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Bezerra JAB, Landim CP, Ribeiro YSR, Tertulino MD, Santos Junior RDF, Miranda Maranhão ACPD, Brasil AWDL, Antunes JMADP, de Azevedo SS. Epidemiological and clinicopathological findings of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in domestic cats from the Brazilian semiarid region. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106167. [PMID: 38461703 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are retroviruses of great importance for domestic cats with a worldwide distribution. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of the infection by FIV and FeLV in cats from the Brazilian semiarid region. Cats treated between 2011 and 2021 at the teaching veterinary hospital of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region that were submitted to a point-of-care (POC) test to detect anti-FIV IgG antibodies and FeLV antigen were enrolled in the study. Overall, 454 cats were selected, of which 30.2% [95% CI = 26.0% - 34.3%] were FIV-positive, 1.1% [95% CI = 0.9% - 1.2%] were FeLV-positive, and 0.7% [95% CI = 0.1% - 1.3%] were coinfected by both retroviruses. No statistical association was found between the studied retroviruses (P = 0.144). Multivariable analysis detected significant associations between FIV infection and male sex [OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 3.0-10.7, P < 0.0001), age between 19 and 78 months [OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 2.2-12.1, P < 0.0001], age greater than 78 months [OR = 12.8, 95% CI = 5.1-31.9, P < 0.0001], crossbreed [OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.2-13.4, P = 0.021], the presence of oral disease [OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4, P = 0.004], reduced red blood cell (RBC) count [OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.9-7.2, P < 0.0001], and an albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio lower than 0.6 [OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.6-7.1, P = 0.001]. No statistical analyses were performed for FeLV infection due to the low number of positive animals. In the quantitative analyses of hematological parameters, FIV-positive cats presented lower values for RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, and platelets compared to the negative animals. In the biochemical profile, cats infected with FIV showed higher creatinine, urea, total protein, and globulin values, while lower values for albumin and A:G ratio were observed (P < 0.05). The findings of this study characterized the prevalence, clinicopathological findings, and risk factors associated with FIV and FeLV in cats from the Brazilian semiarid region. They may help support veterinary practitioners in diagnosing feline retroviruses. The FIV prevalence observed is among the highest reported in Brazil, demonstrating the need for prevention and control strategies for this retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Artur Brilhante Bezerra
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Camila Pontes Landim
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Yara Stephanne Ramos Ribeiro
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Moisés Dantas Tertulino
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Freitas Santos Junior
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Pontes de Miranda Maranhão
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Arthur Willian de Lima Brasil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, UFPB, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo Azevedo de Paula Antunes
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil.
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Diesel LP, de Mello LS, de Oliveira Santana W, Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Kipper D, Redaelli R, Pereira VRZB, Streck AF, Lunge VR. Epidemiological Insights into Feline Leukemia Virus Infections in an Urban Cat ( Felis catus) Population from Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1051. [PMID: 38612290 PMCID: PMC11010845 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus distributed worldwide in domestic cats and with different outcomes (progressive, regressive, abortive, focal). The present study reports an epidemiological survey of FeLV frequency and the evaluation of some risk factors and the two main disease outcomes (progressive and regressive) in an urban cat population from Brazil. A total of 366 cats with sociodemographic information and p27 FeLV antigen test performed were included in the study. FeLV DNA (provirus) in the blood samples of all cats was detected via real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma samples from 109 FeLV-positive and FeLV-negative cats were also submitted to reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) to determine the FeLV viral load. The results demonstrated that 112 (30.6%) cats were positive through the p27 antigen and/or qPCR. A risk factor analysis demonstrated that cats without vaccination against FeLV (OR 9.9, p < 0.001), clinically ill (OR 2.9, p < 0.001), with outdoors access (OR 2.7, p < 0.001), and exhibiting apathetic behavior (OR 3.1, p < 0.001) were more likely to be infected with FeLV. FeLV-infected cats were also more likely to present with anemia (OR 13, p < 0.001) and lymphoma (OR 13.7, p = 0.001). A comparative analysis of the different detection methods in a subset of 109 animals confirmed FeLV infection in 58 cats, including 38 (65.5%) with progressive, 16 (27.6%) with regressive, and 4 (6.9%) with probably focal outcome diseases. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a high prevalence of FeLV in this urban cat population from Brazil and highlights the need to establish more effective prevention strategies (such as viral testing, vaccination programs, specific care for FeLV-positive cats) to reduce diseases associated with this virus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pancich Diesel
- Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory (LDMV), Institute of Biotechnology (IB), Postgraduate Programs in Animal Health (PPGSA) and Biotechnology (PPGBIO), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil; (L.P.D.); (W.d.O.S.); (V.R.Z.B.P.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Lauren Santos de Mello
- Simbios Biotechnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil; (L.S.d.M.); (N.I.); (A.S.K.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Weslei de Oliveira Santana
- Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory (LDMV), Institute of Biotechnology (IB), Postgraduate Programs in Animal Health (PPGSA) and Biotechnology (PPGBIO), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil; (L.P.D.); (W.d.O.S.); (V.R.Z.B.P.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotechnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil; (L.S.d.M.); (N.I.); (A.S.K.F.); (D.K.)
| | | | - Diéssy Kipper
- Simbios Biotechnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil; (L.S.d.M.); (N.I.); (A.S.K.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Raquel Redaelli
- Gatices Veterinary Hospital, Caxias do Sul 95000-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Vagner Reinaldo Zingali Bueno Pereira
- Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory (LDMV), Institute of Biotechnology (IB), Postgraduate Programs in Animal Health (PPGSA) and Biotechnology (PPGBIO), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil; (L.P.D.); (W.d.O.S.); (V.R.Z.B.P.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory (LDMV), Institute of Biotechnology (IB), Postgraduate Programs in Animal Health (PPGSA) and Biotechnology (PPGBIO), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil; (L.P.D.); (W.d.O.S.); (V.R.Z.B.P.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory (LDMV), Institute of Biotechnology (IB), Postgraduate Programs in Animal Health (PPGSA) and Biotechnology (PPGBIO), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil; (L.P.D.); (W.d.O.S.); (V.R.Z.B.P.); (A.F.S.)
- Simbios Biotechnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil; (L.S.d.M.); (N.I.); (A.S.K.F.); (D.K.)
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Castillo AP, Miranda JVO, Fonseca PLC, Silva SDO, Lopes REN, Spanhol VC, Moreira RG, Nicolino RR, Queiroz DC, de Araújo E Santos LCG, Dos Santos APS, Rivetti HAA, Martins-Duarte ES, de Almeida Vitor RW, Dos Reis JKP, Aguiar RS, da Silveira JAG. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and co-infections in stray cats in Brazil. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107056. [PMID: 37913970 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic virus SARS-CoV-2, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19), has been identified in cats. Notably, most positive cases were in cats that had close contact with infected humans, suggesting a role for humans in animal transmission routes. Previous studies have suggested that animals with immune depletion are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. To date, there is limited evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in stray and free-range cats affected by other pathogens. In this study, we investigated infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in stray cats from an urban park in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. From February to September 2021, 78 mixed-breed cats were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and hemopathogens using molecular analysis at Américo Renné Giannetti Municipal Park, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect IgG in T. gondii. None of the animals in this study showed any clinical signs of infections. The SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA was detected in 7.7 % of cats, and a whole virus genome sequence analysis revealed the SARS-CoV-2 Delta lineage (B.1.617.2). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 isolated from cats was grouped into the sublineage AY.99.2, which matches the epidemiological scenario of COVID-19 in the urban area of our study. Leishmania infantum was detected and sequenced in 9 % of cats. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was 23.1 %. Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. was detected in 7.7 % of the cats, with Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum being the most common. Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae were detected in 38.5 % of the cats, FeLV was detected in 17,9 %, and none of the cats studied tested positive for FIV. This study reports, for the first time, the SARS-CoV-2 infection with whole-genome sequencing in stray cats in southeastern Brazil and co-infection with other pathogens, including Bartonella spp. and Feline leukemia virus. Our study observed no correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and the other detected pathogens. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in stray cats to characterize their epidemiological role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinforce the importance of zoonotic disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisleidy Pérez Castillo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; Laboratório de PROTOVET, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Joao Victor Oliveira Miranda
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Soraia de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rosálida Estevam Nazar Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Campos Spanhol
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rennan Garcias Moreira
- Centro de Laboratórios Multiusuários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Romero Nicolino
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Defesa Sanitária Animal, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Costa Queiroz
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza Campos Guerra de Araújo E Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Pio Soares Dos Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Hugo Adriano Araújo Rivetti
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, R. Édna Quintel, 173 - São Bernardo, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-705, Brazil
| | - Erica S Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner de Almeida Vitor
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Júlia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira
- Laboratório de PROTOVET, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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Bezerra JAB, Haisi A, Rocha GDS, Lima SG, Brasil AWDL, Tomaz KLR, Fornazari F, Langoni H, Araújo Junior JP, Antunes JMADP, de Azevedo SS. Coinfection with Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in Domestic Cats from a Region with a High Prevalence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 12:71. [PMID: 38257898 PMCID: PMC10820695 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the coinfection of feline retroviruses (feline immunodeficiency virus-FIV, and the feline leukemia virus-FeLV) with Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii and the factors associated with these pathogens in domestic cats from Mossoró, a city endemic for canine and human leishmaniasis situated in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Blood samples from 120 cats were collected, and an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to investigate the risk factors associated with the infections. Retroviruses, L. infantum, and T. gondii infections were assessed using a point-of-care ELISA and quantitative PCR (qPCR), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and qPCR, and IFAT, respectively. The overall seroprevalences observed were 35% (95% CI = 27.0-43.8%) for FIV, 0.8% (95% CI = 0.1-4.5%) for FeLV, 25.8% (95% CI = 18.8-34.3%) for T. gondii, and 4.2% (95% CI = 1.7-9.3%) for L. infantum. Coinfection with FIV and L. infantum was observed in 2.5% (3/120) of the assessed cats, while 12.5% (15/120) were coinfected with FIV and T. gondii. No significant association was found among the investigated agents (p > 0.05). The factors associated with FIV infection in the multivariable analysis were male sex and age above 78 months. The findings of this study demonstrated a high rate of FIV infection in cats from the Brazilian semiarid region and the exposure of these animals to zoonotic and opportunistic agents. Due to the immunosuppressive potential of FIV, cats infected with this retrovirus should be screened for coinfections with L. infantum and T. gondii, and preventative measures should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Artur Brilhante Bezerra
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, Brazil;
| | - Amanda Haisi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n, Chácara Capão Bonito, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil; (A.H.); (J.P.A.J.)
| | - Gabrielle dos Santos Rocha
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (S.G.L.); (F.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Suellen Gonçalves Lima
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (S.G.L.); (F.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Arthur Willian de Lima Brasil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Klívio Loreno Raulino Tomaz
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoro 59625-900, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Fornazari
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (S.G.L.); (F.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Helio Langoni
- Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (G.d.S.R.); (S.G.L.); (F.F.); (H.L.)
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Junior
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n, Chácara Capão Bonito, Botucatu 18607-440, Brazil; (A.H.); (J.P.A.J.)
| | - João Marcelo Azevedo de Paula Antunes
- Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoro 59625-900, Brazil;
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, Brazil;
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Fusco G, Marati L, Pugliese A, Levante M, Ferrara G, de Carlo E, Amoroso MG, Montagnaro S. Prevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats from southern Italy: a 10-year cross-sectional study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1260081. [PMID: 38026675 PMCID: PMC10657833 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1260081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are well-known retroviruses causing important infections in domestic cats worldwide. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of FeLV and FIV infections in cat living indoor and outdoor in southern Italy. Methods The survey was conducted on 1322 stray and owned cats from the regions of Campania, Basilicata, and Calabria. It was carried out over a 10-year period to obtain a more realistic picture of the prevalence of these retroviral diseases in the country. FIV and FeLV status was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial kit (SNAP Combo Plus FeLV/FIV, IDEXX). Risk factors were analysed by logistic regression. Results and Discussion The results showed that 101/1322 (7.64%) cats were positive for FeLV antigen and 110/1322 (8.32%) cats were positive for FIV antibody. Twenty-six of the 1322 cats (1.97%) were positive for both FIV and FeLV infection. Our results are similar to those published in recent studies in Europe. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was found between year, province, region, lifestyle and risk of FeLV infection. FIV positivity was instead statistically associated only with year and lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fusco
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Luisa Marati
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pugliese
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Martina Levante
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Esterina de Carlo
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Zooprofilactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Biezus G, Grima de Cristo T, da Silva Casa M, Lovatel M, Vavassori M, Brüggemann de Souza Teixeira M, Miletti LC, Maciel da Costa U, Assis Casagrande R. Progressive and regressive infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in cats in southern Brazil: Prevalence, risk factors associated, clinical and hematologic alterations. Prev Vet Med 2023; 216:105945. [PMID: 37209619 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for viral antigen is commonly used for the diagnosis of progressive feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection but is not able to determine the true prevalence of infection when used as the sole test. Additional testing to detect proviral DNA will identify regressive (antigen negative) FeLV infections as well as progressive infections. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of progressive and regressive FeLV infection, outcome-associated factors, and hematologic changes. A cross-sectional study was performed on 384 cats selected from routine hospital care. Blood samples were subjected to complete blood count, ELISA for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody, and nested PCR amplifying the U3- LTR region and gag gene, which are conserved in most exogenous FeLV. The prevalence of FeLV infection was 45.6% (CI95% 40.6-50.6%). The prevalence of progressive infection (FeLV+P) was 34.4% (CI95% 29.6-39.1%), that of regressive infection (FeLV+R) was 10.4% (CI95% 7.4-13.4%), for discordant but positive results 0.8% (CI95% 0.75-0.84%), for FeLV+P coinfected with FIV 2.6% (CI95% 1.2-4.0%), and FeLV+R coinfected with FIV 1.5% (CI95% 0.3-2.7%). Male cats were three times more likely to be in the FeLV+P group. Cats coinfected with FIV were 4.8 times more likely to belong to the FeLV+R group. In the FeLV+P group, the main clinical changes were lymphoma (38.5%), anemia (24.4%), leukemia (17.9%), concomitant infections (15.4%), and feline chronic gingivostomatitis - FCGS (3.8%). In the FeLV+R group, the main clinical signs were anemia (45.4%), leukemia (18.2%), concomitant infections (18.2%), lymphoma (9.1%), and FCGS (9.1%). Cats in the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups showed mainly thrombocytopenia (56.6% and 38.2%), non-regenerative anemia (32.8% and 23.5%), and lymphopenia (33.6% and 20.6%). Hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), platelet count, lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups had lower medians than the control group (FeLV/FIV-uninfected, healthy). Erythrocyte and eosinophil counts were statistically different among the three groups, with the medians of the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups being lower than those of the control group. In addition, the median PCV and band neutrophil counts were higher in FeLV+P than in FeLV+R. Our results show a high prevalence of FeLV, different factors associated with the course of infection, and more frequent and severe hematologic changes in progressive infections compared with regressive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Biezus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thierry Grima de Cristo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Casa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Lovatel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mayara Vavassori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Maciel da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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7
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Biezus G, Grima de Cristo T, Bassi das Neves G, da Silva Casa M, Barros Brizola P, Silvestre Sombrio M, Miletti LC, Assis Casagrande R. Phylogenetic identification of feline leukemia virus A and B in cats with progressive infection developing into lymphoma and leukemia. Virus Res 2023; 329:199093. [PMID: 36924831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, only a few studies have examined the impacts of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) subgroups on disease development in spontaneously infected cats. The present study identified FeLV-A and FeLV-B subgroups in cats with lymphoma and leukemia and explored the phylogenetic relationships of env sequences. Twenty-six cats with lymphoma (n=16) or leukemia (n=10) were selected. FeLV p27 antigen positivity was determined using ELISA, and proviral DNA in blood samples was detected using nested PCR. Positive animals in both tests were classified as cases of FeLV progressive infection and subjected to a second nested PCR for env amplification and subgroup determination. Six samples of FeLV-A and five samples of FeLV-B were sequenced using the Sanger method, and the results were used to build a phylogenetic tree and estimate evolutionary divergence. Among cats with lymphoma, 68.8% carried FeLV-AB and 31.2% FeLV-A. Among cats with leukemia, 70% carried FeLV-AB and 30% FeLV-A. Regarding cat characteristics, 50% were young, 30.8% young adults, and 19.2% adults; 88.5% were mixed-breed and 11.5% pure breed; and 42.3% were males and 57.7% were females. Among lymphomas, 62.5% were mediastinal, 31.3% multicentric, and 6.3% extranodal. Regarding histological classification, lymphoblastic and small non-cleaved-cell lymphomas were the most frequently detected. Among leukemia cases, 30% were acute lymphoid, 30% chronic myeloid, and 40% acute myeloid. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FeLV-A SC sequences were closely related to the Arena, Glasgow-1, and FeLV-FAIDS variants. Meanwhile, FeLV-B SC sequences were divergent from one another but similar to the endogenous FELV env gene (enFeLV). In conclusion, FeLV-AB is prevalent in cats with lymphoma and leukemia, highlighting the genetic diversity involved in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Biezus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thierry Grima de Cristo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bassi das Neves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Casa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paula Barros Brizola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Silvestre Sombrio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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de Mello LS, Ribeiro PR, de Almeida BA, Bandinelli MB, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Diseases associated with feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection: A retrospective study of 1470 necropsied cats (2010-2020). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101963. [PMID: 36858000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses affecting cats worldwide, and the prevalence of infection varies considerably according to the geographic area. We retrospectively described FIV- and FeLV-associated diseases in a population of 1470 necropsied cats, of which 396 (26.9%) were infected with FeLV, 199 (13.5%) with FIV, and 134 (9.1%) with FeLV and FIV concomitantly. Cats infected with FeLV (OR 3.4) and co-infected with FeLV and FIV (OR 1.9) were more likely to have neoplasms. The diagnosis of lymphoma and leukemia was higher in cats infected with FeLV (OR 3.9 and 19.4, respectively) and coinfected with FeLV and FIV (OR 1.9 and 19.3, respectively). The odds of diagnosing bacterial diseases were higher in cats coinfected with FeLV and FIV (OR: 2.8), whereas the odds of viral diseases were higher in those infected with FeLV (OR: 2.8), with 2.2 times more diagnoses of feline infectious peritonitis. Neoplastic and infectious diseases in FIV-infected cats did not differ significantly from those in uninfected cats. According to our results, a high prevalence of retroviral infections was observed in southern Brazil, mainly in relation to FeLV. Infected cats were significantly younger than uninfected cats. The main causes of death associated with FeLV infection and FeLV and FIV coinfection were neoplastic and infectious diseases. In contrast, FIV infection was not associated with any specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Santos de Mello
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Paula Reis Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Albuquerque de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
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9
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da Rosa Maciel A, Biezus G, de Cristo TG, Miletti LC, da Costa Maciel U, Medeiros ALV, Xavier MGN, Casagrande RA. Mycoplasma haemofelis infection and its correlation with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats in Southern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 93:101941. [PMID: 36630814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 274 cats in Southern Brazil to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma haemofelis PCR, associated factors, and its correlation with ELISA for FeLV and FIV. The apparent prevalence of M. haemofelis was 6.6% (18/274) (95% CI: 3.6-9.5%), of which 33.3% (6/18) had co-infection with FeLV, 5.6% (1/18) with FIV, and 5.6% (1/18) with both. Male cats were more likely to be positive for M. haemofelis [OR: 7.07 (1.97-25.34)]. Only three M. haemofelis-positive cats showed related clinical changes, such as mucosal pallor. A statistically significant difference was observed between M. haemofelis-positive cats and the negative control group for age, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and rod neutrophil counts. Mycoplasma haemofelis is prevalent in southern Brazil, with a higher risk in male cats. Most cats could be classified as asymptomatic carriers since they were healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Rosa Maciel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Biezus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Thierry Grima de Cristo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Ubirajara da Costa Maciel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Larissa Vicente Medeiros
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Garlet Nunes Xavier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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10
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Khalife S, Kassaa IA. Occurrence and risk factors of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats of Lebanon. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 93:101931. [PMID: 36565524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2020 and August 2021. Blood samples were collected from 260 household cats recruited in different clinics in North and Mount Lebanon, with the aim of determining the seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). The seroprevalence reported reached 18.84% (95% CI 0.14-0.24) and 13.84% (95% CI 0.09-0.18) for FIV and FeLV, respectively. FIV seropositivity was associated with a younger age, health and neuter status, lymphoma, lethargy, and vomiting. Furthermore, male sex, neuter status, lymphoma, anaemia, lethargy, and vomiting were significantly associated with FeLV seropositivity. This first data from Lebanon emphasizes the need for implementing preventive programmes to cope with FIV- and FeLV-associated morbidity and mortality among cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalife
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Imad Al Kassaa
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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11
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Yamakawa AC, Haisi A, Kmetiuk LB, Pellizzaro M, Mendes JCR, Canavessi AMO, Ullmann LS, de Castro WAC, Pessoa Araújo Júnior J, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW. Molecular detection of feline hemoplasmas and retroviruses in free-roaming and shelter cats within a university campus. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169221148672. [PMID: 37223406 PMCID: PMC10201909 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221148672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of hemoplasma, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections in cats living in an on-campus shelter and free-roaming cats within a university campus in Brazil. Methods Blood samples were tested using quantitative PCR for hemoplasma, FIV and FeLV. Positive hemoplasma samples were sequenced. Associations between hemoplasma detection and living situation, sex, flea and/or tick parasitism, and coinfection with FIV and FeLV, were assessed using Fisher's exact test and the respective odds ratios were calculated. Results Overall, 6/45 (13.3%) cats tested positive: four (8.9%) were infected with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and two (4.4%) with Mycoplasma haemofelis. All positive samples were from free-roaming cats (6/15; 40.0%) and had statistically significantly lower packed cell volumes (P = 0.037). Although 5/23 (21.7%) males and 1/22 (4.6%) females were positive, no statistically significant association between sex and hemoplasma infection was found (P = 0.19). Viral quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed on 43/45 samples, among which 2/43 (4.7%) were positive for FIV and none for FeLV. Only one cat (2.3%) was coinfected with hemoplasma and FIV (P = 0.26). In addition, 4/6 (66.7%) cats that tested positive for hemoplasmas were infested by fleas (P = 0.0014) and/or ticks (P = 0.25). Conclusions and relevance These results show that even if the free-roaming cat population is clinically healthy and has adequate access to food, it may present flea infestation and hemoplasma infection with lower packed cell volume values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Haisi
- Biotechnology Institute, São Paulo
State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), R dos Funcionários, Curitiba, PR,
Brazil
| | - Maysa Pellizzaro
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal
University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wagner Antônio Chiba de Castro
- Latin-American Institute of Life and
Nature Sciences, Federal University for Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu,
PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), R dos Funcionários, Curitiba, PR,
Brazil
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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12
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Sprißler F, Jongwattanapisan P, Luengyosluechakul S, Pusoonthornthum R, Reese S, Bergmann M, Hartmann K. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Infection in Healthy Cats in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:764217. [PMID: 35211532 PMCID: PMC8862143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.764217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) occur worldwide and are among the most important infectious diseases in cats. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of FIV and FeLV infection in healthy outdoor cats in North, Northeast and Central Thailand. So far, a study on retrovirus prevalence of healthy cats in Thailand in a larger geographic area has not been published yet. In addition, risk factors for FIV and FeLV infections were evaluated. Two hundred sixty healthy cats were prospectively recruited. They originated from 13 locations in North, Northeast, and Central Thailand and were presented for either preventive health care and/or neutering. In each cat, a physical examination was performed to confirm health status. FIV and FeLV status was determined using a commercial rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (SNAP Combo Plus FeLV/FIV, IDEXX). Risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. Samples of 15/260 (5.8%) cats were positive for FIV antibodies, and 11/260 (4.2%) samples were positive for FeLV antigen. One of the 260 (0.4%) cats was positive for both, FIV and FeLV infection. In binary logistic regression analysis, no parameter was associated with a higher risk for FeLV infection. However, cats had a significantly (p = 0.025) higher risk for FIV infection when they were 2 years or older. FIV and FeLV infections occur in healthy cats in North, Northeast and Central Thailand, but prevalence was lower than expected. No risk factors for FeLV infection were detected, but risk for FIV infection increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Sprißler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fabienne Sprißler
| | | | | | - Rosama Pusoonthornthum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chulalongkorn University of Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Slaviero M, Ehlers LP, Argenta FF, Savi C, Lopes BC, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D, Sonne L. Causes and Lesions of Fatal Pneumonia in Domestic Cats. J Comp Pathol 2021; 189:59-71. [PMID: 34886987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia in cats may cause severe lung injury and consequent death. We describe the post-mortem findings and aetiologies of naturally fatal pneumonia in 78 domestic cats, using gross and histopathological examinations, immunohistochemistry and microbiological techniques. Morphological patterns found were bronchopneumonia (27/78), interstitial (15/78), bronchointerstitial (13/78), granulomatous (8/78), aspiration (8/78) and pyogranulomatous (5/78) pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia (2/78). Bacterial pneumonia was identified as the most common cause (32/78), followed by viral (15/28 feline calicivirus, 10/28 felid alphaherpesvirus 1 and 3/28 both viruses), aspiration (8/78), fungal (5/78) and parasitic pneumonia (5/78). Co-infection with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus was found in 54 cats. Viral infections involved cats of all ages, indicating the importance of investigating viral causes in cats with respiratory diseases, including in adult and ageing cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Slaviero
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Luiza P Ehlers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Argenta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Savi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Feitosa TF, Costa FTR, Ferreira LC, Silva SS, Santos A, Silva WI, Brasil AWL, Vilela VLR. High rate of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats in the Brazilian semiarid region: Occurrence, associated factors and coinfection with Toxoplasma gondii and feline leukemia virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101718. [PMID: 34794005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and factors associated with this and to demonstrate occurrences of coinfection with Toxoplasma gondii and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in cats, a total of 103 blood samples were collected from owned cats, during home visits. To diagnose FIV and FeLV, immunochromatographic kit was used and serological diagnoses of T. gondii, the indirect immunofluorescence test was performed. The occurrence of FIV-seropositive cats was 23.3% (24/103) and the factor associated with infection was male sex. T. gondii seropositivity of 53.4% (55/103) was observed and 75% of FIV cases (18/24) were positive for T. gondii coinfection. Only 0.9% (1/103) was positive for FeLV. It can be concluded that the seroprevalence of FIV in cats in the Brazilian semiarid region is high and that FIV positive cats were also likely to be T. gondii seropositive, while FeLV had very low occurrence in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais F Feitosa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil.
| | - Flávia T R Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Larissa C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Samara S Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Antonielson Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Welitânia I Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Arthur W L Brasil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Vinícius L R Vilela
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Doenças Infectocontagiosas. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, IFPB, Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil
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Mendes-de-Almeida F, Alves LC, do Amaral Fernandes P, de Menezes Leivas R, Labarthe N. Infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Other Infections in Cats and Dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The Need for Prophylactic Enforcement. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:962-968. [PMID: 33733387 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito-borne nematode that primarily infects dogs, can equally infect cats. Although there have been numerous studies on canine heartworm prevalence in Brazil, there have been few studies on feline infections. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are both life-threatening retroviruses transmitted directly between cats. Infections with Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. are highly prevalent among dogs in Brazil, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus being the main vector for both bacteria. This study aimed to gather information on these infections among dogs and cats in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro by performing rapid point-of-care tests for prophylactic enforcement. METHODS Surplus samples of serum or plasma from private laboratories were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (SNAP Feline Triple Test or SNAP 4Dx Plus Test). RESULTS The prevalence of heartworm disease was 7% among dogs and 0.9% among cats, the latter being 12.9% of the former. The prevalence of FIV and FeLV was 4.3 and 11.9%, respectively. Among dogs, the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. was 27.1 and 9.8%, respectively, and Borrelia burgdorferi was not detected. CONCLUSION Given that such infections circulate among pets, prophylactic measures should be encouraged by small animal practitioners.
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Molossi FA, Henker LC, Cecco BSD, Bandinelli MB, Rodrigues R, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Pathological and immunohistochemical aspects of acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia in a cat - Short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:175-179. [PMID: 34224399 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An adult, mixed-breed, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV-) positive female cat was presented with mucosal jaundice and a history of anorexia and constipation for three days. Physical examination revealed splenomegaly, cachexia, and dehydration. Humane euthanasia was conducted, followed by postmortem examination. Grossly, the cat was icteric, and presented hepatomegaly with multifocal white spots and splenomegaly. Histologically, the bone marrow was nearly completely replaced by a proliferation of megakaryocytes and megakaryoblasts, and there was a proliferation of fibrous connective tissue. Similar neoplastic proliferation was observed infiltrating the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle, and lungs. Immunohistochemistry was performed for von Willebrand Factor (VWF), CD79α, CD3, feline immunodeficiency virus, FeLV, and CD61. Marked cytoplasmic labelling was observed in the neoplastic cells for FeLV, VWF and CD61, corroborating the diagnosis of acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciéli Adriane Molossi
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Luan Cleber Henker
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Bianca Santana De Cecco
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Rochana Rodrigues
- 2Chatterie Centro de Saúde do Gato, Private Veterinary Clinic, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
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17
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Kokkinaki KG, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Mylonakis ME, Konstantinidis AO, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. A prospective epidemiological, clinical, and clinicopathologic study of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in 435 cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101687. [PMID: 34225228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses causing significant morbidity and mortality in cats. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of FeLV and FIV infections in different populations of cats in Greece, including client-owned cats, stray cats and cats who live in catteries. A total of 435 cats were prospectively enrolled. Serological detection of FeLV antigen and FIV antibody was performed using a commercial in-house ELISA test kit. The results showed that 17 (3.9 %) and 40 (9.2 %) of the 435 cats were positive for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody, respectively, whereas 5 (1.1 %) had concurrent infection with FeLV and FIV. Factors that were associated with FeLV antigenemia, based on multivariate analysis, included vomiting, rhinitis, infection with FIV, neutropenia, decreased blood urea nitrogen and increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Factors associated with FIV seropositivity included male gender, older age, outdoor access, weight loss, fever, gingivostomatitis, skin lesions and/or pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. Various clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities were found to be significantly associated with retroviral infections, suggesting that current guidelines to test all sick cats should be followed, taking into particular consideration the high-risk groups of cats found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A O Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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18
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Abayli H, Can-Sahna K, Ozbek R, Aslan O, Tonbak S, Bulut H. Detection and molecular characterisation of feline viruses from swab samples. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:194-203. [PMID: 34138750 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV), feline alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) as well as retroviral agents such as feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are important viral pathogens of cats. The aim of this study was to detect and characterise FHV-1, FPLV, FeLV, FIV and feline foamy virus (FFV) in oropharyngeal, nasal and conjunctival swabs from 93 cats that had been screened for FCV previously. We wanted to determine the possible risk factors for infection with these viruses. The prevalence was found to be 12.9% for FHV-1 and 9.7% for FPLV. FIV was detected only in two samples and FeLV in one sample, whereas the presence of FFV was not demonstrated in any of the clinical samples. The statistical analysis of the results showed that breed, age, health status, and lifestyle are important predisposing factors to FHV-1 (P < 0.05). For FPLV, only clinically unhealthy animals were found to be at risk (P < 0.001). Sequence analysis revealed that the two FIV-positive samples in this study contained different (A and B) subtypes of the virus. This is the first report on the occurrence of subtype A FIV in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Abayli
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kezban Can-Sahna
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Remziye Ozbek
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Oznur Aslan
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sukru Tonbak
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hakan Bulut
- 3Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
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Almeida IO, da Silva MAA, de Sena BV, da Paz JS, Jaretta TDA, Faria PCG, Horta RDS. Retrospective study of retroviruses by immunoenzymatic test on cats in Grande Vitória (ES, Brazil) and associated neoplasms. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e104220. [PMID: 35749085 PMCID: PMC9179204 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are among the leading causes of death in domestic cats. Retroviruses associate with the host cell in a persistent and permanent way, leading to diverse clinical conditions. The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is the most pathogenic retrovirus with the potential to cause both degenerative diseases and immunosuppression, as well as proliferative diseases, as its association with the cell may lead to a direct oncogenic effect. The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), in turn, can lead to the classic immunodeficiency syndrome, usually has a chronic, less aggressive course and has no direct oncogenic effect. The use of vaccines and control measures has resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of FeLV in the United States of America (USA) and Europe, however, in Brazil, statistics show prevalence rates above 50%. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of feline retroviruses, by immunoenzymatic assay testing, in the region of Grande Vitória, in Espírito Santo and also point out the frequency of neoplasms in these cats. A total of 388 cats were retrospectively evaluated (2014-2016). The prevalence of FIV was 2.3% and FeLV was 33.7%. Neoplasms were identified in the three cats seropositive for FIV and FeLV and in three cats infected only with FIV. Neoplasms were also found in 26.6% of cats that were seropositive only for FeLV, especially mediastinal lymphoma. The high prevalence of FeLV demonstrated in this study highlights the need for establishing effective control measures, with emphasis on vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Veterinarian, Dsc., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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20
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Bandinelli MB, Viezzer Bianchi M, Wronski JG, Santos de Mello L, Blanco DeMartini R, Savi C, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Petinatti Pavarini S. Ophthalmopathologic characterization of multicentric or metastatic neoplasms with an extraocular origin in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:814-827. [PMID: 32687655 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency and distribution of secondary ocular neoplasms in dogs and cats identified during necropsy. METHODS A retrospective analysis of necropsy records of dogs and cats was conducted, and cases with metastatic/multicentric neoplasms with an extraocular origin, involving the eyes, were selected. RESULTS From January 2015 to January 2019, we identified a total of 233 dogs and 100 cats with metastatic disease. Of these, 11.6% (27/233) of the dogs and 13% (13/100) of the cats had ocular metastases. Lymphoma was the most common multicentric neoplasm involving the eyes of both species. In dogs, these neoplasms occurred bilaterally, predominantly in the anterior uvea, and were diffuse large B-cell, T-lymphoblastic, peripheral T-cell not otherwise specified, and lymphocytic B-cell lymphomas. In cats, feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-associated T-cell lymphoma was the most common. Mammary carcinoma was the second most common ocular metastatic neoplasm in bitches, with a predominantly unilateral involvement of the uveal tract. In cats, following lymphoma, pulmonary and squamous cell carcinomas were the most common multicentric/metastatic neoplasms of the eyes. Individual cases of cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and chemodectoma in dogs, as well as mammary gland cribriform carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, and histiocytic sarcoma in cats were detected. CONCLUSIONS The eyes of dogs were mostly affected by lymphoma or mammary gland carcinoma, while those of cats mostly had lymphoma, pulmonary carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma as the main metastatic/multicentric neoplasm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify intraocular metastatic cholangiocarcinoma and chemodectoma in dogs, aside from identifying salivary gland carcinoma in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Viezzer Bianchi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Júlia Gabriela Wronski
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lauren Santos de Mello
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Blanco DeMartini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Savi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E1-E35. [PMID: 32227347 PMCID: PMC7228315 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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22
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Leite-Filho RV, Panziera W, Bandinelli MB, Henker LC, da Conceição Monteiro K, Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Sonne L, Pavarini SP. Epidemiological, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects of 125 cases of feline lymphoma in Southern Brazil. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:224-230. [PMID: 31461200 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study compiling cases of feline lymphoma diagnosed during 12 years (2004-2016) in Southern Brazil was performed. A total of 125 cases of lymphoma diagnosed in cats were reviewed, and information including age, breed, sex and tumour topography were collected. FeLV and FIV immunohistochemical tests were performed, as well as immunophenotyping of lymphomas. The alimentary form represented the most common presentation (42/125), followed by mediastinal lymphoma (35/125). Out of 125 cases, 79 presented positive retroviral immunostaining in tumour tissue (52 FeLV alone, 14 FIV alone and 13 presented FIV and FeLV co-infections), 66/125 of the cases were of T-cell origin and 59/125 of the cases were of B-cell origin. The median age of cats with T-cell lymphoma was 120 months (10-240 months), and 60 months (6-204 months) for cats with B-cell lymphoma. The most frequent alimentary tumour presentation was the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (type 1), and the major type of mediastinal tumour observed was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Considering only mediastinal and alimentary lymphomas (n = 77), the prevalence of mediastinal lymphoma in FeLV-positive cats was 2.21 times higher than the prevalence of this type of tumour in FeLV-negative cats (P = .036). Mediastinal lymphoma was more frequently observed in younger cats, and the prevalence of mediastinal tumours in these animals was 3.06 times higher than the prevalence of this tumour form in old cats (P = .0125). The present study indicates that retroviral infections still play an important role in the development of feline lymphomas in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo V Leite-Filho
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Welden Panziera
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcele B Bandinelli
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luan C Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luis G Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Cristo TG, Biezus G, Noronha LF, Gaspar T, Dal Pont TP, Withoeft JA, Furlan LV, Costa LS, Traverso SD, Casagrande RA. Feline Leukaemia Virus Associated with Leukaemia in Cats in Santa Catarina, Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:10-21. [PMID: 31375152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukaemia is a haemopoietic neoplasm originating from myeloid or lymphoid precursors in the bone marrow and may be either acute or chronic. These tumours are rare, but occur more frequently in cats because of an association with the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). To the best of our knowledge, no studies conducted in Brazil to date have analysed the association between leukaemia and FeLV and FIV infection in cats. The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological analysis of feline leukaemia and evaluate the association between leukaemia and FeLV and FIV infection in cats. The study evaluated 37 cats with leukaemia diagnosed between 2009 and 2017. The animals underwent necropsy examination, histopathology and immunohistochemistry with anti-FeLV gp70 and anti-FIV p24 gag antibodies. Of the evaluated animals, 54% (20/37) were males and 43.2% (16/37) were females. With respect to the life stage of the animals, 24.3% (9/37) were junior, 32.4% (12/37) were prime, 18.9% (7/37) were mature and 10.8% (4/37) were senior, and five animals were of unknown age. Myeloid leukaemia occurred in 56.8% (21/37) of the cases and lymphocytic leukaemia occurred in 43.2% (16/37) of the cases. Acute leukaemia (73%, 27/37) was more common than chronic leukaemia (27%, 10/37). The positivity for FeLV (78.4%, 29/37) and FIV (16.2%, 6/37) indicated a high association between FeLV infection and tumour development in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Cristo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G Biezus
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L F Noronha
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T Gaspar
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - T P Dal Pont
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J A Withoeft
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L V Furlan
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L S Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - S D Traverso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - R A Casagrande
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Programme in Animal Science, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Westman M, Norris J, Malik R, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Harvey A, McLuckie A, Perkins M, Schofield D, Marcus A, McDonald M, Ward M, Hall E, Sheehy P, Hosie M. The Diagnosis of Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) Infection in Owned and Group-Housed Rescue Cats in Australia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060503. [PMID: 31159230 PMCID: PMC6630418 DOI: 10.3390/v11060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study was undertaken to (i) measure the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) exposure and FeLV infection in a cross-section of healthy Australian pet cats; and (ii) investigate the outcomes following natural FeLV exposure in two Australian rescue facilities. Group 1 (n = 440) consisted of healthy client-owned cats with outdoor access, predominantly from eastern Australia. Groups 2 (n = 38) and 3 (n = 51) consisted of a mixture of healthy and sick cats, group-housed in two separate rescue facilities in Sydney, Australia, tested following identification of index cases of FeLV infection in cats sourced from these facilities. Diagnostic testing for FeLV exposure/infection included p27 antigen testing using three different point-of-care FeLV kits and a laboratory-based ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing to detect FeLV proviral DNA in leukocytes, real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) testing to detect FeLV RNA in plasma, and neutralising antibody (NAb) testing. Cats were classified as FeLV-uninfected (FeLV-unexposed and presumptively FeLV-abortive infections) or FeLV-infected (presumptively regressive and presumptively progressive infections). In Group 1, 370 FeLV-unexposed cats (370/440, 84%), 47 abortive infections (47/440, 11%), nine regressive infections (9/440, 2%), and two progressive infections (2/440, 0.5%) were identified, and 12 FeLV-uninfected cats (12/440, 3%) were unclassifiable as FeLV-unexposed or abortive infections due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. In Groups 2 and 3, 31 FeLV-unexposed cats (31/89, 35%), eight abortive infections (8/89, 9%), 22 regressive infections (22/89; 25%), and 19 progressive infections (19/89; 21%) were discovered, and nine FeLV-uninfected cats (9/89; 10%) were unclassifiable due to insufficient samples available for NAb testing. One of the presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 was likely a focal FeLV infection. Two other presumptively progressively-infected cats in Group 3 may have been classified as regressive infections with repeated testing, highlighting the difficulties associated with FeLV diagnosis when sampling cats at a single time point, even with results from a panel of FeLV tests. These results serve as a reminder to Australian veterinarians that the threat of FeLV to the general pet cat population remains high, thus vigilant FeLV testing, separate housing for FeLV-infected cats, and FeLV vaccination of at-risk cats is important, particularly in group-housed cats in shelters and rescue facilities, where outbreaks of FeLV infection can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, The University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, Sydney, 2113 NSW, Australia.
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Alan Marcus
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Mike McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Michael Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Paul Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570 NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK.
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