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Tiessen-Favier A, Escalante-Aburto A, Espinosa-Leal C, García-Lara S. Novel Combination of the Biophysical, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Properties in Subtropical Pigmented Maize Hybrids. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3221. [PMID: 36501261 PMCID: PMC9735818 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) represents the main caloric source for much of the world's population. Pigmented maize varieties are an excellent source of nutraceutical compounds: blue and yellow maize are rich in anthocyanins as well as carotenoids and phenolic acids, respectively. However, blue maize is usually grown in small quantities as a specialty crop because it lacks the qualities and adaptations of commercial white and yellow varieties. Here, a new high-yield variety of blue maize called Vitamaiz was developed from inbred lines of subtropical blue, white, and yellow maize. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutraceutical and physical properties of 30 Vitamaiz hybrids in two subtropical locations. Kernel physical traits, nutrient composition, and nutraceutical components (free phenolic acids, FPA; cell wall-bound phenolic acids, BPA; total monomeric anthocyanin content, TAC; antioxidant capacity, AOX by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, and total carotenoid content, TCC) were evaluated. The biophysical traits of the hybrids were suitable for nixtamalized and flour maize industries. High levels of FPA (228 mg GAE/100 g), BPA (635 mg GAE/100 g), and AOX (2.0 and 8.1 mM Trolox equivalent/100 g for FPA and BPA, respectively) were also detected with elevated TAC levels (274 mg C3G/kg dw) and AOX activity (3.1 mM Trolox equivalent/100 g). This is the first study to characterize Blue × Yellow maize hybrids that adapt to subtropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Espinosa-Leal
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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Guo Z, Yang Q, Huang F, Zheng H, Sang Z, Xu Y, Zhang C, Wu K, Tao J, Prasanna BM, Olsen MS, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu Y. Development of high-resolution multiple-SNP arrays for genetic analyses and molecular breeding through genotyping by target sequencing and liquid chip. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100230. [PMID: 34778746 PMCID: PMC8577115 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping platforms, as critical supports for genomics, genetics, and molecular breeding, have been well implemented at national institutions/universities in developed countries and multinational seed companies that possess high-throughput, automatic, large-scale, and shared facilities. In this study, we integrated an improved genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) system with capture-in-solution (liquid chip) technology to develop a multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism (mSNP) approach in which mSNPs can be captured from a single amplicon. From one 40K maize mSNP panel, we developed three types of markers (40K mSNPs, 251K SNPs, and 690K haplotypes), and generated multiple panels with various marker densities (1K-40K mSNPs) by sequencing at different depths. Comparative genetic diversity analysis was performed with genic versus intergenic markers and di-allelic SNPs versus non-typical SNPs. Compared with the one-amplicon-one-SNP system, mSNPs and within-mSNP haplotypes are more powerful for genetic diversity detection, linkage disequilibrium decay analysis, and genome-wide association studies. The technologies, protocols, and application scenarios developed for maize in this study will serve as a model for the development of mSNP arrays and highly efficient GBTS systems in animals, plants, and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quannv Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University/CIMMYT-China Tropical Maize Research Center, Foshan 528225, Guangdong, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Hongjian Zheng
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhiqin Sang
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanfen Xu
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Kunsheng Wu
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Jiajun Tao
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Boddupalli M. Prasanna
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), ICRAF Campus, United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael S. Olsen
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), ICRAF Campus, United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yunbo Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University/CIMMYT-China Tropical Maize Research Center, Foshan 528225, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Yunbi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University/CIMMYT-China Tropical Maize Research Center, Foshan 528225, Guangdong, China
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai 201403, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan Texcoco 56130, Mexico
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Lap B, Rai M, Tyagi W. Playing with colours: genetics and regulatory mechanisms for anthocyanin pathway in cereals. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:1-29. [PMID: 34470563 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.1928991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cereals form the most important source of energy in our food. Currently, demand for coloured food grains is significantly increasing globally because of their antioxidant properties and enhanced nutritional value. Coloured grains of major and minor cereals are due to accumulation of secondary metabolites like carotenoids and flavonoids such as anthocyanin, proanthocyanin, phlobaphenes in pericarp, aleurone, lemma, testa or seed coat of grains. Differential accumulation of colour in grains is regulated by several regulatory proteins and enzymes involved in flavonoid and caroteniod biosynthesis. MYB and bHLH gene family members are the major regulators of these pathways. Genes for colour across various cereals have been extensively studied; however, only a few functional and allele-specific markers to be utilized directly in breeding programmes are reported so far. In this review, while briefly discussing the well studied and explored carotenoid pathway, we focus on a much more complex anthocyanin pathway that is found across cereals. The genes and their orthologs that are responsible for encoding key regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis are discussed. This review also focuses on the genetic factors that influence colour change in different cereal crops, and the available/reported markers that can be used in breeding programs for utilizing this pathway for enhancing food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lap
- School of Crop Improvement, CPGS-AS, CAU (I), Umiam, India
| | - Mayank Rai
- School of Crop Improvement, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal) College of Post-Graduate Studies, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Wricha Tyagi
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Umiam, India
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Li S, Zhang C, Yang D, Lu M, Qian Y, Jin F, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu W, Li X. Detection of QTNs for kernel moisture concentration and kernel dehydration rate before physiological maturity in maize using multi-locus GWAS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1764. [PMID: 33469070 PMCID: PMC7815807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is China’s largest grain crop. Mechanical grain harvesting is the key technology in maize production, and the kernel moisture concentration (KMC) is the main controlling factor in mechanical maize harvesting in China. The kernel dehydration rate (KDR) is closely related to the KMC. Thus, it is important to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the KMC and KDR in maize, detect relevant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs), and mine relevant candidate genes. Here, 132 maize inbred lines were used to measure the KMC every 5 days from 10 to 40 days after pollination (DAP) in order to calculate the KDR. These lines were genotyped using a maize 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism array. QTNs for the KMC and KDR were detected based on five methods (mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, pLARmEB, and ISIS EM-BLASSO) in the package mrMLM. A total of 334 significant QTNs were found for both the KMC and KDR, including 175 QTNs unique to the KMC and 178 QTNs unique to the KDR; 116 and 58 QTNs were detected among the 334 QTNs by two and more than two methods, respectively; and 9 and 5 QTNs among 58 QTNs were detected in 2 and 3 years, respectively. A significant enrichment in cellular component was revealed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of candidate genes in the intervals adjacent to the 14 QTNs and this category contained five genes. The information provided in this study may be useful for further mining of genes associated with the KMC and KDR in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Li
- Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kemaoxi Street 303, Gongzhuling, 136100, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kemaoxi Street 303, Gongzhuling, 136100, Jilin Province, China
| | - Deguang Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Yiliang Qian
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Fengxue Jin
- Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kemaoxi Street 303, Gongzhuling, 136100, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kemaoxi Street 303, Gongzhuling, 136100, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Gongzhuling Meteorological Bureau, Gongzhuling, 136100, China
| | - Wenguo Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, 136100, China.
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kemaoxi Street 303, Gongzhuling, 136100, Jilin Province, China.
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Zhao Y, Wang H, Bo C, Dai W, Zhang X, Cai R, Gu L, Ma Q, Jiang H, Zhu J, Cheng B. Genome-wide association study of maize plant architecture using F 1 populations. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:1-15. [PMID: 30519826 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association study of maize plant architecture using F1 populations can better dissect various genetic effects that can provide precise guidance for genetic improvement in maize breeding. Maize grain yield has increased at least eightfold during the past decades. Plant architecture, including plant height, leaf angle, leaf length, and leaf width, has been changed significantly to adapt to higher planting density. Although the genetic architecture of these traits has been dissected using different populations, the genetic basis remains unclear in the F1 population. In this work, we perform a genome-wide association study of the four traits using 573 F1 hybrids with a mixed linear model approach and QTXNetwork mapping software. A total of 36 highly significant associated quantitative trait SNPs were identified for these traits, which explained 51.86-79.92% of the phenotypic variation and were contributed mainly by additive, dominance, and environment-specific effects. Heritability as a result of environmental interaction was more important for leaf angle and leaf length, while major effects (a, aa, and d) were more important for leaf width and plant height. The potential breeding values of the superior lines and superior hybrids were also predicted, and these values can be applied in maize breeding by direct selection of superior genotypes for the associated quantitative trait SNPs. A total of 108 candidate genes were identified for the four traits, and further analysis was performed to screen the potential genes involved in the development of maize plant architecture. Our results provide new insights into the genetic architecture of the four traits, and will be helpful in marker-assisted breeding for maize plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hengsheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Bo
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghao Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Longjiang Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Xu D, Yang H, Zou C, Li WX, Xu Y, Xie C. Identification and functional characterization of the AGO1 ortholog in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:749-58. [PMID: 26848539 PMCID: PMC5071735 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic Argonaute proteins play primary roles in miRNA and siRNA pathways that are essential for numerous developmental and biological processes. However, the functional roles of the four ZmAGO1 genes have not yet been characterized in maize (Zea mays L.). In the present study, ZmAGO1a was identified from four putative ZmAGO1 genes for further characterization. Complementation of the Arabidopsis ago1-27 mutant with ZmAGO1a indicated that constitutive overexpression of ZmAGO1a could restore the smaller rosette, serrated leaves, later flowering and maturation, lower seed set, and darker green leaves at late stages of the mutant to the wild-type phenotype. The expression profiles of ZmAGO1a under five different abiotic stresses indicated that ZmAGO1a shares expression patterns similar to those of Argonaute genes in rice, Arabidopsis, and wheat. Further, variation in ZmAGO1a alleles among diverse maize germplasm that resulted in several amino acid changes revealed genetic diversity at this locus. The present data suggest that ZmAGO1a might be an important AGO1 ortholog in maize. The results presented provide further insight into the function of ZmAGO1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen-Xue Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunbi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Zhou Z, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Hao Z, Wang Z, Zeng X, Di H, Li M, Zhang D, Yong H, Zhang S, Weng J, Li X. Genetic dissection of maize plant architecture with an ultra-high density bin map based on recombinant inbred lines. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:178. [PMID: 26940065 PMCID: PMC4778306 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant architecture attributes, such as plant height, ear height, and internode number, have played an important role in the historical increases in grain yield, lodging resistance, and biomass in maize (Zea mays L.). Analyzing the genetic basis of variation in plant architecture using high density QTL mapping will be of benefit for the breeding of maize for many traits. However, the low density of molecular markers in existing genetic maps has limited the efficiency and accuracy of QTL mapping. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is an improved strategy for addressing a complex genome via next-generation sequencing technology. GBS has been a powerful tool for SNP discovery and high-density genetic map construction. The creation of ultra-high density genetic maps using large populations of advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is an efficient way to identify QTL for complex agronomic traits. Results A set of 314 RILs derived from inbreds Ye478 and Qi319 were generated and subjected to GBS. A total of 137,699,000 reads with an average of 357,376 reads per individual RIL were generated, which is equivalent to approximately 0.07-fold coverage of the maize B73 RefGen_V3 genome for each individual RIL. A high-density genetic map was constructed using 4183 bin markers (100-Kb intervals with no recombination events). The total genetic distance covered by the linkage map was 1545.65 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers was 0.37 cM with a physical distance of about 0.51 Mb. Our results demonstrated a relatively high degree of collinearity between the genetic map and the B73 reference genome. The quality and accuracy of the bin map for QTL detection was verified by the mapping of a known gene, pericarp color 1 (P1), which controls the color of the cob, with a high LOD value of 80.78 on chromosome 1. Using this high-density bin map, 35 QTL affecting plant architecture, including 14 for plant height, 14 for ear height, and seven for internode number were detected across three environments. Interestingly, pQTL10, which influences all three of these traits, was stably detected in three environments on chromosome 10 within an interval of 14.6 Mb. Two MYB transcription factor genes, GRMZM2G325907 and GRMZM2G108892, which might regulate plant cell wall metabolism are the candidate genes for qPH10. Conclusions Here, an ultra-high density accurate linkage map for a set of maize RILs was constructed using a GBS strategy. This map will facilitate identification of genes and exploration of QTL for plant architecture in maize. It will also be helpful for further research into the mechanisms that control plant architecture while also providing a basis for marker-assisted selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2555-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chaoshu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Zhuanfang Hao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Xing Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Hong Di
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Degui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hongjun Yong
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shihuang Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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