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McCarlie SJ, du Preez LL, Hernandez JC, Boucher CE, Bragg RR. Transcriptomic signature of bacteria exposed to benzalkonium chloride. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104151. [PMID: 37952705 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted our reliance on biocides, the increasing prevalence of resistance to biocides is a risk to public health. Bacterial exposure to the biocide, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), resulted in a unique transcriptomic profile, characterised by both a short and long-term response. Differential gene expression was observed in four main areas: motility, membrane composition, proteostasis, and the stress response. A metabolism shift to protect the proteome and the stress response were prioritised suggesting these are main resistance mechanisms. Whereas "well-established" mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, were not found to be differentially expressed after exposure to BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McCarlie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Louis L du Preez
- Research & HPC: ICT Services, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | | | - Charlotte E Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Robert R Bragg
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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2
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Cucić S, Ells T, Guri A, Kropinski AM, Khursigara CM, Anany H. Degradation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm by phages belonging to the genus Pecentumvirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0106223. [PMID: 38315006 PMCID: PMC10952537 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic foodborne bacterium that is a significant cause of mortality associated with foodborne illness and causes many food recalls attributed to a bacteriological cause. Their ability to form biofilms contributes to the persistence of Listeria spp. in food processing environments. When growing as biofilms, L. monocytogenes are more resistant to sanitizers used in the food industry, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), as well as to physical stresses like desiccation and starvation. Lytic phages of Listeria are antagonistic to a broad range of Listeria spp. and may, therefore, have utility in reducing the occurrence of Listeria-associated food recalls by preventing food contamination. We screened nine closely related Listeria phages, including the commercially available Listex P100, for host range and ability to degrade microtiter plate biofilms of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (serovar 1/2a). One phage, CKA15, was selected and shown to rapidly adsorb to its host under conditions relevant to applying the phage in dairy processing environments. Under simulated dairy processing conditions (SDPC), CKA15 caused a 2-log reduction in Lm19111 biofilm bacteria. This work supports the biosanitation potential of phage CKA15 and provides a basis for further investigation of phage-bacteria interactions in biofilms grown under SDPC. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that is especially dangerous for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immune-compromised people. Because of this, the food industry takes its presence in their plants seriously. Food recalls due to L. monocytogenes are common with a high associated economic cost. In food-processing plants, Listeria spp. typically reside in biofilms, which are structures produced by bacteria that shield them from environmental stressors and are often attached to surfaces. The significance of our work is that we show a bacteriophage-a virus-infecting bacteria-can reduce Listeria counts by two orders of magnitude when the bacterial biofilms were grown under simulated dairy processing conditions. This work provides insights into how phages may be tested and used to develop biosanitizers that are effective but are not harmful to the environment or human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Cucić
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Ells
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anilda Guri
- Gay Lea Foods Co-operative, Research and Development Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Liu X, Xia X, Liu Y, Li Z, Shi T, Zhang H, Dong Q. Recent advances on the formation, detection, resistance mechanism, and control technology of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm in food industry. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114067. [PMID: 38395584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a severe and fatal condition. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms nested within a self-secreted extracellular polymeric substance, and they protect L. monocytogenes from environmental stresses. Biofilms, once formed, can lead to the persistence of L. monocytogenes in processing equipment and are therefore considered to be a major concern for the food industry. This paper briefly introduces the recent advancements on biofilm formation characteristics and detection methods, and focuses on analysis of the mechanism of L. monocytogenes biofilm resistance; Moreover, this paper also summarizes and discusses the existing different techniques of L. monocytogenes biofilm control according to the physical, chemical, biological, and combined strategies, to provide a theoretical reference to aid the choice of effective control technology in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xuejuan Xia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhuosi Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Tianqi Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Obe T, Kiess AS, Nannapaneni R. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Salmonella: Contributions to Survival and Persistence in Processing Environments. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38396546 PMCID: PMC10886206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a top bacterial pathogen implicated in several food-borne outbreaks, despite the use of antimicrobials and sanitizers during production and processing. While these chemicals have been effective, Salmonella has shown the ability to survive and persist in poultry processing environments. This can be credited to its microbial ability to adapt and develop/acquire tolerance and/or resistance to different antimicrobial agents including oxidizers, acids (organic and inorganic), phenols, and surfactants. Moreover, there are several factors in processing environments that can limit the efficacy of these antimicrobials, thus allowing survival and persistence. This mini-review examines the antimicrobial activity of common disinfectants/sanitizers used in poultry processing environments and the ability of Salmonella to respond with innate or acquired tolerance and survive exposure to persists in such environments. Instead of relying on a single antimicrobial agent, the right combination of different disinfectants needs to be developed to target multiple pathways within Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA;
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Cheng Y, Mousavi ZE, Pennone V, Hurley D, Butler F. Association between the Presence of Resistance Genes and Sanitiser Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Recovered from Different Food-Processing Facilities. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2989. [PMID: 38138133 PMCID: PMC10746039 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanitisers are widely used in cleaning food-processing facilities, but their continued use may cause an increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Several genes have been attributed to the increased sanitiser resistance ability of L. monocytogenes. This study determined the presence of sanitiser resistance genes in Irish-sourced L. monocytogenes isolates and explored the association with phenotypic sanitiser resistance. The presence of three genes associated with sanitiser resistance and a three-gene cassette (mdrL, qacH, emrE, bcrABC) were determined in 150 L. monocytogenes isolates collected from Irish food-processing facilities. A total of 23 isolates contained bcrABC, 42 isolates contained qacH, one isolate contained emrE, and all isolates contained mdrL. Additionally, 47 isolates were selected and grouped according to the number and type of resistance genes, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these isolates for benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was determined experimentally using the broth microdilution method. The BAC resistance of the strain carrying the bcrABC gene cassette was significantly higher than that of strains lacking the gene cassette, and the BAC resistance of the strain carrying the qacH gene was significantly higher than that of strains lacking the qacH gene (p < 0.05). Isolates harbouring both the qacH and bcrABC genes did not show higher BAC resistance. With respect to environmental factors, there was no significant difference in MIC values for isolates recovered from different processing facilities. In summary, this investigation highlights the prevalence of specific sanitiser resistance genes in L. monocytogenes isolates from Irish food-processing settings. While certain genes correlated with increased resistance to benzalkonium chloride, the combination of multiple genes did not necessarily amplify this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
| | - Zeinabossadat Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Pennone
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Hurley
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Francis Butler
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.C.); (Z.E.M.)
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Nogueira R, Cabo ML, García-Sanmartín L, Sánchez-Ruiloba L, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ. Risk factor-based clustering of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments using principal component analysis. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112989. [PMID: 37316020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has a range of strategies that allow it to persist as biofilms in food processing environments (FPE), making it a pathogen of concern to the food industry. The properties of these biofilms are highly variable among strains, and this significantly affects the risk of food contamination. The present study therefore aims to conduct a proof-of-concept study to cluster strains of L. monocytogenes by risk potential using principal component analysis, a multivariate approach. A set of 22 strains, isolated from food processing environments, were typed by serogrouping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, showing a relatively high diversity. They were characterized in terms of several biofilm properties that might pose a potential risk of food contamination. The properties studied were tolerance to benzalkonium chloride (BAC), the structural parameters of biofilms (biomass, surface area, maximum and average thickness, surface to biovolume ratio and roughness coefficient) measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy and (3) transfer of biofilm cells to smoked salmon. The PCA correlation circle revealed that the tolerance of biofilms to BAC was positively correlated with roughness, but negatively with biomass parameters. On the contrary, cell transfers were not related to three-dimensional structural parameters, which suggests the role of other variables yet unexplored. Additionally, hierarchical clustering grouped strains into three different clusters. One of them included the strains with high tolerance to BAC and roughness. Another one consisted of strains with enhanced transfer ability, whereas the third cluster contained those that stood out for the thickness of biofilms. The present study represents a novel and effective way to classify L. monocytogenes strains according to biofilm properties that condition the potential risk of reaching the consumer through food contamination. It would thus allow the selection of strains representative of different worst-case scenarios for future studies in support of QMRA and decision-making analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nogueira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta López Cabo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía García-Sanmartín
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Sánchez-Ruiloba
- Optical Microscopy and Image Analysis Facility, Scientific-Technical Support Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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8
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Rahman MA, Sahoo N, Yemmireddy V. Analysis of Sanitizer Rotation on the Susceptibility, Biofilm Forming Ability and Caco-2 Cell Adhesion and Invasion of Listeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090961. [PMID: 36145393 PMCID: PMC9502273 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sanitizer use conditions on the susceptibility, biofilm forming ability and pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes. Two different strains of L. monocytogenes and a non-pathogenic L. innocua were exposed to sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride and peroxyacetic acid at different concentrations (4 to 512 ppm) and treatment times (30 s to 5 min), respectively. Under the tested conditions, no significant difference (p > 0.05) in reduction was observed among the three tested sanitizers. A reduction of 1 to 8 log CFU/mL was observed depending upon the sanitizer concentration and treatment times. The survived cells at the highest sublethal concentration and treatment time of a particular sanitizer upon re-exposure to the same or different sanitizer showed either no change or increased susceptibility when compared to parent strains. Upon repeated exposure to sanitizers at progressively increasing concentrations from 1 to 128 ppm, L. innocua was able to survive concentrations of up to 32 ppm benzalkonium chloride and 64 ppm peroxyacetic acid treatments, respectively. At the tested sub-lethal concentrations, no significant difference (p > 0.05) in biofilm formation was observed among the tested strains. Caco-2 interaction with L. innocua showed a reduction in invasion ability with sublethal concentrations of sanitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asfakur Rahman
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Nirakar Sahoo
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Veerachandra Yemmireddy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-956-665-7198
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9
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Tadielo LE, Bellé TH, Rodrigues dos Santos EA, Schmiedt JA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Nero LA, Yamatogi RS, Pereira JG, Bersot LDS. Pure and mixed biofilms formation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium on polypropylene surfaces. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Evaluation of the Persistence and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Foodservice Operations. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060886. [PMID: 35327308 PMCID: PMC8955912 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that can contaminate food products and colonize food-producing facilities. Foodservice operations (FSOp) are frequently responsible for foodborne outbreaks due to food safety practices failures. We investigated the presence of and characterized L. monocytogenes from two FSOp (cafeterias) distributing ready-to-eat meals and verified FSOp’s compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP). Two facilities (FSOp-A and FSOp-B) were visited three times each over 5 months. We sampled foods, ingredients, and surfaces for microbiological analysis, and L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics. GMP audits were performed in the first and third visits. A ready-to-eat salad (FSOp-A) and a frozen ingredient (FSOp-B) were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, which was also detected on Zone 3 surfaces (floor, drains, and a boot cover). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that FSOp-B had persistent L. monocytogenes strains, but environmental isolates were not closely related to food or ingredient isolates. GMP audits showed that both operations worked under “fair” conditions, and “facilities and equipment” was the section with the least compliances. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the environment and GMP failures could promote food contamination with this pathogen, presenting a risk to consumers.
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11
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Bland R, Brown SRB, Waite-Cusic J, Kovacevic J. Probing antimicrobial resistance and sanitizer tolerance themes and their implications for the food industry through the Listeria monocytogenes lens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1777-1802. [PMID: 35212132 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistance is a serious public health crisis, reducing our ability to effectively combat infectious bacterial diseases. The parallel study of reduced susceptibility to sanitizers is growing, particularly for environmental foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. As regulations demand a seek-and-destroy approach for L. monocytogenes, understanding sanitizer efficacy and its uses are critical for the food industry. Studies have reported the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in sanitizer concentrations 10-1000 times lower than the manufacturer-recommended concentration (MRC). Notably, data show that at MRC and when applied according to the label instructions, sanitizers remain largely effective. Studies also report that variables such as the presence of organic material, application time/temperature, and bacterial attachment to surfaces can impact sanitizer effectiveness. Due to the lack of standardization in the methodology and definitions of sanitizer resistance, tolerance, and susceptibility, different messages are conveyed in different studies. In this review, we examine the diversity of definitions, terminology, and methodologies used in studies examining L. monocytogenes resistance and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Research available to date fails to demonstrate "resistance" of L. monocytogenes to recommended sanitizer treatments as prescribed by the label. As such, sanitizer tolerance would be a more accurate description of L. monocytogenes response to low sanitizer concentrations (i.e., sub-MRC). Conservative use of word "resistance" will reduce confusion and allow for concise messaging as sanitizer research findings are communicated to industry and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephanie R B Brown
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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12
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Bland R, Waite-Cusic J, Weisberg AJ, Riutta ER, Chang JH, Kovacevic J. Adaptation to a Commercial Quaternary Ammonium Compound Sanitizer Leads to Cross-Resistance to Select Antibiotics in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated From Fresh Produce Environments. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:782920. [PMID: 35082767 PMCID: PMC8784610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective elimination of Listeria monocytogenes through cleaning and sanitation is of great importance to the food processing industry. Specifically in fresh produce operations, the lack of a kill step requires effective cleaning and sanitation to mitigate the risk of cross-contamination from the environment. As facilities rely on sanitizers to control L. monocytogenes, reports of the development of tolerance to sanitizers and other antimicrobials through cross-resistance is of particular concern. We investigated the potential for six L. monocytogenes isolates from fresh produce handling and processing facilities and packinghouses to develop cross-resistance between a commercial sanitizer and antibiotics. Experimental adaptation of isolates belonging to hypervirulent clonal complexes (CC2, CC4, and CC6) to a commercial quaternary ammonium compound sanitizer (cQAC) resulted in elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (2–3 ppm) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (3–4 ppm). Susceptibility to cQAC was restored for all adapted (qAD) isolates in the presence of reserpine, a known efflux pump inhibitor. Reduced sensitivity to 7/17 tested antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and streptomycin) was observed in all tested isolates. qAD isolates remained susceptible to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of listeriosis (i.e., ampicillin and gentamicin). The whole genome sequencing of qAD strains, followed by comparative genomic analysis, revealed several mutations in fepR, the regulator for FepA fluoroquinolone efflux pump. The results suggest that mutations in fepR play a role in the reduction in antibiotic susceptibility following low level adaptation to cQAC. Further investigation into the cross-resistance mechanisms and pressures leading to the development of this phenomenon among L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from different sources is needed to better understand the likelihood of cross-resistance development in food chain isolates and the implications for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Riutta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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13
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Alonso-Calleja C, García-Fernández C, Carballo J, Capita R. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for Twelve Antimicrobials (Biocides and Antibiotics) in Eight Strains of Listeria monocytogenes. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010046. [PMID: 35053044 PMCID: PMC8773323 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When selecting effective doses of antimicrobials, be they biocides or antibiotics, it is essential to know the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of these substances. The present research determined the MICs and MBCs for three biocides, sodium hypochlorite (SH), benzalkonium chloride (BC), and peracetic acid (PAA), and nine antibiotics in eight strains of Listeria monocytogenes of varying serotypes. Marked intra-species differences were observed in the resistance of L. monocytogenes to the biocides and antibiotics. The MICs (ppm) for the biocides ranged between 1750 and 4500 for SH, 0.25 and 20.00 for BC, and 1050 and 1700 for PAA. Their MBCs (ppm) ranged from 2250 to 4500 for SH, 0.50 to 20.00 for BC, and 1150 to 1800 for PAA. The MICs (ppm) for antibiotics lay between 1 and 15 for ampicillin, 8 and 150 for cephalothin, 20 and 170 for cefoxitin, 0.05 and 0.20 for erythromycin, 4 and 50 for chloramphenicol, 3 and 100 for gentamicin, 2 and 15 for tetracycline, 2 and 80 for vancomycin, and 160 and 430 for fosfomycin. The corresponding MBCs (ppm) were from 5 to 20 for ampicillin, 9 to 160 for cephalothin, 70 to 200 for cefoxitin, 4 to 5 for erythromycin, 9 to 70 for chloramphenicol, 5 to 100 for gentamicin, 3 to 30 for tetracycline, 3 to 90 for vancomycin, and 160 to 450 for fosfomycin. Notably, erythromycin showed considerable efficacy, demonstrated by the low values for both MIC and MBC. Based on EUCAST and the CLSI criteria, all strains were susceptible to erythromycin. All strains were resistant to cephalothin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. Further values for resistance were 87.50% for ampicillin and vancomycin, 75.00% for tetracycline, and 62.50% for chloramphenicol. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a matter for concern. A positive correlation was found between MIC and MBC values for most of the biocides and antibiotics. The higher the hydrophobicity of the cell surface, the higher the susceptibility to biocides, suggesting that surface characteristics of bacterial cells influence resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo
- Food Technology Area, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kokkoni EA, Andritsos N, Sakarikou C, Michailidou S, Argiriou A, Giaouris E. Investigating Transcriptomic Induction of Resistance and/or Virulence in Listeria monocytogenes Cells Surviving Sublethal Antimicrobial Exposure. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102382. [PMID: 34681431 PMCID: PMC8535302 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential transcriptomic induction of resistance and/or virulence in two L. monocytogenes strains belonging to the most frequent listeriosis-associated serovars (i.e., 1/2a and 4b), following their sublethal antimicrobial exposure, was studied through qPCR determination of the relative expression of 10 selected related genes (i.e., groEL, hly, iap, inlA, inlB, lisK, mdrD, mdrL, prfA, and sigB). To induce sublethal stress, three common antimicrobials (i.e., benzalkonium chloride, thymol, and ampicillin) were individually applied for 2 h at 37 °C against stationary phase cells of each strain, each at a sublethal concentration. In general, the expression of most of the studied genes remained either stable or was significantly downregulated following the antimicrobial exposure, with some strain-specific differences to be yet recorded. Thymol provoked downregulation of most of the studied genes, significantly limiting the expression of 6/10 and 4/10 genes in the strains of ser. 1/2a and ser. 4b, respectively, including those coding for the master regulators of stress response and virulence (SigB and PrfA, respectively), in both strains. At the same time, the two genes coding for the invasion internalin proteins (InlA and InlB), with crucial role in the onset of L. monocytogenes pathogenesis, were both importantly upregulated in ser. 4b strain. The results obtained increase our knowledge of the stress physiology of L. monocytogenes under certain sublethal antimicrobial conditions that could be encountered within the food chain and in clinical settings, and may assist in better and more effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Anna Kokkoni
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nikolaos Andritsos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Athens Analysis Laboratories S.A., Microbiology Laboratory, Nafpliou 29, 14452 Metamorfosi, Greece
| | - Christina Sakarikou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-22540-83115
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Unrath N, McCabe E, Macori G, Fanning S. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Aid in Deciphering the Persistence Potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Production Environments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1856. [PMID: 34576750 PMCID: PMC8464834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high hospitalizations and mortality rates. This bacterium can persist in food associated environments for years with isolates being increasingly linked to outbreaks. This review presents a discussion of genomes of Listeria monocytogenes which are commonly regarded as persisters within food production environments, as well as genes which are involved in mechanisms aiding this phenotype. Although criteria for the detection of persistence remain undefined, the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and the development of bioinformatic tools have revolutionized the ability to find closely related strains. These advancements will facilitate the identification of mechanisms responsible for persistence among indistinguishable genomes. In turn, this will lead to improved assessments of the importance of biofilm formation, adaptation to stressful conditions and tolerance to sterilizers in relation to the persistence of this bacterium, all of which have been previously associated with this phenotype. Despite much research being published around the topic of persistence, more insights are required to further elucidate the nature of true persistence and its implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Unrath
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guerrino Macori
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
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Low-Level Tolerance to Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin in QAC-Adapted Subpopulations of Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051052. [PMID: 34068252 PMCID: PMC8153124 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There was a development of low-level tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in Listeria monocytogenes after sublethal adaptation to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC). Using eight L. monocytogenes strains, we determined the changes in short-range MIC, growth rate, and survival for heterologous stress response to ciprofloxacin, after sublethal exposure to daily cycles of fixed or gradually increasing concentration of QAC. Three main findings were observed. (1) MIC increase—QAC-adapted subpopulations exhibited a significant increase in short-range MIC of ciprofloxacin, by 1.5 to 2.9 fold, as compared to non-adapted control for 4/8 strains (p < 0.05). (2) Growth rate increase—QAC-adapted subpopulations exhibited significant 2.1- to 6.8- fold increase in growth rate (OD600 at 10 h) in ciprofloxacin-containing broth, as compared to non-adapted control for 5/8 strains (p < 0.05). (3) Survival increase—QAC-adapted subpopulations of L. monocytogenes yielded significantly higher survival in ciprofloxacin-containing agar by 2.2 to 4.3 log CFU/mL for 4/8 strains, as compared to non-adapted control (p ˂ 0.05). However, for other 4/8 strains of L. monocytogenes, there was no increase in survival of QAC-adapted subpopulations, as compared to non-adapted control in ciprofloxacin. These findings suggest the potential formation of low-level ciprofloxacin-tolerant subpopulations in some L. monocytogenes strains when exposed to residual QAC concentrations (where QAC might be used widely) and such cells if not inactivated might create food safety risk.
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Hypo- and Hyper-Virulent Listeria monocytogenes Clones Persisting in Two Different Food Processing Plants of Central Italy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020376. [PMID: 33668440 PMCID: PMC7918772 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 66 Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) isolated from 2013 to 2018 in a small-scale meat processing plant and a dairy facility of Central Italy were studied. Whole Genome Sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to assess the genetic relationships between the strains and investigate persistence and virulence abilities. The biofilm forming-ability was assessed in vitro. Cluster analysis grouped the Lm from the meat plant into three main clusters: two of them, both belonging to CC9, persisted for years in the plant and one (CC121) was isolated in the last year of sampling. In the dairy facility, all the strains grouped in a CC2 four-year persistent cluster. All the studied strains carried multidrug efflux-pumps genetic determinants (sugE, mdrl, lde, norM, mepA). CC121 also harbored the Tn6188 specific for tolerance to Benzalkonium Chloride. Only CC9 and CC121 carried a Stress Survival Islet and presented high-level cadmium resistance genes (cadA1C1) carried by different plasmids. They showed a greater biofilm production when compared with CC2. All the CC2 carried a full-length inlA while CC9 and CC121 presented a Premature Stop Codon mutation correlated with less virulence. The hypo-virulent clones CC9 and CC121 appeared the most adapted to food-processing environments; however, even the hyper-virulent clone CC2 warningly persisted for a long time. The identification of the main mechanisms promoting Lm persistence in a specific food processing plant is important to provide recommendations to Food Business Operators (FBOs) in order to remove or reduce resident Lm.
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Boucher C, Waite-Cusic J, Stone D, Kovacevic J. Relative performance of commercial citric acid and quaternary ammonium sanitizers against Listeria monocytogenes under conditions relevant to food industry. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103752. [PMID: 33653525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cold temperatures coupled with its tolerance of antimicrobials can promote its survival and persistence in food processing environments. The food industry relies heavily on cleaning and sanitation to control L. monocytogenes; therefore, it is important to understand the environmental context (i.e., temperature) on the efficacy of antimicrobials used in food industry. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of an "eco-friendly" citric acid-based (CAB) sanitizer and a conventional quaternary ammonium compound (CQAC) sanitizer were determined against 14 L. monocytogenes isolates at 4-30 °C. A subset of isolates (n = 3) was also exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of sanitizers to assess differences in growth behavior. CAB and CQAC were effective at manufacturer recommended concentrations in liquid assays. The MBC of CAB was significantly lower at 4 °C compared to 23 °C (p < 0.05), whereas the MBC of CQAC was unchanged between 4 °C and 23 °C. Manufacturers' recommendations for dose and duration of CAB and CQAC were unable to consistently achieve a >5-log reduction of L. monocytogenes attached to surfaces. Findings from this study demonstrate the importance of sanitizer evaluation under conditions representative of their use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Boucher
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Wiegand Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David Stone
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA.
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Li F, Ye Q, Chen M, Zhang J, Xue L, Wang J, Wu S, Zeng H, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Ding Y, Wu Q. Multiplex PCR for the Identification of Pathogenic Listeria in Flammulina velutipes Plant Based on Novel Specific Targets Revealed by Pan-Genome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:634255. [PMID: 33519795 PMCID: PMC7843925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.634255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria spp. is an important foodborne disease agent, often found in the fresh mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) and its production environment. The aim of this study was to develop multiplex PCR for rapid identification of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii, and nonpathogenic Listeria in F. velutipes plants. Pan-genome analysis was first used to identify five novel Listeria-specific targets: one for the Listeria genus, one for L. monocytogenes, and three for L. ivanovii. Primers for the novel targets were highly specific in individual reactions. The detection limits were 103-104 CFU/mL, meeting the requirements of molecular detection. A mPCR assay for the identification of pathogenic Listeria, with primers targeting the novel genes specific for Listeria genus (LMOSLCC2755_0944), L. monocytogenes (LMOSLCC2755_0090), and L. ivanovii (queT_1) was then designed. The assay specificity was robustly verified by analyzing nonpathogenic Listeria and non-Listeria spp. strains. The determined detection limits were 2.0 × 103 CFU/mL for L. monocytogenes and 3.4 × 103 CFU/mL for L. ivanovii, for pure culture analysis. Further, the assay detected 7.6 × 104 to 7.6 × 100 CFU/10 g of pathogenic Listeria spiked into F. velutipes samples following 4-12 h enrichment. The assay feasibility was evaluated by comparing with a traditional culture-based method, by analyzing 129 samples collected from different F. velutipes plants. The prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes was 58.1% and 41.1%, respectively. The calculated κ factors for Listeria spp., L. monocytogenes, and L. ivanovii were 0.97, 0.97, and 1, respectively. The results of the novel mPCR assay were highly consistent with those of the culture-based method. The new assay thus will allow rapid, specific, and accurate detection and monitoring of pathogenic Listeria in food and its production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Cherifi T, Arsenault J, Pagotto F, Quessy S, Côté JC, Neira K, Fournaise S, Bekal S, Fravalo P. Distribution, diversity and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in swine slaughterhouses and their association with food and human listeriosis strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236807. [PMID: 32760141 PMCID: PMC7410256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a major foodborne disease and an important public health concern. Contamination of meat with L. monocytogenes occurs frequently at the slaughterhouse. Our aims were; 1) to investigate the distribution of L. monocytogenes in the processing areas of four swine slaughterhouses; 2) to describe the diversity of L. monocytogenes strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; 3) to identify persistent L. monocytogenes strains and describe their distribution; 4) to investigate the associations between persistence of strains and their following characteristics: detection in food isolates, detection in human clinical isolates, and the presence of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) resistance genes. Various operation areas within the four swine slaughterhouses were sampled on four occasions. A total of 2496 samples were analyzed, and L. monocytogenes was successfully isolated from 243 samples. The proportion of positive samples ranged from 32 to 58% in each slaughterhouse and from 24 to 68% in each operation area. Fifty-eight different pulsotypes were identified and eight pulsotypes, present in samples collected during 4 visits, were considered persistent. The persistent pulsotypes were significantly more likely to be detected in food (P < 0.01, exact χ²) and human clinical cases (P < 0.01, exact χ²), respectively. Among pulsotypes harboring the BAC bcrABC resistance cassette or the emrE multidrug transporter gene, 42.8% were persistent compared to 4.5% for pulsotypes without these resistance genes (P < 0.01, exact χ²). Our study highlights the importance of persistent L. monocytogenes strains in the environmental contamination of slaughterhouses, which may lead to repeated contamination of meat products. It also shows that the presence of disinfectants resistance genes is an important contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamazight Cherifi
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche et d’enseignement en salubrité des aliments (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (TC); (PF)
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Listeriosis Reference Service, Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche et d’enseignement en salubrité des aliments (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Côté
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche et d’enseignement en salubrité des aliments (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kersti Neira
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche et d’enseignement en salubrité des aliments (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (TC); (PF)
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Genetic Subtyping, Biofilm-Forming Ability and Biocide Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from a Ready-to-Eat Food Industry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070416. [PMID: 32708754 PMCID: PMC7400149 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of special concern for ready-to-eat food producers. The control of its presence is a critical step in which food-grade sanitizers play an essential role. L. monocytogenes is believed to persist in food processing environments in biofilms, exhibiting less susceptibility to sanitizers than planktonic cells. This study aimed to test the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes in planktonic culture and biofilm to three commercial food-grade sanitizers and to benzalkonium chloride; together with the genetic subtyping of the isolates. L. monocytogenes isolates were collected from raw materials, final products and food-contact surfaces during a 6-year period from a ready-to-eat meat-producing food industry and genetically characterized. Serogrouping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed genetic variability and differentiated L. monocytogenes isolates in three clusters. The biofilm-forming ability assay revealed that the isolates were weak biofilm producers. L. monocytogenes strains were susceptible both in the planktonic and biofilm form to oxidizing and ethanol-based compounds and to benzalkonium chloride, but not to quaternary ammonium compound. A positive association of biofilm-forming ability and LD90 values for quaternary ammonium compound and benzalkonium chloride was found. This study highlights the need for preventive measures improvement and for a conscious selection and use of sanitizers in food-related environments to control Listeria monocytogenes.
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Tamburro M, Sammarco ML, Fanelli I, Ripabelli G. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b by high resolution melting analysis for epidemiological investigations. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 310:108289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Capita R, Fernández-Pérez S, Buzón-Durán L, Alonso-Calleja C. Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Benzalkonium Chloride on the Structural Parameters of the Biofilms Formed by Ten Salmonella enterica Serotypes. Pathogens 2019; 8:E154. [PMID: 31533254 PMCID: PMC6789718 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the strain on the ability of Salmonella enterica to form biofilms on polystyrene was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of sodium hypochlorite with 10% active chlorine (SHY; 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm), and benzalkonium chloride (BZK; 1000, 5000, or 10,000 ppm) on twenty-four-hour-old biofilms was also determined. The biofilms of ten Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry (S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Thompson, S. Typhimurium, monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium 1,4,(5),12:i:-, and S. Virchow) were studied. Biofilms produced by S. Anatum, S. Hadar, S. Kentucky, and S. Typhimurium showed a trend to have the largest biovolume and the greatest surface coverage and thickness. The smallest biofilms (P < 0.01) in the observation field (14.2 × 103 µm2) were produced by S. Enteritidis and S. 1,4,(5),12:i:- (average 12.9 × 103 ± 9.3 × 103 µm3) compared to the rest of the serotypes (44.4 × 103 ± 24.7 × 103 µm3). Biovolume and surface coverage decreased after exposure for ten minutes to SHY at 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and to BZK at 5000 or 10,000 ppm. However, the lowest concentrations of disinfectants increased biovolume and surface coverage in biofilms of several strains (markedly so in the case of BZK). The results from this study suggest that the use of biocides at low concentrations could represent a public health risk. Further research studies under practical field conditions should be appropriate to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - Laura Buzón-Durán
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain.
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Haubert L, Zehetmeyr ML, da Silva WP. Resistance to benzalkonium chloride and cadmium chloride in Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and food-processing environments in southern Brazil. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:429-435. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maiara Lindemann Zehetmeyr
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Capita R, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ, Martínez-Suárez JV, Alonso-Calleja C. Effect of Low Doses of Disinfectants on the Biofilm-Forming Ability of Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:262-268. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - José Juan Rodríguez-Jerez
- Department of Food and Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Riesco-Peláez F, García-Fernández C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes planktonic cultures and biofilms to sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:533-540. [PMID: 31027816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of four L. monocytogenes isolates from pork to sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) was tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 3500 ppm (SHY), or between 3 ppm and 13 ppm (BZK), were found. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 3500 ppm to 4500 ppm (SHY), and from 3 ppm to 14 ppm (BZK). The effect of SHY and BZK on the architecture and cellular viability of 24-h-old biofilms formed by such strains on polystyrene was determined through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in conjunction with fluorescent dyes for live cells (SYTO 9) and dead cells (propidium iodide). Strains were able to form biofilm (biovolume values in the observation field of 14,161 μm2 ranged between 103,928.3 ± 6730.2 μm3 and 276,030.9 ± 42,291.9 μm3). Treatment of biofilms for 10 min with SHY (1MIC or 1.5MIC) or BZK (0.5MIC, 1MIC or 1.5MIC) decreased the biovolume of live (potentially dangerous) cells. SHY reduced the cellular viability of biofilms by more than 90%. On the other hand, BZK was able to remove most biofilm mass (live and dead cells), but decreased cellular viability only to a lesser extent, this suggesting strong biofilm detachment and dissemination of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Félix Riesco-Peláez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain; Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071, León, Spain.
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Abstract
For nearly a century the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has benefited human and animal health. In recent years there has been an increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, in part attributed to the overuse of compounds in clinical and farming settings. The genus Listeria currently comprises 17 recognized species found throughout the environment. Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis in humans and many vertebrate species, including birds, whereas Listeria ivanovii causes infections mainly in ruminants. L. monocytogenes is the third-most-common cause of death from food poisoning in humans, and infection occurs in at-risk groups, including pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
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MdrL, a major facilitator superfamily efflux pump of
Listeria monocytogenes
involved in tolerance to benzalkonium chloride. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1339-1350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jiang X, Yu T, Xu P, Xu X, Ji S, Gao W, Shi L. Role of Efflux Pumps in the in vitro Development of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2350. [PMID: 30319598 PMCID: PMC6170607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux is a primary fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism in Listeria monocytogenes. In the present study, ciprofloxacin resistant strains were selected by exposure of sensitive strain to progressively increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin and then the roles of efflux pumps Lde and MdrL in the development of resistance to ciprofloxacin were also investigated in L. monocytogenes. Ciprofloxacin sensitive strain of L. monocytogenes exhibited reduced susceptibility to this antibiotic after induction. Cross-resistance to ethidium bromide (EtBr) was observed in ciprofloxacin-induced strains. However, cross-resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) did not occur in this study. Compared to the wild-type strain HL06, the expression levels of lde were increased in four ciprofloxacin-induced strains. The single-gene deletion mutants of lde and mdrL from the ciprofloxacin-induced resistant strain HL06CIP4 were constructed. However, decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was observed only in HL06CIP4Δlde compared to that of the parental strain HL06CIP4. Ciprofloxacin uptake appeared to be obviously increased in HL06CIP4Δlde in relative to HL06CIP4. These evidences suggested that efflux pump Lde is involved in ciprofloxacin resistance in L. monocytogenes HL06CIP4. The deletion of lexA had no effect on the expression levels of lde in HL06CIP4 in the absence or presence of ciprofloxacin, indicating that LexA was not involved in the regulation of efflux pump Lde in L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ping Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shengdong Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wujun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Tamburro M, Sammarco ML, Ripabelli G. High resolution melting analysis for the characterization of lineage II Listeria monocytogenes serovars 1/2a and 1/2c based on single nucleotide polymorphisms identification within the Listeria Pathogenicity Island-1 and inlAB operon: a novel approach for epidemiological surveillance. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1920-1937. [PMID: 30187619 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A high resolution melting (HRM) assay was developed for characterizing lineage II Listeria monocytogenes based on the amplification and the melting profiles analysis of 81 fragments targeting the region from the prs to ldh loci, including the Listeria Pathogenicity Island-1 (LIPI-1) genes and the inlAB operon. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time PCR and HRM protocols were standardized using 10 replicate assays from L. monocytogenes EGD-e reference strain (serovar 1/2a). Twenty wild-type isolates of serovar 1/2a and two of serovar 1/2c were tested, and differences between EGD-e strain and the wild-type isolates were defined if the melting temperature (Tm ) of an amplicon was not within the lower and the upper limits calculated from replicate testing on EGD-e. The analysis revealed 17 and 19 HRM profiles with respect to prs/LIPI-1/ldh and inlAB target regions (Simpson's Index of Diversity 0·979 and 0·983) respectively. The 1/2c cultures showed 98·1% similarity to melting characteristics with EGD-e, whilst 1/2a isolates had the greatest heterogeneity that was related to inlA, inlB and actA genes. Sequencing of amplicons generating different Tm values from EGD-e confirmed the presence of point mutations. CONCLUSIONS This method was useful for L. monocytogenes subtyping based on single nucleotide polymorphisms detection through the melting behaviour analysis of main virulence genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study underlines the effectiveness of HRM in differentiating L. monocytogenes strains with high discriminatory power, thus rendering it useful for epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamburro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - M L Sammarco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - G Ripabelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium inhibits the virulence property of Listeria monocytogenes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Mohammed AN, Abdel Aziz SAA. Ecological Study on Listeria monocytogenes and the Extent of its Resistance to Different Disinfectants in Dairy Farm for Improving Animal Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2017.302.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rodríguez-López P, Cabo ML. Tolerance development in Listeria monocytogenes-Escherichia coli dual-species biofilms after sublethal exposures to pronase-benzalkonium chloride combined treatments. Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28648294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effects that sublethal exposures to pronase (PRN) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) combined treatments have on Listeria monocytogenes-Escherichia coli dual-species biofilms grown on stainless steel in terms of tolerance development (TD) to these compounds. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the changes of the biofilm structure. PRN-BAC exposure was carried out using three different approaches and TD was evaluated treating biofilms with a final 100 μg/ml PRN followed by 50 μg/ml BAC combined treatment. Results showed that exposure to PRN-BAC significantly decreased the number of adhered L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05), while E. coli counts remained generally unaltered. It was also demonstrated that the incorporation of recovery periods during sublethal exposures increased the tolerance of both species of the mixed biofilm to the final PRN-BAC treatment. Moreover, control biofilms became more resistant to PRN-BAC if longer incubation periods were used. Regardless of the treatment used, log reduction values were generally lower in L. monocytogenes compared to E. coli. Additionally, microscopy images showed an altered morphology produced by sublethal PRN-BAC in exposed L. monocytogenes-E. coli dual-species biofilms compared to control samples. Results also demonstrated that L. monocytogenes-E. coli dual-species biofilms are able to develop tolerance to PRN-BAC combined treatments depending on way they have been previously exposed. Moreover, they suggest that the generation of bacterial tolerance should be included as a parameter for sanitation procedures design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta López Cabo
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Chen JQ, Healey S, Regan P, Laksanalamai P, Hu Z. PCR-based methodologies for detection and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in foods and environmental sources. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sansano S, Rivas A, Pina-Pérez M, Martinez A, Rodrigo D. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni effect on the hemolytic potential of Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 250:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Conficoni D, Losasso C, Cortini E, Di Cesare A, Cibin V, Giaccone V, Corno G, Ricci A. Resistance to Biocides in Listeria monocytogenes Collected in Meat-Processing Environments. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1627. [PMID: 27807430 PMCID: PMC5069283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of microorganisms exerting resistance to biocides is a challenge to meat-processing environments. Bacteria can be intrinsically resistant to biocides but resistance can also be acquired by adaptation to their sub-lethal concentrations. Moreover, the presence of biocide resistance determinants, which is closely linked to antibiotic resistance determinants, could lead to co-selection during disinfection practices along the food chain, and select cross-resistant foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this work was to test the resistance of wild strains of Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from pork meat processing plants, toward benzalkonium chloride (BC), used as proxy of quaternary ammonium compounds. Furthermore, the expression of two non-specific efflux pumps genes (lde and mdrL) under biocide exposure was evaluated. L. monocytogenes were isolated from five processing plants located in the Veneto region (northeast of Italy) before and after cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures. A total of 45 strains were collected: 36 strains before and nine after the C&D procedures. Collected strains were typed according to MLST and ERIC profiles. Strains sampled in the same site, isolated before, and after the C&D procedures and displaying the same MLST and ERIC profiles were tested for their sensitivity to different concentrations of BC, in a time course assay. The expression of non-specific efflux pumps was evaluated at each time point by qPCR using tufA gene as housekeeping. A differential expression of the two investigated genes was observed: lde was found to be more expressed by the strains isolated before C&D procedures while its expression was dose-dependent in the case of the post C&D procedures strain. On the contrary, the expression of mdrL was inhibited under low biocidal stress (10 ppm BC) and enhanced in the presence of high stress (100 ppm BC). These findings suggests a possible role for C&D procedures to select L. monocytogenes persisters, pointing out the importance of dealing with the identification of risk factors in food plants sanification procedures that might select more tolerant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conficoni
- Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VeneziePadova, Italy; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of PaduaPadova, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Cortini
- Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- Microbial Ecology Group, National Research Council - Institute of Ecosystem Study (CNR-ISE) Verbania, Italy
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Giaccone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Corno
- Microbial Ecology Group, National Research Council - Institute of Ecosystem Study (CNR-ISE) Verbania, Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Dipartimento per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
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Greppi A, Rantsiou K. Methodological advancements in foodborne pathogen determination: from presence to behavior. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Leong D, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Zaouali S, Jordan K. Examination of Listeria monocytogenes in Seafood Processing Facilities and Smoked Salmon in the Republic of Ireland. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2184-90. [PMID: 26613913 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a relatively rare but life-threatening disease primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the seafood processing industry in the Republic of Ireland. The occurrence of L. monocytogenes was determined by regular sampling of both food samples and processing environment swabs at eight seafood processing facilities over two calendar years. All samples were analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization 11290-1 standard method, and the isolates were characterized by PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, serotyping, and the occurrence of some genes related to survival under stress (SSI-1, Tn6188, and bcrABC). A prevalence of 2.5% in 508 samples (433 environmental swabs and 75 food samples) was found. From the isolates obtained, eight different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles were identified, two occurring in more than one facility and one occurring in food and the environment. Five of the eight pulsotypes identified contained at least one of the three stress survival-related genes tested. The tolerance of the isolates to benzalkonium chloride, a representative quaternary ammonium compound, was also examined and ranged from 5.5 ± 0.5 to 8.5 ± 0.5 ppm of benzalkonium chloride. To evaluate the ability of smoked salmon to support the growth of L. monocytogenes, including the T4 widespread pulsotype that was isolated, a challenge test was performed on cold-smoked salmon obtained from two separate producers. The results showed clearly that both types of smoked salmon supported the growth of L. monocytogenes. Although occurrence of L. monocytogenes on seafood was low, this study showed that the smoked salmon used in this study can support the growth of L. monocytogenes; therefore, vigilance is required in the processing facilities to reduce the associated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Leong
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sarah Zaouali
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
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Xu D, Nie Q, Wang W, Shi L, Yan H. Characterization of a transferable bcrABC and cadAC genes-harboring plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes strain isolated from food products of animal origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:117-22. [PMID: 26513251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a bcrABC cassette and its genetic environment harbored by a plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) 11GZL18, a strain isolated from raw meat in 2011. The bcrABC cassette and its genetic environment were characterized, with a total of 33,727 nt nucleotide sequence obtained. The nucleotide sequences of the bcrABC cassette in strain 11GZL18 exhibited 100% identity to that on plasmid pLM80, which is harbored by L. monocytogenes strain H7550 and H7858, and the neighboring 21,678 nt nucleotide sequence of bcrABC cassette showed 99% identity with plasmid pLM80. The plasmid curing experiment demonstrated the role of the plasmid in conferring benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cadmium (Cd) tolerance in this strain. The bcrABC cassette and cadAC genes from the L. monocytogenes 11GZL18 were harbored by plasmid, functional and transmissible, and led to the acquired tolerance in Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α by chemical and natural transformation. Besides, the efflux pump activity that is conferring tolerance to BC and Cd was observed in strain 11GZL18, while not in a plasmid-cured strain 11GZL18-C, confirming that efflux pumps play a role in plasmid-mediated tolerance to BC and Cd in L. monocytogenes 11GZL18. In this study we characterized the genetic organization of a novel BC and Cd tolerance determinants-harboring plasmid in a L. monocytogenes strain isolated from raw meat of animal origin, and demonstrated the potential horizontal transferability of this bcrABC cassette-harboring plasmid to E. coli. The findings will further improve our understanding of the adaptations of this organism to disinfectants such as BC and may contribute to elucidating possible dissemination of BC tolerance in foodborne L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Nie
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - He Yan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
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