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Sharma K, Sharma S, Dhanda S, Bangar Y, Kumar N, Chaubey KK. Meta-analysis of prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle using published estimates under serum and milk ELISA. Res Vet Sci 2024; 178:105366. [PMID: 39117472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), poses significant challenges to the global livestock industry, particularly affecting bovine populations. To better understand the prevalence of paratuberculosis and its diagnostic nuances, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted. This analysis encompassed 21 studies involving 632,767 cows for milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 51 studies involving 256,409 cows for serum ELISA. The pooled prevalence estimate for paratuberculosis on a cow-basis was found to be 16% (95% CI: 14%; 18%) for milk ELISA and 8% (95% CI: 7%; 8%) for serum ELISA. Notably, higher confidence intervals (CI) were observed in milk ELISA, the Europe and Asia groups, suggesting variability in prevalence estimates within these regions. Conversely, lower CIs were noted in the USA and Canada groups, indicating greater consistency in prevalence estimates within these countries. However, serum ELISA exhibited high CI values across all regions, underscoring potential variability in diagnostic performance. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and livestock producers in optimizing paratuberculosis detection and control strategies to mitigate its impact on bovine health and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; Current affiliation: Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu), India.
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-281-401, India
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Sharma S, Sharma K, Kumar R, Dayal D, Dhanda S, Kumar N, Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Banger S, Sharma V. Evaluation of Immune Exhaustion and Co-Inhibitory Receptor Expression in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Seropositive Diarrhoeic Bovines. Pathogens 2024; 13:473. [PMID: 38921771 PMCID: PMC11206971 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection leads to chronic, persistent granulomatous enteritis, causing prolonged diarrhoea and emaciation. The disease is managed using medications such as antibiotics, live vaccines, mycobacteriophage therapies and other treatments; however, a notable proportion of affected animals do not show improvement with this approach. We hypothesise that immunoinhibitory receptors TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin mucin protein-3) and PD-1 (Programmed death receptor 1) may be upregulated on Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MAP-seropositive bovines, potentially contributing to immune exhaustion. Samples (blood and faeces) were collected from 32 diarrhoeic bovines suspected of MAP infection; eight apparently healthy buffaloes from the dairy farm at Hisar, Haryana and from 14 cows (suffering from chronic diarrhoea, weakness and emaciation) housed in stray cattle shed. MAP infection was estimated using indigenous ELISA (i-ELISA), faecal IS900 PCR, culture and acid-fast staining. TIM-3 and PD-1 gene expression on PBMCs were determined using qRT-PCR. TIM3 expression was relatively higher (~400-fold, 330-fold, 112-fold, 65-fold and 16-fold) in 5 chronically diarrhoeic PBMCs samples (MAP-seropositive), and higher PD-1 expression (around ~7-fold, 1.75-fold, 2.5-fold, 7.6-fold) was recorded in 4 diarrhoeic MAP-seropositive animals, compared to apparently healthy and other MAP-seronegative diarrhoeic animals. High co-expression of TIM-3 and PD-1 levels was also recorded in chronically diarrhoeic, emaciated stray cattle. Understanding immune responses in field conditions might aid in the therapeutic management of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India; (R.K.); (S.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Bio-Technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, India; (D.D.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India; (R.K.); (S.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India; (R.K.); (S.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura 281401, India;
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Bio-Technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Mathura 281406, India; (D.D.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Sikander Banger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
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Sharma S, Kumar N, Rouse BT, Sharma K, Chaubey KK, Singh S, Kumar P, Kumar P. The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28663. [PMID: 38596123 PMCID: PMC11002068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 401, India
| | - ShoorVir Singh
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 406, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
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Gandhi H, Jain M, Gupta S, Singh AK, Kumar A, Sohal JS. Comparative evaluation of various in-house protocols on diagnostic performance for paratuberculosis IS900 PCR. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:943-947. [PMID: 36371554 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paratuberculosis is a worldwide endemic infectious disease of ruminants that results in high economic losses. Public health concerns are also being raised with human Crohn's disease. Therefore, control is becoming priority for governments. Control is largely dependent on "Test and Cull" or "Test and Segregate" policy. Hence, it is critical to assure the infection before making the decision. Commercial kits are costly especially in view of resource limited areas. Present study analyzed the performance various in house DNA isolation methods and PCR master mix combinations to optimize a protocol for confirmation of paratuberculosis bacilli shedding in feces. METHODS AND RESULTS Present study included five protocols of fecal DNA isolation (chemical, bio-chemical, physio-chemical and physical) and three reaction mixes (based on Qiagen, Genei and Thermo 2X master mixes) in nine different combinations using additives and tested their performance for IS900 PCR. Spiked fecal samples were used to select the best combination of DNA isolation method and PCR master mix (PRM). Selected combination was used to test reference (positive and negative) fecal samples and field samples. Findings revealed that combination physical method of DNA isolation and Genei based PRM (with additives; betaine DMSO and BSA) had lowest limit of detection. Sensitivity was 83% and specificity was 100% in comparison to fecal culture. High prevalence (23%) was reported for paratuberculosis on field samples. CONCLUSION Optimized protocol has acceptable sensitivity and can easily be adopted in resource-limited laboratories. High prevalence of paratuberculosis needs immediate implementation of the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Gandhi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant-Kalwar, NH11C, Delhi- Jaipur, 303 002, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukta Jain
- Biogenix Inc Pvt. Ltd, Amausi Industrial Area, 226008, Nadarganj, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, NH-2, Post- Chaumunha, 281 406, Mathura, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant-Kalwar, NH11C, Delhi- Jaipur, 303 002, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Immunology & Defense Mechanism, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology (SVPUAT), 250 110, Modipurum, Meerut, India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Centre for Vaccines and Diagnostic Research, GLA University, NH-2, 281 406, Chaumunha, Mathura, India.
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Sharma S, Gautam A, Singh S, Chaubey KK, Mehta R, Sharma M, Gupta S. Immunological and Hemato-biochemical alterations in diarrhoeic buffaloes screened for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using ‘indigenous ELISA kit’. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 87:101833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Immunological Evaluation of Goats Immunized with a Commercial Vaccine against Johne’s Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040518. [PMID: 35455267 PMCID: PMC9031733 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease affects ruminants causing an economic burden to dairy, meat and wool industries. Vaccination against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which causes Johne’s disease, is a primary intervention for disease control in livestock. Previously, a comprehensive, multi-institutional vaccine trial for Johne’s disease was conducted to test the efficacy of live attenuated Map strains. Here, we report the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses from kid goats enrolled in that trial. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals showed IFN-γ stimulation and proliferation of T cell subpopulations on challenge with Map. CD4+, CD25+ and γδ cells from cultured PBMCs in the vaccinated goats showed significantly greater proliferation responses on stimulation with Map antigens. The increase in CD44+ and decrease in CD62L+ cells suggest that vaccine administration reduced the inflammatory responses associated with Map infection. Overall, a stronger antibody response was observed in the infected goats as compared to vaccinated goats. Two independent experimental approaches were used to identify differences in the antibody responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated goats. The first approach involved screening a phage expression library with pooled serum from infected goats, identifying previously reported Map antigens, including MAP_1272c and MAP_1569. However, three specific antigens detected only by vaccinated goats were also identified in the library screens. A second approach using dot blot analysis identified two additional differentially reacting proteins in the vaccinated goats (MAP_4106 and MAP_4141). These immunological results, combined with the microbiological and pathological findings obtained previously, provide a more complete picture of Johne’s disease control in goats vaccinated against Map.
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