information will benefit the current immunological research in the field of xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Wenjiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronics and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuowen Geng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Culture media and supplements affect proliferation, colony-formation, and potency of porcine male germ cells. Theriogenology 2022; 187:227-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Porcine pancreatic ductal epithelial cells transformed with KRAS G12D and SV40T are tumorigenic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13436. [PMID: 34183736 PMCID: PMC8238942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe our initial studies in the development of an orthotopic, genetically defined, large animal model of pancreatic cancer. Primary pancreatic epithelial cells were isolated from pancreatic duct of domestic pigs. A transformed cell line was generated from these primary cells with oncogenic KRAS and SV40T. The transformed cell lines outperformed the primary and SV40T immortalized cells in terms of proliferation, population doubling time, soft agar growth, transwell migration and invasion. The transformed cell line grew tumors when injected subcutaneously in nude mice, forming glandular structures and staining for epithelial markers. Future work will include implantation studies of these tumorigenic porcine pancreatic cell lines into the pancreas of allogeneic and autologous pigs. The resultant large animal model of pancreatic cancer could be utilized for preclinical research on diagnostic, interventional, and therapeutic technologies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Son YB, Bharti D, Kim SB, Bok EY, Lee SY, Ho HJ, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Hematological patterns and histopathological assessment of Miniature Pigs in the experiments on human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1259-1268. [PMID: 33526987 PMCID: PMC7847617 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multipotent and immune privileged properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated for the treatment of various clinical diseases. For the years, many researches into the animal studies evaluated human stem cell therapeutic capacity related to the regenerative medicine. However, there were limited reports on immune privileged properties of human MSCs in animal studies. The present study investigated hematological and biochemical parameter and lymphocyte subset in mini-pigs following human MSCs transplantation as a means of validation of reliability that influence the animal test results. Methods: The miniature pigs were transplanted with human MSCs seeded with scaffold. After transplantation, all animals were evaluated by CBC, biochemistry and lymphocyte subset test. After 9 weeks, all pigs were sacrificed and organs were histologically analyzed. Results: CBC test showed that levels of RBC were decreased and reticulocyte, WBC and neutrophil were increased in transient state initially after transplantation, but returned to normal value. The proportion of B lymphocyte and cytotoxic T cell were also initially enhanced within the normal range temporarily. The female and male miniature pigs showed normal ranges for blood chemistry assessments. During the 9 weeks post-operative period, the animals showed a continuous increase in body weight and length. Furthermore, no abnormal findings were observed from the histological analysis of sacrificed pigs. Conclusions: Overall, miniature pigs transplanted with human MSCs seeded with scaffold were found to have physiologically similar results to normal animals. This result might be a reliable indicator of the animal experiments using miniature pigs with human MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bum Son
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Bharti
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jang Ho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smart I, Goecke T, Ramm R, Petersen B, Lenz D, Haverich A, Niemann H, Hilfiker A. Dot blots of solubilized extracellular matrix allow quantification of human antibodies bound to epitopes present in decellularized porcine pulmonary heart valves. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12646. [PMID: 32945050 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study reports the development of a sensitive dot blot protocol for determining the level of preformed antibodies against porcine heart valve tissue derived from wild-type (WT) and α-Gal-KO (GGTA1-KO) pigs in human sera. METHODS The assay uses decellularized and solubilized heart valve tissue; antibody binding found in this dot blot assay could be correlated with antibody titers of preformed anti-α-Gal and anti-Neu5Gc antibodies detected by a sensitive ELISA. RESULTS The ultimate protocol had an inter-assay variance of 9.5% and an intra-assay variance of 9.2%, showing that the test is reliable and highly reproducible. With the aid of this dot blot assay, we found significant variation with regard to antibody contents among twelve human sera. Binding of preformed antibodies to WT tissue was significantly higher than to GGTA1-KO tissue. CONCLUSIONS The dot blot assay described herein could be a valuable tool to measure preformed antibody levels in human sera against unknown epitopes on decellularized tissue prior to implantation. Ultimately, this prescreening may allow a matching of the porcine xenograft with the respective human recipients in demand and thus may become an important tool for graft long-term survival similar to current allotransplantation settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Smart
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Goecke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Ramm
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Doreen Lenz
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Son DH, Hwang NH, Chung WH, Seong HS, Lim H, Cho ES, Choi JW, Kang KS, Kim YM. Whole-genome resequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs. Genes Genomics 2019; 42:263-272. [PMID: 31833050 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniature pigs have been increasingly used as mammalian model animals for biomedical research because of their similarity to human beings in terms of their metabolic features and proportional organ sizes. However, despite their importance, there is a severe lack of genome-wide studies on miniature pigs. OBJECTIVE In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs obtained from Medi Kinetics to elucidate their genomic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 595 gigabase pairs (Gb) of sequence reads were generated to be mapped to the swine reference genome assembly (Sus scrofa 10.2); on average, the sequence reads covered 99.15% of the reference genome at an average of 9.6-fold coverage. We detected a total of 19,518,548 SNPs, of which 8.7% were found to be novel. With further annotation of all of the SNPs, we retrieved 144,507 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs); of these, 5968 were found in all 20 individuals used in this study. SIFT prediction for these SNPs identified that 812 nsSNPs in 402 genes were deleterious. Among these 402 genes, we identified some genes that could potentially affect traits of interest in Micro-pigs, such as RHEB and FRAS1. Furthermore, we performed runs of homozygosity analysis to locate potential selection signatures in the genome, detecting several loci that might be involved in phenotypic characteristics in Micro-pigs, such as MSTN, GDF5, and GDF11. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified numerous nsSNPs that could be used as candidate genetic markers with involvement in traits of interest. Furthermore, we detected putative selection footprints that might be associated with recent selection applied to miniature pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Son
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyun Hwang
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Research Group of Healthcare, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seung Seong
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbum Lim
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Cho
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Kang
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun G, Li F, Ma X, Sun J, Jiang R, Tian Y, Han R, Li G, Wang Y, Li Z, Kang X, Li W. gga-miRNA-18b-3p Inhibits Intramuscular Adipocytes Differentiation in Chicken by Targeting the ACOT13 Gene. Cells 2019; 8:E556. [PMID: 31181634 PMCID: PMC6627633 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is the most important evaluating indicator of chicken meat quality, the content of which is positively correlated with tenderness, flavor, and succulence of the meat. Chicken IMF deposition process is regulated by many factors, including genetic, nutrition, and environment. Although large number of omics' studies focused on the IMF deposition process, the molecular mechanism of chicken IMF deposition is still poorly understood. In order to study the role of miRNAs in chicken intramuscular adipogenesis, the intramuscular adipocyte differentiation model (IMF-preadipocytes and IMF-adipocytes) was established and subject to miRNA-Seq. A total of 117 differentially expressed miRNAs between two groups were obtained. Target genes prediction and functional enrichment analysis revealed that eight pathways involved in lipid metabolism related processes, such as fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid elongation. Meanwhile a putative miRNA, gga-miR-18b-3p, was identified be served a function in the intramuscular adipocyte differentiation. Luciferase assay suggested that the gga-miR-18b-3p targeted to the 3'UTR of ACOT13. Subsequent functional experiments demonstrated that gga-miR-18b-3p acted as an inhibitor of intramuscular adipocyte differentiation by targeting ACOT13. Our findings laid a new theoretical foundation for the study of lipid metabolism, and also provided a potential target to improve the meat quality in the poultry industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Fang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiangfei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Junwei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yanbin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bai Y, Zhu C, Feng M, Wei H, Li L, Tian X, Zhao Z, Liu S, Ma N, Zhang X, Shi R, Fu C, Wu Z, Zhang S. Previously claimed male germline stem cells from porcine testis are actually progenitor Leydig cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:200. [PMID: 30021628 PMCID: PMC6052628 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Male germline stem cells (mGSCs) offer great promise in regenerative medicine and animal breeding due to their capacity to maintain self-renewal and to transmit genetic information to the next generation following spermatogenesis. Human testis-derived embryonic stem cell-like cells have been shown to possess potential of mesenchymal progenitors, but there remains confusion about the characteristics and origin of porcine testis-derived stem cells. Methods Porcine testis-derived stem cells were obtained from primary testicular cultures of 5-day old piglets, and selectively expanded using culture conditions for long-term culture and induction differentiation. The stem cell properties of porcine testis-derived stem cells were subsequently assessed by determining the expression of pluripotency-associated markers, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and capacity for sperm and multilineage differentiation in vitro. The gene expression profile was compared via microarray analysis. Results We identified two different types of testis-derived stem cells (termed as C1 and C2 here) during porcine testicular cell culture. The gene expression microarray analysis showed that the transcriptome profile of C1 and C2 differed significantly from each other. The C1 appeared to be morphologically similar to the previously described mouse mGSCs, expressed pluripotency- and germ cell-associated markers, maintained the paternal imprinted pattern of H19, displayed alkaline phosphatase activity, and could differentiate into sperm. Together, these data suggest that C1 represent the porcine mGSC population. Conversely, the C2 appeared similar to the previously described porcine mGSCs with three-dimensional morphology, abundantly expressed Leydig cell lineage and mesenchymal cell-specific markers, and could differentiate into testosterone-producing Leydig cells, suggesting that they are progenitor Leydig cells (PLCs). Conclusion Collectively, we have established the expected characteristics and markers of authentic porcine mGSCs (C1). We found for the first time that, the C2, equivalent to previously claimed porcine mGSCs, are actually progenitor Leydig cells (PLCs). These findings provide new insights into the discrepancies among previous reports and future identification and analyses of testis-derived stem cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0931-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Bai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
| | - Cui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
| | - Meiying Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hengxi Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Center for Regenerative Biology, Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ningfang Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shouquan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kang HY, Choi YK, Jeong YI, Choi KC, Hyun SH, Hwang WS, Jeung EB. Immortalization of Porcine 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1-Transgenic Liver Cells Using SV40 Large T Antigen. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122625. [PMID: 29206210 PMCID: PMC5751228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone essential to the maintenance of homeostasis that is released in response to stress and low blood glucose concentration. Cortisol is converted from cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1). It has been reported that too much cortisol or overexpression of HSD11B1 induces obesity and the insulin resistance that accompanies metabolic syndrome in rodent adipose tissue. In our previous study, HSD11B1-transgenic (TG) fibroblasts were established, and a porcine model was generated by SCNT using those fibroblasts. Hepatocytes overexpressing HSD11B1 were obtained from livers of this porcine model and cultured in vitro. However, the primary hepatocytes were found to have a short life span or low proliferation rate. To overcome these problems, the SV40 large T antigen was transduced into primary HSD11B1-TG hepatocytes, and those cells were immortalized. Immortalized HSD11B1-TG hepatocytes showed restored morphology, more rapid proliferation rate, and more expression of HSD11B1 than primary hepatocytes. As well, these cells kept the hepatic characteristics such as gluconeogenic response to cortisone and increased expression of hepatic makers. The immortalized HSD11B1-TG hepatocytes may be useful for studying traits and potential therapeutic drugs for treatment of metabolic disorders induced by overexpression of HSD11B1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Young-Kwon Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yeon Ik Jeong
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, 64 Kyunginro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08359, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Woo-Suk Hwang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, 64 Kyunginro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08359, Korea.
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abalovich A, Matsumoto S, Wechsler CJ, Carulla ME, Siciliano ME, Sznaider D, Denner J, Elliott RB. Level of acceptance of islet cell and kidney xenotransplants by personnel of hospitals with and without experience in clinical xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2017. [PMID: 28623861 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, significant progress in both safety and efficacy has been achieved in the field of xenotransplantation, as exemplified by results from the first clinical trials of porcine islet transplantation. It would be of interest to learn whether the attitude of the clinical staff involved in such trials changes as the trials are carried out in their own hospital. METHODS One hundred and four clinical staff members from the Eva Peron Hospital of San Martin (Buenos Aires, Argentina) where clinical trials of islet xenotransplantation have been performed and 92 similar staff members from the Diego Thompson Hospital (Buenos Aires, Argentina) where no such xenotransplantation has been carried out participated in the study. Data were collected anonymously using questionnaires. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the acceptance of xenotransplantation by clinical personnel in a hospital that had carried out clinical xenotransplantation trials were observed when compared with the acceptance of a similar staff from the hospital that had not carried out such trials. CONCLUSION This study shows that involvement in clinical xenotransplantation trials significantly changes the attitude of the clinical staff towards this technology and suggests that better information given to the society may increase acceptance of the xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Abalovich
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón de San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos J Wechsler
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón de San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana E Carulla
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón de San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Sznaider
- Hospital Municipal Dr. Diego Thompson, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other Retroviruses, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morozov VA, Plotzki E, Rotem A, Barkai U, Denner J. Extended microbiological characterization of Göttingen minipigs: porcine cytomegalovirus and other viruses. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:490-496. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Plotzki
- HIV and other Retroviruses; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Avi Rotem
- Beta-O 2 Technologies Ltd.; Rosh-Haain Israel
| | | | - Joachim Denner
- HIV and other Retroviruses; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee WJ, Park JS, Jang SJ, Lee SC, Lee H, Lee JH, Rho GJ, Lee SL. Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404916 DOI: 10.3791/54077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, synovial-fluid-derived MSCs were reported to have multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory features, which indicates that these cells can be used for tissue engineering and systemic treatments. This study presents a protocol for simple and non-invasive isolation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow and synovial fluid of minipigs to analyze cell surface markers for cell phenotyping and in vitro culturing. Using sexually mature six-month-old minipigs, bone marrow was extracted from the iliac crest bone using a bone marrow extractor, and the synovial fluid was aspirated from the femorotibial joint. Procedures for the collection of samples from both sources were non-invasive. The protocols for effective isolation of MSCs from harvested cell sources and for creating in vitro culture conditions to expand stable MSCs from minipigs and the application of systemic autologous treatments are provided. For cell phenotyping, the cell surface markers of both cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the results, the MSCs were isolated from the synovial fluid of the minipigs and showed that synovial-fluid-derived MSCs have a similar morphology and cell phenotype to bone-marrow-derived MSCs. Therefore, non-invasively obtained synovial fluid is a valuable source of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University; PWG Genetics Pte Ltd
| | - Ji-Sung Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Si-Jung Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Seung-Chan Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - HyeonJeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Immunological methods for the detection of porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV). J Virol Methods 2016; 233:72-7. [PMID: 27036503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, -2, and -3) are widespread in pigs and closely related to the human pathogenic gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4, HHV-4) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8). In minipigs, PLHV-1 causes a porcine post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after experimental transplantations. Porcine PTLD comes with clinical symptoms similar to those of human PTLD, a serious complication of solid organ and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation linked to HHV-4. Since PLHVs may be transmitted from donor pigs to the human recipient of xenotransplants (pig cells, tissues or organs), sensitive and specific methods should be developed to detect and eliminate PLHVs. Here we describe an ELISA and a Western blot assay using recombinant glycoprotein B of PLHV-1. Using both assays, the presence of specific antibodies in different pig breeds as well as in German slaughterhouse workers was analysed. Antibodies were detected in some animals, but not in human subjects.
Collapse
|
17
|
The production of multi-transgenic pigs: update and perspectives for xenotransplantation. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:361-74. [PMID: 26820415 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The domestic pig shares many genetic, anatomical and physiological similarities to humans and is thus considered to be a suitable organ donor for xenotransplantation. However, prior to clinical application of porcine xenografts, three major hurdles have to be overcome: (1) various immunological rejection responses, (2) physiological incompatibilities between the porcine organ and the human recipient and (3) the risk of transmitting zoonotic pathogens from pig to humans. With the introduction of genetically engineered pigs expressing high levels of human complement regulatory proteins or lacking expression of α-Gal epitopes, the HAR can be consistently overcome. However, none of the transgenic porcine organs available to date was fully protected against the binding of anti-non-Gal xenoreactive natural antibodies. The present view is that long-term survival of xenografts after transplantation into primates requires additional modifications of the porcine genome and a specifically tailored immunosuppression regimen compliant with current clinical standards. This requires the production and characterization of multi-transgenic pigs to control HAR, AVR and DXR. The recent emergence of new sophisticated molecular tools such as Zinc-Finger nucleases, Transcription-activator like endonucleases, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system has significantly increased efficiency and precision of the production of genetically modified pigs for xenotransplantation. Several candidate genes, incl. hTM, hHO-1, hA20, CTLA4Ig, have been explored in their ability to improve long-term survival of porcine xenografts after transplantation into non-human primates. This review provides an update on the current status in the production of multi-transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation which could bring porcine xenografts closer to clinical application.
Collapse
|
18
|
Advances in genetic modification of farm animals using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN). Chromosome Res 2015; 23:7-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
19
|
Guo W, Yi H, Ren L, Chen L, Zhao L, Sun W, Yang SM. The Morphology and Electrophysiology of the Cochlea of the Miniature Pig. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:494-500. [PMID: 25394601 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing 100853 People's Republic of China
| | - Haijin Yi
- Department of Otolaryngeal-Head Neck Surgery; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing 100050 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing 100853 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing 100853 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences; Center for Hearing and Deafness, the State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo New York USA
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Institute of Otolaryngology of PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing 100853 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Homol L. Web-based Citation Management Tools: Comparing the Accuracy of Their Electronic Journal Citations. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIANSHIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
Kang HY, Jung EM, Hong EJ, Hyun SH, Hwang WS, Jeung EB. Generation of transgenic fibroblasts expressing pancreas‑specific and doxycycline-inducible ICER Iγ for the establishment of a porcine model of human diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1136-42. [PMID: 24859238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible cyclic AMP (cAMP) early repressor (ICER) Iγ acts as an endogenous inhibitor and disrupts the transcriptional regulation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREBP) responsive genes. Since the overexpression of ICER Iγ induces severe diabetes in a transgenic mouse model, with characteristics similar to human diabetes mellitus, an ICER Iγ construct containing an adjustable pancreas tissue specific promoter was utilized in the present study. Using the human insulin promoter region, a doxycycline (dox)‑inducible ICER Iγ expression system was established using the tetracycline (tet)-controlled transactivator (tTA) with a TA response element (TRE) promoter. A unitary tet-on system that combined a tet-on activator cassette was also developed and was controlled by the human insulin promoter with a responder cassette containing genes encoding ICER Iγ regulated by the TRE promoter. To determine whether dox-enhanced ICER Iγ expression affected insulin production, the unitary tet-on ICER Iγ vector was introduced into a mouse pancreatic β-cell line and then the cells were treated with 0.1-1 mg/ml dox. The results revealed a robust increase in ICER Iγ expression and decreased insulin production. Therefore, this in vitro system may be useful for studying human diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes using tissue-specific promoters and a dox-inducible transgene. In addition, porcine transgenic fibroblasts containing dox-inducible ICER Iγ were generated. These fibroblasts may serve as a cell source for somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate a porcine model of human diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Hwang
- SooAm Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul 137-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ríos A, Martínez-Alarcón L, López-Navas A, Ayala-García M, Sebastián MJ, Abdo-Cuza A, Ramírez EJ, Muñoz G, Palacios G, Suárez-López J, Castellanos R, González B, Martínez MÁ, Díaz E, Nieto A, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Level of acceptance of solid organ xenotransplantation among personnel in Spanish, Mexican, and Cuban hospitals. Xenotransplantation 2013; 21:84-90. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ríos
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Ana López-Navas
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Psychology; Universidad Católica San Antonio; UCAM; Murcia Spain
| | - Marcos Ayala-García
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- HGSZ No. 10 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegación Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Mª José Sebastián
- Transplant Coordination Center; UMAE Hospital de Especialidades No 25 IMSS; Monterrey Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Muñoz
- The 21st Century National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security; Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Gerardo Palacios
- Transplant Coordination Center; UMAE Hospital de Especialidades No 25 IMSS; Monterrey Mexico
| | | | | | - Beatriz González
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- University of Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Díaz
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León; Guanajuato Mexico
- HGSZ No. 10 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Delegación Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Adrián Nieto
- State Public Health Institute of Guanajuato; Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Gillermo Ramis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- “International Collaborative Donor Project”; Murcia Spain
- Regional Transplant Center; Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Transplant Unit; Surgery Service; University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
- Department of Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chung HC, Nguyen VG, Moon HJ, Kim HK, Park SJ, Lee JH, Choi MG, Kim AR, Park BK. Inhibition of porcine endogenous retrovirus in PK15 cell line by efficient multitargeting RNA interference. Transpl Int 2013; 27:96-105. [PMID: 24138389 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To effectively suppress porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV)s, RNAi technique was utilized. RNAi is the up-to-date skill for gene knockdown which simultaneously multitargets both gag and pol genes critical for replication of PERVs. Previously, two of the most effective siRNAs (gag2, pol2) were found to reduce the expression of PERVs. Concurrent treatment of these two siRNAs (gag2+pol2) showed knockdown efficiency of up to 88% compared to negative control. However, despite the high initial knockdown efficiency 48 h after transfection caused by siRNA, it may only be a transient effect of suppressing PERVs. The multitargeting vector was designed, containing both gag and pol genes and making use of POL II miR Expression Vector, which allowed for persistent and multiple targeting. This is the latest shRNA system technique expressing and targeting like miRNA. Through antibiotics resistance characteristics utilizing this vector, miRNA-transfected PK15 cells (gag2-pol2) were selected during 10 days. An 88.1% reduction in the level of mRNA expression was found. In addition, we performed RT-activity analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, and it demonstrated the highest knockdown efficiency in multitargeting (gag2+pol2) miRNA group. Therefore, according to the results above, gene knockdown system (siRNA and shRNA) through multitargeting strategy could effectively inhibit PERVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jeong YH, Park CH, Jang GH, Jeong YI, Hwang IS, Jeong YW, Kim YK, Shin T, Kim NH, Hyun SH, Jeung EB, Hwang WS. Production of multiple transgenic Yucatan miniature pigs expressing human complement regulatory factors, human CD55, CD59, and H-transferase genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63241. [PMID: 23704897 PMCID: PMC3660325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to generate transgenic pigs coexpressing human CD55, CD59, and H-transferase (HT) using an IRES-mediated polycistronic vector. The study focused on hyperacute rejection (HAR) when considering clinical xenotransplantation as an alternative source for human organ transplants. In total, 35 transgenic cloned piglets were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and were confirmed for genomic integration of the transgenes from umbilical cord samples by PCR analysis. Eighteen swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVEC) were isolated from umbilical cord veins freshly obtained from the piglets. We observed a higher expression of transgenes in the transgenic SUVEC (Tg SUVEC) compared with the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Among these genes, HT and hCD59 were expressed at a higher level in the tested Tg organs compared with non-Tg control organs, but there was no difference in hCD55 expression between them. The transgenes in various organs of the Tg clones revealed organ-specific and spatial expression patterns. Using from 0 to 50% human serum solutions, we performed human complement-mediated cytolysis assays. The results showed that, overall, the Tg SUVEC tested had greater survival rates than did the non-Tg SUVEC, and the Tg SUVEC with higher HT expression levels tended to have more down-regulated α-Gal epitope expression, resulting in greater protection against cytotoxicity. By contrast, several Tg SUVEC with low CD55 expression exhibited a decreased resistance response to cytolysis. These results indicated that the levels of HT expression were inversely correlated with the levels of α-Gal epitope expression and that the combined expression of hCD55, hCD59, and HT proteins in SUVECs markedly enhances a protective response to human serum-mediated cytolysis. Taken together, these results suggest that combining a polycistronic vector system with SCNT methods provides a fast and efficient alternative for the generation of transgenic large animals with multiple genetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Hun Park
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hyuk Jang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Ik Jeong
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sung Hwang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-woo Jeong
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyung Kim
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Shin
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Hwang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Semaan M, Rotem A, Barkai U, Bornstein S, Denner J. Screening pigs for xenotransplantation: prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses in Göttingen minipigs. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:148-56. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Semaan
- Robert Koch Institute; HIV and Other Retroviruses; Berlin Germany
| | - Avi Rotem
- Beta-O 2 Technologies Ltd; Petach-Tikva Israel
| | | | - Stefan Bornstein
- Center Internal Medicine; University Clinics Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University; Dresden Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute; HIV and Other Retroviruses; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Niemann H, Lucas-Hahn A. Somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning: practical applications and current legislation. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 5:2-10. [PMID: 22913555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cloning is emerging as a new biotechnology by which the opportunities arising from the advances in molecular genetics and genome analysis can be implemented in animal breeding. Significant improvements have been made in SCNT protocols in the past years which now allow to embarking on practical applications. The main areas of application of SCNT are: Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and basic research. A great application potential of SCNT based cloning is the production of genetically modified (transgenic) animals. Somatic cell nuclear transfer based transgenic animal production has significant advances over the previously employed microinjection of foreign DNA into pronuclei of zygotes. This cell based transgenesis is compatible with gene targeting and allows both, the addition of a specific gene and the deletion of an endogenous gene. Efficient transgenic animal production provides numerous opportunities for agriculture and biomedicine. Regulatory agencies around the world have agreed that food derived from cloned animals and their offspring is safe and there is no scientific basis for questioning this. Commercial application of somatic cloning within the EU is via the Novel Food regulation EC No. 258/97. Somatic cloning raises novel questions regarding the ethical and moral status of animals and their welfare which has prompted a controversial discussion in Europe which has not yet been resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bittmann I, Mihica D, Plesker R, Denner J. Expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in different organs of a pig. Virology 2012; 433:329-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
28
|
Galli C, Lagutina I, Perota A, Colleoni S, Duchi R, Lucchini F, Lazzari G. Somatic cell nuclear transfer and transgenesis in large animals: current and future insights. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 3:2-11. [PMID: 22681293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was first developed in livestock for the purpose of accelerating the widespread use of superior genotypes. Although many problems still exist now after fifteen years of research owing to the limited understanding of genome reprogramming, SCNT has provided a powerful tool to make copies of selected individuals in different species, to study genome pluripotency and differentiation, opening new avenues of research in regenerative medicine and representing the main route for making transgenic livestock. Besides well-established methods to deliver transgenes, recent development in enzymatic engineering to edit the genome provides more precise and reproducible tools to target-specific genomic loci especially for producing knockout animals. The interest in generating transgenic livestock lies in the agricultural and biomedical areas and it is, in most cases, at the stage of research and development, with few exceptions that are making the way into practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Galli
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Semaan M, Kaulitz D, Petersen B, Niemann H, Denner J. Long-term effects of PERV-specific RNA interference in transgenic pigs. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:112-21. [PMID: 22497513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2012.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) represent a risk of xenotransplantation using porcine cells, tissues, or organs, as they are integrated in the porcine genome and have been shown to be able to infect human cells in vitro. To increase viral safety by RNA interference, transgenic pigs expressing a PERV-specific small hairpin (sh)RNA targeted to a highly conserved sequence in the pol gene (pol2) were generated in which expression of PERVs was reduced (Xenotransplantation, 15, 2008, 38). However, it remains to be shown how long expression of the shRNA and the RNA interference is effective in reducing PERV expression. METHODS To analyze the long-term duration of RNA interference, expression of the PERV-specific pol2 shRNA and inhibition of PERV expression was studied repeatedly in fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of transgenic pigs over a period of 3 yr, when animals were sacrificed and expression was studied in different organs. Expression of the PERV-specific shRNA was measured using a newly developed real-time PCR, and expression of PERV was measured using a PERV-specific real-time PCR. RESULTS Over a period of 3 yr, PERV-specific shRNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter of the vector system were consistently expressed in transgenic animals. PERV expression was significantly reduced during the entire period. Levels of PERV and shRNA expression were different in the various organs. PERV expression was highest in the spleen and the lungs and lowest in liver and heart. However, in all organs of the transgenic pigs, PERV expression was inhibited compared with the vector control animals. CONCLUSIONS Transgenic pigs expressing PERV-specific shRNA maintained their specific RNA interference long term, suggesting that PERV expression in the xenotransplants will be suppressed over extended periods of time.
Collapse
|
30
|
Luo Y, Lin L, Bolund L, Jensen TG, Sørensen CB. Genetically modified pigs for biomedical research. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:695-713. [PMID: 22453682 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, pigs have been used to develop some of the most important large animal models for biomedical research. Advances in pig genome research, genetic modification (GM) of primary pig cells and pig cloning by nuclear transfer, have facilitated the generation of GM pigs for xenotransplantation and various human diseases. This review summarizes the key technologies used for generating GM pigs, including pronuclear microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer by traditional cloning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Broadly used genetic engineering tools for porcine cells are also discussed. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated for xenotransplantation and human disease processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, bone diseases, cancers and epidermal skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, and inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of the progress in GM pig research over the last two decades and perspectives for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Denner J, Tönjes RR. Infection barriers to successful xenotransplantation focusing on porcine endogenous retroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:318-43. [PMID: 22491774 PMCID: PMC3346299 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05011-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may be a solution to overcome the shortage of organs for the treatment of patients with organ failure, but it may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms and the development of xenozoonoses. Whereas most microorganisms may be eliminated by pathogen-free breeding of the donor animals, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) cannot be eliminated, since these are integrated into the genomes of all pigs. Human-tropic PERV-A and -B are present in all pigs and are able to infect human cells. Infection of ecotropic PERV-C is limited to pig cells. PERVs may adapt to host cells by varying the number of LTR-binding transcription factor binding sites. Like all retroviruses, they may induce tumors and/or immunodeficiencies. To date, all experimental, preclinical, and clinical xenotransplantations using pig cells, tissues, and organs have not shown transmission of PERV. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to analyze the PERV status of donor pigs and to monitor recipients for PERV infection. Strategies have been developed to prevent PERV transmission, including selection of PERV-C-negative, low-producer pigs, generation of an effective vaccine, selection of effective antiretrovirals, and generation of animals transgenic for a PERV-specific short hairpin RNA inhibiting PERV expression by RNA interference.
Collapse
|
32
|
Quereda JJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Abellaneda JM, García-Nicolás O, Martínez-Alarcón L, Pallarés FJ, Ramírez P, Muñoz A, Ramis G. Porcine endogenous retrovirus copy number in different pig breeds is not related to genetic diversity. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:401-7. [PMID: 22348392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The risk of zoonoses is a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) poses a potential risk of zoonotic infection, and its control is a prerequisite for the development of clinical xenotransplantation. The copy number of PERV varies among different breeds, and it has been suggested that the PERV integrations number is increased by inbreeding. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the copy number of PERV in different Spanish pig breeds, Spanish wild boar and commercial cross-bred pigs from five different farms and genetic background (CCP1-CCP5) and (ii) to investigate the correlation between PERV copy number and the genetic background of the pigs in order to improve the selection of pigs for xenotransplantation. PERV copy number was determined by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reactions. Thirty-four microsatellite markers were genotyped to describe the genetic diversity within populations (observed and expected heterozygosities, Ho and He, respectively) and the inbreeding coefficient (F). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PERV copy number and Ho, He and F. The copy number of PERV among different pig breeds was estimated to range between three (CCP1) and 43 copies (Iberian Pig). Statistical differences were found among the studied populations concerning PERV copy number. No correlation was found between the PERV copy number and the heterozygosity (calculated at an individual level or at a population level) or the inbreeding coefficient of each population. Our data suggest that pigs inbreeding does not increase PERV copy number and support the idea that careful selection of pigs for organ donation with reduced PERV copy number will minimize the risk of retrovirus transmission to the human receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Quereda
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ghaderi D, Zhang M, Hurtado-Ziola N, Varki A. Production platforms for biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Occurrence, impact, and challenges of non-human sialylation. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2012; 28:147-75. [DOI: 10.5661/bger-28-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
34
|
Spitzer N, Sammons GS, Butts HM, Grover LM, Price EM. Multipotent progenitor cells derived from adult peripheral blood of swine have high neurogenic potential in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3156-68. [PMID: 21321934 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (PBD-MAPCs) are a novel population of stem cells, isolated from venous blood of green fluorescent protein transgenic swine, which proliferate as multicellular non-adherent spheroids. Using a simple differentiation protocol, a large proportion of these cells developed one of five distinct neural cell phenotypes, indicating that these primordial cells have high neurogenic potential. Cells exhibiting neural morphologies developed within 48 h of exposure to differentiation conditions, increased in percentage over 2 weeks, and stably maintained the neural phenotype for three additional weeks in the absence of neurogenic signaling molecules. Cells exhibited dynamic neural-like behaviors including extension and retraction of processes with growth cone-like structures rich in filamentous actin, cell migration following a leading process, and various cell-cell interactions. Differentiated cells expressed neural markers, NeuN, β-tubulin III and synaptic proteins, and progenitor cells expressed the stem cell markers nestin and NANOG. Neurally differentiated PBD-MAPCs exhibited voltage-dependent inward and outward currents and expressed voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, suggestive of neural-like membrane properties. PBD-MAPCs expressed early neural markers and developed neural phenotypes when provided with an extracellular matrix of laminin without the addition of cytokines or growth factors, suggesting that these multipotent cells may be primed for neural differentiation. PBD-MAPCs provide a model for understanding the mechanisms of neural differentiation from non-neural sources of adult stem cells. A similar population of cells, from humans or xenogeneic sources, may offer the potential of an accessible, renewable and non-tumorigenic source of stem cells for treating neural disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Spitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Denner J. Infectious risk in xenotransplantation - what post-transplant screening for the human recipient? Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:151-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Kaulitz D, Mihica D, Dorna J, Costa MR, Petersen B, Niemann H, Tönjes RR, Denner J. Development of sensitive methods for detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus-C (PERV-C) in the genome of pigs. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:60-5. [PMID: 21539860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) represent a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs. PERV-A and PERV-B are present in the genome of all pigs and both infect human cells in vitro. PERV-C infects only pig cells and it is integrated in the genome of most, but not all pigs. Recombinants between PERV-A and PERV-C were described that infect human cells and replicate at high titres. To avoid such recombinations, PERV-C positive animals should not be used for breeding animals suited for xenotransplantation. In order to detect PERV-C positive pigs, different methods were developed such as specific PCRs using different primers, a highly sensitive nested PCR and a real-time PCR allowing measurement of proviral copy numbers. The real-time PCR was found to be useful to discriminate between contamination and actual provirus copies. The PCRs were optimized and their sensitivity was determined. Screening can be started with PCR1, if the result is negative, PCR2 to PCR5 or the nested PCR should be used, if the result is positive, the real-time PCR should be used to exclude contaminations. All methods were used to evaluate the prevalence of PERV-C and to identify PERV-C free animals. Due to the risk of contamination with cells from other animals testing should be performed with blood cells, not with ear biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Kaulitz
- Robert Koch-Institute, Retrovirus Induced Immunosuppression, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gieling ET, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Assessing learning and memory in pigs. Anim Cogn 2011; 14:151-73. [PMID: 21203792 PMCID: PMC3040303 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in (mini) pigs (Sus scrofa) as species for cognitive research. A major reason for this is their physiological and anatomical similarity with humans. For example, pigs possess a well-developed, large brain. Assessment of the learning and memory functions of pigs is not only relevant to human research but also to animal welfare, given the nature of current farming practices and the demands they make on animal health and behavior. In this article, we review studies of pig cognition, focusing on the underlying processes and mechanisms, with a view to identifying. Our goal is to aid the selection of appropriate cognitive tasks for research into pig cognition. To this end, we formulated several basic criteria for pig cognition tests and then applied these criteria and knowledge about pig-specific sensorimotor abilities and behavior to evaluate the merits, drawbacks, and limitations of the different types of tests used to date. While behavioral studies using (mini) pigs have shown that this species can perform learning and memory tasks, and much has been learned about pig cognition, results have not been replicated or proven replicable because of the lack of validated, translational behavioral paradigms that are specially suited to tap specific aspects of pig cognition. We identified several promising types of tasks for use in studies of pig cognition, such as versatile spatial free-choice type tasks that allow the simultaneous measurement of several behavioral domains. The use of appropriate tasks will facilitate the collection of reliable and valid data on pig cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Titia Gieling
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Elizabeth Nordquist
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nowak-Imialek M, Kues WA, Petersen B, Lucas-Hahn A, Herrmann D, Haridoss S, Oropeza M, Lemme E, Schöler HR, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Oct4-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic pigs: a new large animal model for reprogramming studies. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1563-75. [PMID: 21126163 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The domesticated pig has emerged as an important tool for development of surgical techniques, advancement of xenotransplantation, creation of important disease models, and preclinical testing of novel cell therapies. However, germ line-competent pluripotent porcine stem cells have not yet been derived. This has been a major obstacle to genetic modification of pigs. The transcription factor Oct4 is essential for the maintenance of pluripotency and for reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Here, we report the production of transgenic pigs carrying an 18 kb genomic sequence of the murine Oct4 gene fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA (OG2 construct) to allow identification of pluripotent cells by monitoring Oct4 expression by EGFP fluorescence. Eleven viable transgenic piglets were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Expression of the EGFP reporter construct was confined to germ line cells, the inner cell mass and trophectoderm of blastocysts, and testicular germ cells. Reprogramming of fibroblasts from these animals by fusion with pluripotent murine embryonic stem cells or viral transduction with human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC cDNAs resulted in Oct4-EGFP reactivation. The OG2 pigs have thus proved useful for monitoring reprogramming and the induction and maintenance of pluripotency in porcine cells. In conclusion, the OG2 transgenic pigs are a new large animal model for studying the derivation and maintenance of pluripotent cells, and will be valuable for the development of cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The pig as a model animal for studying cognition and neurobehavioral disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 7:359-83. [PMID: 21287323 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In experimental animal research, a short phylogenetic distance, i.e., high resemblance between the model species and the species to be modeled is expected to increase the relevance and generalizability of results obtained in the model species. The (mini)pig shows multiple advantageous characteristics that have led to an increase in the use of this species in studies modeling human medical issues, including neurobehavioral (dys)functions. For example, the cerebral cortex of pigs, unlike that of mice or rats, has cerebral convolutions (gyri and sulci) similar to the human neocortex. We expect that appropriately chosen pig models will yield results of high translational value. However, this claim still needs to be substantiated by research, and the area of pig research is still in its infancy. This chapter provides an overview of the pig as a model species for studying cognitive dysfunctions and neurobehavioral disorders and their treatment, along with a discussion of the pros and cons of various tests, as an aid to researchers considering the use of pigs as model animal species in biomedical research.
Collapse
|
40
|
Toward engineering of vascularized three-dimensional liver tissue equivalents possessing a clinically significant mass. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews the use of genetically modified animals and the increasingly detailed knowledge of the genomes of the domestic species. The different approaches to genetic modification are outlined as are the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in different species. Genetically modified mice have been fundamental in understanding gene function and in generating affordable models of human disease although these are not without their drawbacks. Transgenic farm animals have been developed for nutritionally enhanced food, disease resistance and xenografting. Transgenic rabbits, goats, sheep and cows have been developed as living bioreactors producing potentially high value biopharmaceuticals, commonly referred to as "pharming". Domestic animals are also important as a target as well as for testing genetic-based therapies for both inherited and acquired disease. This latter field may be the most important of all, in the future development of novel therapies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ríos A, Martínez-Alarcón L, Ayala-García M, Sebastián M, Abdo-Cuza A, López-Navas A, López-López A, Ramírez E, Muñoz G, Camacho A, Suárez-López J, Castellanos R, Rodríguez J, Martínez M, Nieto A, Ramis G, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Level of Acceptance of a Clinical Solid Organ Xenotransplantation Program Among Personnel in Organ Transplant-Related Services in Spanish, Mexican, and Cuban Hospital Centers. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Klymiuk N, Aigner B, Brem G, Wolf E. Genetic modification of pigs as organ donors for xenotransplantation. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 77:209-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
44
|
Oropeza M, Petersen B, Carnwath JW, Lucas-Hahn A, Lemme E, Hassel P, Herrmann D, Barg-Kues B, Holler S, Queisser AL, Schwinzer R, Hinkel R, Kupatt C, Niemann H. Transgenic expression of the human A20 gene in cloned pigs provides protection against apoptotic and inflammatory stimuli. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:522-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update March-April, 2009. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:187-91. [PMID: 19566658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, C HOER 5, Zurich,Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dieckhoff B, Kessler B, Jobst D, Kues W, Petersen B, Pfeifer A, Kurth R, Niemann H, Wolf E, Denner J. Distribution and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses in multi-transgenic pigs generated for xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:64-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|