1
|
Larsen HE, Geisler UW, Gustafsson F, Pedersen ML, Jørgensen ME. Trends in cardiovascular disease among Inuit in Greenland from 1994 to 2021. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2024; 56:12-20. [PMID: 38784720 PMCID: PMC11112263 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses significant health challenges globally. While substantial data exists for most populations, the Arctic Inuit's CVD incidence rates remain understudied. This research aimed to change this by estimating CVD incidence and mortality rates in Greenland from 1994 to 2021. Methods Using nationwide registers, a retrospective observational study was conducted, focusing on individuals born in Greenland to Greenlandic-born parents. Data were sourced from the Greenlandic Hospital Discharge Register and the nationwide electronic medical record. Results A total of 65,824 individuals were included. the age- and sex-specific incidence rates (IR) of ischemic heart disease, stroke, and heart failure (HF) declined from 1994 to 2021, with the most substantial decline observed for HF among women. Conversely, the IR of atrial fibrillation/flutter increased in both men and women, while the IR of myocardial infarction rose among men. The IR for stroke was particularly elevated compared to other CVD subgroups. Mortality rates for those diagnosed with CVD were 2.4 times higher than those without. Men exhibited a 40 % elevated mortality risk relative to women. Conclusion The study provides pivotal insights into CVD trends within the Arctic Inuit population, highlighting both positive developments and areas of concern. Given the increasing elderly demographic in Greenland, proactive health strategies are crucial. Emphasizing primary prevention and addressing specific CVD risks, particularly the elevated stroke IR, is imperative for future public health efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte Erichsen Larsen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Medical Department, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lynge Pedersen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mititelu M, Licu M, Lupu CE, Neacșu SM, Olteanu G, Gabriela S, Drăgănescu D, Oancea CN, Busnatu ȘS, Hîncu L, Ciocîlteu MV, Lupuleasa D. Characterization of Some Dermato-Cosmetic Preparations with Marine Lipids from Black Sea Wild Stingray. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:408. [PMID: 37504939 PMCID: PMC10381174 DOI: 10.3390/md21070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional knowledge about the therapeutic and nutritional value of fish has been unanimously recognized among the population since ancient times. So, thanks to the therapeutic virtues of these marine animals, it was possible to develop therapies for certain pathologies as well as the use of bioactive compounds as adjunctive therapies incorporated into the treatment regimen of patients. In the present study, stingray liver oil from wild species collected from the Romanian coast of the Black Sea was isolated and analyzed. Fatty acid analysis was performed by gas chromatography. The analysis of the distribution of fatty acids in the composition of stingray liver oil indicates a ratio of 2.83 of omega 3 fatty acids to omega 6, a ratio of 1.33 of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, an iodine index of 111.85, and a total percentage of 68.98% of unsaturated fatty acids. Stingray liver oil was used to evaluate the healing action after preparing a fatty ointment. According to the experimental data, a complete regeneration capacity of the wounds was noted in 12 days without visible signs. Four emulgels with stingray liver oil were formulated and analyzed from a rheological and structural point of view in order to select the optimal composition, after which the anti-inflammatory effect on inflammation caused in laboratory rats was studied and an anti-inflammatory effect was found significant (a maximum inhibitory effect of 66.47% on the edemas induced by the 10% kaolin suspension and 65.64% on the edemas induced by the 6% dextran solution).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Licu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Elena Lupu
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, Campus, C Block, 900001 Constanta, Romania
| | - Sorinel Marius Neacșu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Olteanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stanciu Gabriela
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Doina Drăgănescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Computer Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Craiova, 200345 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ștefan Sebastian Busnatu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Hîncu
- Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu
- Department of Analytical and Instrumental Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street, no. 2-4, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dumitru Lupuleasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Najjar RS. The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:282. [PMID: 37504538 PMCID: PMC10380617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and diet plays an instrumental role in CVD development. Plant-based diets have been strongly tied to a reduction in CVD incidence. In contrast, animal food consumption may increase CVD risk. While increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are an established risk factor which may partially explain the positive association with animal foods and CVD, numerous other biochemical factors are also at play. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the major cellular and molecular effects of animal food consumption in relation to CVD development. Animal-food-centered diets may (1) increase cardiovascular toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, due to increased serum endotoxins and oxidized LDL cholesterol, (2) increase cardiovascular lipotoxicity, (3) increase renin-angiotensin system components and subsequent angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and (4) increase serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. These nutritionally mediated factors independently increase cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and are all independently tied to CVD development. Public policy efforts should continue to advocate for the consumption of a mostly plant-based diet, with the minimization of animal-based foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Recalde BY, Rumbea DA, Sedler MJ. Dietary oily fish intake reduces the risk of all-cause mortality in frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in coastal Ecuador: the Atahualpa project. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1527-1533. [PMID: 36695950 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and all-cause mortality in a population of frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in rural Ecuador. METHODS Individuals aged ≥ 40 years enrolled in the prospective population-based Atahualpa Project cohort received annual questionnaires to estimate their dietary oily fish intake. Only fish served broiled or cooked in the soup were included for analysis. Poisson regression and Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, education level and cardiovascular risk factors were obtained to estimate mortality risk according to the amount of oily fish intake stratified in tertiles. RESULTS Analysis included 909 individuals (mean age: 55.1 ± 12.8 years) followed by a median of 7.5 ± 3 years. Mean oily fish intake was 9.4 ± 5.7 servings per week. A total of 142 (16%) individuals died during the follow-up. The mortality rate for individuals in the first tertile de oily fish intake (0.0-6.29 servings) was 2.87 per 100 person-years, which decreased to 1.78 for those in the third tertile (10.59-35.0 servings). An adjusted Cox-proportional hazards model showed that individuals allocated to the second (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41-0.92) and third (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.91) tertiles of dietary oily fish intake had significantly lower mortality risk than those in the first tertile. CONCLUSION Sustained oily fish intake of more than six servings per week reduces mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults of Amerindian ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador.
- Urbanización Toscana, Apt 3H, Km 4.5 vía Puntilla-Samborondón, 092301, Samborondón, Ecuador.
| | - Robertino M Mera
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology, Freenome, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bettsy Y Recalde
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Denisse A Rumbea
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Mark J Sedler
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bundgaard JS, Jørgensen ME, Andersen K, Bundgaard H, Geisler UW, Petersen ML. Dyslipidemia and the preventive potential in the Greenlandic population. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2022; 51:22-27. [PMID: 36969703 PMCID: PMC10037086 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases. Based on available clinical data, we aimed to investigate the plasma lipid profile in the Greenlandic population, the proportion on cholesterol-lowering treatment and the adherence to local indications for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study of the adult (≥21 years) Greenlandic population with focus on clinically determined lipid levels from 2017 to early 2022. We investigated levels of dyslipidemia and assessed cholesterol-lowering medication usage in individuals with an indication according to current Greenlandic guidelines, which include a) LDL-C >5 mmol/l, b) diabetes, c) diagnosed atherosclerotic disease and 4) a SCORE2 >7.5%. Results In the adult Greenlandic population of 40,565 individuals a lipid profile was available in 13,895 with a mean LDL-C of 3.0 mmol/L and 976 (7%) had a LDL-C >5 mmol/l. One or more indications for cholesterol-lowering medication was present in 3988 individuals and a total of 5464 adult Greenlanders either fulfilled local criteria for statin therapy or received a statin (some without current indication) and among these, 2232 (41%) individuals received no statin. Conclusion These findings indicate that clinically significant dyslipidemia is common in the adult Greenlandic population and that the cardiovascular preventive potential of cholesterol-lowering therapy is currently underutilized.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alexandraki S, Leontidis E. Towards the systematic design of multilayer O/W emulsions with tannic acid as an interfacial antioxidant. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23616-23626. [PMID: 35479771 PMCID: PMC9036574 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work discusses the possibility of designing multilayer oil-in-water emulsions to introduce the maximum possible amount of an antioxidant at the droplet interfaces for the optimal protection of a linseed oil core against oxidation, using a systematic three-step colloidal procedure. An antioxidant (here Tannic Acid - TA) is chosen and its interactions with a primary emulsifier (here Bovine Serum Albumin - BSA) and several polysaccharides are first examined in solution using turbidity measurements. As a second step, LbL deposition on solid surfaces is used to determine which of the polysaccharides to combine with BSA and tannic acid in a multilayer system to ensure maximum presence of tannic acid in the films. From UV-vis and polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption (PM-IRRAS) spectroscopic measurements it is suggested that the best components to use in a multilayer emulsion droplet, together with BSA and TA, are chitosan and pectin. BSA, chitosan and pectin are subsequently used for the formation of three-layer linseed oil emulsions, and tannic acid is introduced into any of the three layers as an antioxidant. The effect of the exact placement of tannic acid on the oxidative stabilization of linseed oil is assessed by monitoring the fluorescence of Nile red, dissolved in the oil droplets, under the attack of radicals generated in the aqueous phase of the emulsion. From the results it appears that the three-stage procedure presented here can serve to identify successful combinations of interfacial components of multilayer emulsions. It is also concluded that the exact interfacial placement of the antioxidant plays an important role in the oxidative stabilization of the valuable oil core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savvia Alexandraki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus P. O Box 20537 Nicosia 1678 Cyprus
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Senftleber NK, Overvad M, Dahl-Petersen IK, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Diet and physical activity in Greenland: genetic interactions and associations with obesity and diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:849-855. [PMID: 34107227 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Inuit in Greenland have gone through dramatic lifestyle changes during the last half century. More time is spent being sedentary and imported foods replaces traditional foods like seal and whale. The population has also experienced a rapid growth in obesity and metabolic disturbances and diabetes is today common despite being almost unknown few decades ago. In this paper, we describe and discuss the role of lifestyle changes and genetics for Inuit metabolic health. Novelty: Cardiometabolic disease risk has increased in Greenland. Lifestyle changes and possibly gene-lifestyle interactions play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the effect of fish oils on dyslipidemias and associated disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The most important lipid effect of fish oils is reducing plasma triglycerides and the main potential protection against cardiovascular events is very probably mediated also through other mechanisms including anti-inflammatory ones. The best results are available for omega-3 fatty acids, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid. Less evidence is available for the impact of ω-3 fatty acids on liver steatosis/steatohepatitis and acute pancreatitis. In addition, particular fish oils have variable content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with different anti- or pro-oxidative potential, and the suboptimal ratio of these compounds could attenuate or abolish their beneficial properties. Fish products with optimal proportion of fatty acids, particularly high content of eicosapentaenoic acid, could be recommended to patients with dyslipidemias, especially to those at high risk for cardiovascular disease; less evidence is available for liver disease and acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Senftleber NK, Albrechtsen A, Lauritzen L, Larsen CL, Bjerregaard P, Diaz LJ, Rønn PF, Jørgensen ME. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease in Inuit: First prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2020; 312:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
10
|
Joshi S. Ketogenic Diet: Risks and Downfalls. J Nutr 2020; 150:2835. [PMID: 33044521 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Joshi
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Venn BJ. Macronutrients and Human Health for the 21st Century. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2363. [PMID: 32784664 PMCID: PMC7468865 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat, protein and carbohydrate are essential macronutrients. Various organisations have made recommendations as to the energy contribution that each of these components makes to our overall diet. The extent of food refining and the ability of food systems to support future populations may also impact on how macronutrients contribute to our diet. In this Special Issue, we are calling for manuscripts from all disciplines to provide a broad-ranging discussion on macronutrients and health from personal, public and planetary perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Venn
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pavlíčková T, Bultel-Poncé V, Guy A, Rocher A, Reversat G, Vigor C, Durand T, Galano JM, Jahn U, Oger C. First Total Syntheses of Novel Non-Enzymatic Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolites and Their Identification in Edible Oils. Chemistry 2020; 26:10090-10098. [PMID: 32531118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is an in vivo process leading to free radical overproduction, which triggers polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation resulting in the formation of racemic non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites. As potential biomarkers of OS, their in vivo quantification is of great interest. However, since a large number of isomeric metabolites is formed in parallel, their quantification remains difficult without primary standards. Three new PUFA-metabolites, namely 18-F3t -isoprostane (IsoP) from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20-F4t -neuroprostane (NeuroP) from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 20-F3t -NeuroP from docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3 ) were synthesized by two complementary synthetic strategies. The first one relied on a racemic approach to 18(RS)-18-F3t -IsoP using an oxidative radical anion cyclization as a key step, whereas the second used an enzymatic deracemization of a bicyclo[3.3.0]octene intermediate obtained from cyclooctadiene to pursue an asymmetric synthesis. The synthesized metabolites were applied in targeted lipidomics to prove lipid peroxidation in edible oils of commercial nutraceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Pavlíčková
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Amandine Rocher
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Previous studies reported an inverse association between healthy dietary patterns (such as Mediterranean diet) and the incidence of cardiovascular events. As the mechanism accounting for cardiovascular disease is prevalently due to the atherothrombosis, where a pivotal role is played by platelet activation, it would be arguable that diets with protective effects against cardiovascular disease exert an anti-atherothrombotic effect via inhibition of platelet activation. There are several and sparse typologies of studies, which investigated if single nutrients by diets recognized as having cardiovascular protection may exert an antithrombotic effect. The most investigated nutrients are key components of the Mediterranean diets such as fruits and vegetables, fish, olive oil, and wine; other diets with protective effects include nuts and cocoa. Here we summarize experimental and human interventional studies which investigated the antithrombotic effects of such nutrients in experimental models of thrombosis or analyzed biomarkers of clotting, platelet, and fibrinolysis activation in human; furthermore in vitro studies explored the underlying mechanism at level of several cell lines such as platelets or endothelial cells. In this context, we analyzed if nutrients affect simultaneously or separately clotting, platelet, and fibrinolysis pathways giving special attention to the relationship between oxidative stress and thrombosis as most nutrients are believed to possess antioxidant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- From the Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (F.V., D.P., P.P.).,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy (F.V., P.P., R.C.)
| | - Daniele Pastori
- From the Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (F.V., D.P., P.P.)
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- From the Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (F.V., D.P., P.P.).,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy (F.V., P.P., R.C.)
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy (F.V., P.P., R.C.).,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (R.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiménez-Avalos JA, Arrevillaga-Boni G, González-López L, García-Carvajal ZY, González-Avila M. Classical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:234-258. [PMID: 32114770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A healthy Human Gut Microbial Ecosystem (HGME) is a necessary condition for maintaining the orderly function of the whole body. Major alterations in the normal gut microbial composition, activity and functionality (dysbiosis) by an environmental or host-related disruptive event, can compromise metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological processes, causing disorders such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and depressive episodes. The restore or the maintaining of the homeostatic balance of Gut Microbiota (GM) populations (eubiosis) is possible through diet, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and even Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Although these "classic methods" represent an effective and accepted way to modulate GM, the complexity of HGME requires new approaches to control it in a more appropriate way. Among the most promising emergent strategies for modulating GM are the use of engineered nanomaterials (metallic nanoparticles (NP), polymeric-NP, quantum dots, micelles, dendrimers, and liposomes); phagotherapy (i.e., phages linked with the CRISPR/Cas9 system), and the use of antimicrobial peptides, non-antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and immunoglobulins. Here we review the current state of development, implications, advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of the different approaches for manipulating HGME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Armando Jiménez-Avalos
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Arrevillaga-Boni
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Zaira Yunuen García-Carvajal
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rajagopalan S, Brook RD. Fishin' Mission on Emissions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 73:2086-2088. [PMID: 31023433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Robert D Brook
- Michigan Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lordan R, Redfern S, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: are marine phospholipids the answer? Food Funct 2020; 11:2861-2885. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the latest research on the cardioprotective effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) and n-3 FA bound to polar lipids (PL). Overall, n-3 PL may have enhanced bioavailability and potentially bioactivityversusfree FA and ester forms of n-3 FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Shane Redfern
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Olas B. Biochemistry of blood platelet activation and the beneficial role of plant oils in cardiovascular diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 95:219-243. [PMID: 32122524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main function of blood platelets is to form hemostatic plugs and enable thrombosis. These properties, however, can be greatly influenced by dietary components which may inhibit certain steps of platelet activation, including platelet aggregation. Such inhibition can play a role in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases associated with blood platelet hyperactivation. In fact, plant and fish oils have been identified and specifically used for this purpose. Numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments have explored the potential use of these oils to inhibit platelet activation as well as their role in reducing oxidative stress and blood pressure, and lowering triglyceride and cholesterol. This chapter presents and compares the anti-platelet effects of fish and plant oils and their constituents, especially fatty acids. Studies on healthy subjects and patients with various cardiovascular diseases are also examined. Findings indicate that both fish and plant oils contain protective components with anti-platelet activity having clearly defined mechanisms of action. Although both are excellent sources of omega fatty acids and vitamins, plant oils contain components with cardioprotective benefit in hypercholesterolemics, i.e., phytosterols. Plant oils may hence play a key role in strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases associated with platelet hyperactivation. Further studies are clearly needed to determine the precise dose of these components needed for effective prophylaxis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3), stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 ω-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3). In the past few decades, many epidemiological studies have been conducted on the myriad health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs. In this review, we summarized the structural features, properties, dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of omega-3 PUFAs and their effects on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, visual and neurological development, and maternal and child health. Even though many health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported in the literature, there are also some controversies about their efficacy and certain benefits to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Priyatharini Ambigaipalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Provenza FD, Kronberg SL, Gregorini P. Is Grassfed Meat and Dairy Better for Human and Environmental Health? Front Nutr 2019; 6:26. [PMID: 30941351 PMCID: PMC6434678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of livestock, humans, and environments is tied to plant diversity-and associated phytochemical richness-across landscapes. Health is enhanced when livestock forage on phytochemically rich landscapes, is reduced when livestock forage on simple mixture or monoculture pastures or consume high-grain rations in feedlots, and is greatly reduced for people who eat highly processed diets. Circumstantial evidence supports the hypothesis that phytochemical richness of herbivore diets enhances biochemical richness of meat and dairy, which is linked with human and environmental health. Among many roles they play in health, phytochemicals in herbivore diets protect meat and dairy from protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation that cause low-grade systemic inflammation implicated in heart disease and cancer in humans. Yet, epidemiological and ecological studies critical of red meat consumption do not discriminate among meats from livestock fed high-grain rations as opposed to livestock foraging on landscapes of increasing phytochemical richness. The global shift away from phytochemically and biochemically rich wholesome foods to highly processed diets enabled 2.1 billion people to become overweight or obese and increased the incidence of type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Unimpeded, these trends will add to a projected substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from producing food and clearing land by 2050. While agriculture contributes one quarter of GHGE, livestock can play a sizable role in climate mitigation. Of 80 ways to alleviate climate change, regenerative agriculture-managed grazing, silvopasture, tree intercropping, conservation agriculture, and farmland restoration-jointly rank number one as ways to sequester GHG. Mitigating the impacts of people in the Anthropocene can be enabled through diet to improve human and environmental health, but that will require profound changes in society. People will have to learn we are members of nature's communities. What we do to them, we do to ourselves. Only by nurturing them can we nurture ourselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott L. Kronberg
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Mandan, ND, United States
| | - Pablo Gregorini
- Department of Agricultural Science, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tvermosegaard M, Rønn PF, Pedersen ML, Bjerregaard P, Dahl Pedersen I, Larsen CVL, Jørgensen ME. Validation of cardiovascular diagnoses in the Greenlandic Hospital Discharge Register for epidemiological use. Int J Circumpolar Health 2019; 77:1422668. [PMID: 29384037 PMCID: PMC5795743 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2017.1422668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In Greenland, valid estimates of prevalence and incidence of CVD do not exist and can only be calculated if diagnoses of CVD in the Greenlandic Hospital Discharge Register (GHDR) are correct. Diagnoses of CVD in GHDR have not previously been validated specifically. The objective of the study was to validate diagnoses of CVD in GHDR. The study was conducted as a validation study with primary investigator comparing information in GHDR with information in medical records. Diagnoses in GHDR were considered correct and thus valid if they matched the diagnoses or the medical information in the medical records. A total of 432 online accessible medical records with a cardiovascular diagnosis according to GHDR from Queen Ingrid's Hospital from 2001 to 2013 (n=291) and from local health care centres from 2007 to 2013 (n=141) were reviewed. Ninety-nine and ninety-two percent of discharge diagnosis in GHDR from Queen Ingrid's Hospital and local health care centres were correct in comparison with diagnoses in the medical record indicating valid registration practice. The correctness of cardiovascular diagnoses in GHDR was considered high in terms of acceptable agreement between medical records and diagnoses in GHDR. Cardiovascular diagnoses are valid for epidemiological use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tvermosegaard
- a Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health , Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen , Gentofte , Denmark
| | - Pernille Falberg Rønn
- b Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen , Gentofte , Denmark.,c Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Michael Lynge Pedersen
- d Greenland Centre of Health Research , University of Greenland , Nuuk , Greenland.,e Queen Ingrid Primary Health Care Centre , Nuuk , Greenland
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- a Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health , Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark.,d Greenland Centre of Health Research , University of Greenland , Nuuk , Greenland
| | - Inger Dahl Pedersen
- a Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health , Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
- a Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health , Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- a Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health , Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen , Gentofte , Denmark.,d Greenland Centre of Health Research , University of Greenland , Nuuk , Greenland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101561. [PMID: 30347877 PMCID: PMC6213446 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang TH, Wang PW, Yang SC, Chou WL, Fang JY. Cosmetic and Therapeutic Applications of Fish Oil's Fatty Acids on the Skin. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E256. [PMID: 30061538 PMCID: PMC6117694 DOI: 10.3390/md16080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil has been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. There has been increasing interest in the relationship of fish oil with skin protection and homeostasis, especially with respect to the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other PUFAs, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), also show a beneficial effect on the skin. The major mechanisms of PUFAs for attenuating cutaneous inflammation are the competition with the inflammatory arachidonic acid and the inhibition of proinflammatory eicosanoid production. On the other hand, PUFAs in fish oil can be the regulators that affect the synthesis and activity of cytokines for promoting wound healing. A systemic review was conducted to demonstrate the association between fish oil supplementation and the benefits to the skin. The following describes the different cosmetic and therapeutic approaches using fatty acids derived from fish oil, especially ALA, LA, DHA, and EPA. This review summarizes the cutaneous application of fish oil and the related fatty acids in the cell-based, animal-based, and clinical models. The research data relating to fish oil treatment of skin disorders suggest a way forward for generating advances in cosmetic and dermatological uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ling Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. The introduction of refined carbohydrates in the Alaskan Inland Inuit diet may have led to an increase in dental caries, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000776. [PMID: 30018773 PMCID: PMC6045743 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe J. Markedly increased intake of refined carbohydrates and sugar is associated with the rise of coronary heart disease and diabetes among the Alaskan Inuit. Open Heart 2017; 4:e000673. [PMID: 29259789 PMCID: PMC5729304 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James O'Keefe
- Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Loiselle DS, Han JC, Goo E, Chapman B, Barclay CJ, Hickey AJR, Taberner AJ. Thermodynamic analysis questions claims of improved cardiac efficiency by dietary fish oil. J Gen Physiol 2017; 148:183-93. [PMID: 27574288 PMCID: PMC5004337 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the literature describe the ability of dietary supplementation by omega-3 fish oil to increase the pumping efficiency of the left ventricle. Here we attempt to reconcile such studies with our own null results. We undertake a quantitative analysis of the improvement that could be expected theoretically, subject to physiological constraints, by posing the following question: By how much could efficiency be expected to increase if inefficiencies could be eliminated? Our approach utilizes thermodynamic analyses to investigate the contributions, both singly and collectively, of the major components of cardiac energetics to total cardiac efficiency. We conclude that it is unlikely that fish oils could achieve the required diminution of inefficiencies without greatly compromising cardiac performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis S Loiselle
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - June-Chiew Han
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eden Goo
- Doctor of Medicine Programme, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Brian Chapman
- School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Christopher J Barclay
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Taberner
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Extracts from Minke Whale ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Blubber. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3835851. [PMID: 29118465 PMCID: PMC5651123 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3835851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n3-PUFA) is commonly recognized to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD). In previous studies, cold-pressed whale oil (CWO) and cod liver oil (CLO) were given as a dietary supplement to healthy volunteers. Even though CWO contains less than half the amount of LC-n3-PUFA of CLO, CWO supplement resulted in beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory and CVD risk markers compared to CLO. In the present study, we prepared virtually lipid-free extracts from CWO and CLO and evaluated the antioxidative capacity (AOC) and anti-inflammatory effects. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to test the AOC, and the results indicated high levels of antioxidants present in all extracts. The anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were tested with lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated THP-1 cells, measuring its ability to reduce cytokine and chemokine secretion. Several CWO extracts displayed anti-inflammatory activity, and a butyl alcohol extract of CWO most effectively reduced TNF-α (50%, p < 0.05) and MCP-1 (85%, p < 0.001) secretion. This extract maintained a stable effect of reducing MCP-1 secretion (60%, p < 0.05) even after long-term storage. In conclusion, CWO has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may act in addition to its well-known LC-n3-PUFA effects.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rønn PF, Lucas M, Laouan Sidi EA, Tvermosegaard M, Andersen GS, Lauritzen T, Toft U, Carstensen B, Christensen DL, Jørgensen ME. The obesity-associated risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality is not lower in Inuit compared to Europeans: A cohort study of Greenlandic Inuit, Nunavik Inuit and Danes. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:207-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
28
|
Yamagata K. Docosahexaenoic acid regulates vascular endothelial cell function and prevents cardiovascular disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:118. [PMID: 28619112 PMCID: PMC5472966 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present in high concentrations in salmon, herring, and trout. Epidemiologic studies have shown that high dietary consumption of these and other oily fish is associated with reduced rates of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and other ischemic pathologies. Atherosclerosis is induced by inflammation and can lead to acute cardiovascular events and extensive plaque. DHA inhibits the development of inflammation in endothelial cells, alters the function and regulation of vascular biomarkers, and reduces cardiovascular risk. It also affects vascular relaxation and constriction by controlling nitric oxide and endothelin 1 production in endothelial cells. DHA also contributes to the prevention of arteriosclerosis by regulating the expression of oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thromboxane A2 receptor, and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in endothelial cells. Recent research showed that DHA reduces the increase in adhesion factor expression induced by lipopolysaccharide by suppressing toll-like receptor 4. A new mechanism of action of DHA has been described that is mediated through endothelial free fatty acid receptor 4, associated with heme oxygenase 1 induction by Nrf2. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of DHA in cardiovascular disease prevention are not yet completely understood. The aim of this paper was to review the effects of DHA on vascular endothelial cells and recent findings on their potential for the prevention of circulatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresourse, Science, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tortosa-Caparrós E, Navas-Carrillo D, Marín F, Orenes-Piñero E. Anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3421-3429. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1126549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Tortosa-Caparrós
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Navas-Carrillo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de la Vega Lorenzo Guirao, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ip WTK, Chandramouli C, Smith JA, McLennan PL, Pepe S, Delbridge LMD. A Small Cohort Omega-3 PUFA Supplement Study: Implications of Stratifying According to Lipid Membrane Incorporation in Cardiac Surgical Patients. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:846-855. [PMID: 28237535 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies and randomised clinical trials (RCTs) report disparate findings in relation to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) benefit for cardiac patients. With RCTs interpretation is potentially confounded by background n-3 PUFA intake. The goal of this pilot, small cohort, pre-surgical supplementation study was to evaluate postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) and cardiac molecular expression profiles employing two data analysis approaches - by treatment randomisation and by stratification using measured n-3 PUFA. METHODS Patients (n=20) received 3g/day of fish or placebo oil (FO vs PO) in a double blind randomised protocol prior to elective coronary artery graft and valve surgery. Groups were matched for age, gender, and mean treatment duration (∼20 days). Resected atrial myocardium was sampled for assay of viability metabolic markers, and blood obtained for erythrocyte membrane lipid measurement. RESULTS There was substantial overlap of cell membrane n-3 PUFA content across PO and FO groups, and no group treatment effects on AF incidence or myocardial molecular marker levels were detected. In contrast, data stratification using membrane n-3 PUFA content (at 8% total membrane lipid) achieved significant separation of patients (by n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio), a significant differential cardiac expression of the marker peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor, but no difference in AF incidence. CONCLUSIONS This small n-3 PUFA case study demonstrates that the same cohort may yield differing findings when evaluated using randomisation or stratification approaches based on direct molecular measures in cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T K Ip
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Chanchal Chandramouli
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Julian A Smith
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter L McLennan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Centre for Human Applied Physiology, University of Wollongong, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvatore Pepe
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Elinder F, Liin SI. Actions and Mechanisms of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Front Physiol 2017; 8:43. [PMID: 28220076 PMCID: PMC5292575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) act on most ion channels, thereby having significant physiological and pharmacological effects. In this review we summarize data from numerous PUFAs on voltage-gated ion channels containing one or several voltage-sensor domains, such as voltage-gated sodium (NaV), potassium (KV), calcium (CaV), and proton (HV) channels, as well as calcium-activated potassium (KCa), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Some effects of fatty acids appear to be channel specific, whereas others seem to be more general. Common features for the fatty acids to act on the ion channels are at least two double bonds in cis geometry and a charged carboxyl group. In total we identify and label five different sites for the PUFAs. PUFA site 1: The intracellular cavity. Binding of PUFA reduces the current, sometimes as a time-dependent block, inducing an apparent inactivation. PUFA site 2: The extracellular entrance to the pore. Binding leads to a block of the channel. PUFA site 3: The intracellular gate. Binding to this site can bend the gate open and increase the current. PUFA site 4: The interface between the extracellular leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the voltage-sensor domain. Binding to this site leads to an opening of the channel via an electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged PUFA and the positively charged voltage sensor. PUFA site 5: The interface between the extracellular leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the pore domain. Binding to this site affects slow inactivation. This mapping of functional PUFA sites can form the basis for physiological and pharmacological modifications of voltage-gated ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Elinder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Albert BB, Cameron-Smith D, Garg ML, Derraik JG, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Marine oils: Complex, confusing, confounded? JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
33
|
DiNicolantonio JJ. Increase in the intake of refined carbohydrates and sugar may have led to the health decline of the Greenland Eskimos. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000444. [PMID: 27547433 PMCID: PMC4975865 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
34
|
Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, Salem N. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:132-52. [PMID: 27216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc., 10350 Macedonia St., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | - M Roberta Higgins
- MEDetect Clinical Information Associates, Inc., PO Box 152, Skippack, PA 19474, USA.
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ulven T, Christiansen E. Dietary Fatty Acids and Their Potential for Controlling Metabolic Diseases Through Activation of FFA4/GPR120. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 35:239-63. [PMID: 26185978 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the amount and type of ingested fat impacts the development of obesity and metabolic diseases, but the potential for beneficial effects from fat has received less attention. It is becoming clear that the composition of the individual fatty acids in diet is important. Besides acting as precursors of potent signaling molecules, dietary fatty acids act directly on intracellular and cell surface receptors. The free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, previously GPR120) is linked to the regulation of body weight, inflammation, and insulin resistance and represents a potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review, we discuss the various types of dietary fatty acids, the link between FFA4 and metabolic diseases, the potential effects of the individual fatty acids on health, and the ability of fatty acids to activate FFA4. We also discuss the possibility of dietary schemes that implement activation of FFA4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epidemiological, diet-based, and some interventional outcomes studies suggest that polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), confer cardiovascular protection in some patient populations. This review examines the historical context of OM3FAs in cardiovascular disease and future perspectives on the place of OM3FA products in reducing cardiovascular risk. METHODS Relevant articles were identified via PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar searches through 2015 and through reference lists of selected publications. Articles determined by the authors to be relevant to the topic of this review were included. RESULTS Review of the identified articles indicated that inconsistent results among interventional outcomes studies have been attributed to use of low doses of OM3FAs, patient cohorts with non-elevated triglyceride (TG) levels, differential use of concomitant statin therapy, and study designs with insufficient statistical power. Several prescription OM3FA products are now approved as an adjunct to diet to reduce TG levels in adults with severe (≥500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia. Most formulations contain both EPA and DHA; one formulation contains purified EPA. In randomized controlled trials, these products significantly reduced TG levels in patients with very high TG levels (≥500 mg/dL [≥13.0 mmol/L]) and in statin-treated patients with high TG levels (200-499 mg/dL [5.2-12.9 mmol/L]). The DHA-containing products raised LDL-C levels in these studies, whereas the EPA-only product had no effect on LDL-C, suggesting that all OM3FA prescription products are not therapeutically equivalent. Besides lowering TG levels, OM3FAs (particularly EPA) exert anti-inflammatory effects and may slow multiple atherogenic processes. Two well designed interventional outcomes studies (REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH) are evaluating prescription-strength, high-dose OM3FAs (4 g/day) in statin-treated patients with persistently high TG levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of the ongoing prescription-strength, high-dose OM3FA interventional trials will help define the potential role of OM3FAs in addressing residual cardiovascular risk despite statin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Sperling
- a a Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - John R Nelson
- b b UCSF School of Medicine, Fresno-Medicine Residency Program-Volunteer , Fresno , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shahidi F. Omega-3 fatty acids and marine oils in cardiovascular and general health: A critical overview of controversies and realities. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
38
|
Persson PB, Zakrisson A. Dietary supplements: health from the ocean? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:119-22. [PMID: 26333065 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Zakrisson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms and Dietary Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22636-61. [PMID: 26393581 PMCID: PMC4613328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have, since the 1970s, been associated with beneficial health effects. They are, however, prone to lipid peroxidation due to their many double bonds. Lipid peroxidation is a process that may lead to increased oxidative stress, a condition associated with adverse health effects. Recently, conflicting evidence regarding the health benefits of intake of n-3 from seafood or n-3 supplements has emerged. The aim of this review was thus to examine recent literature regarding health aspects of n-3 FA intake from fish or n-3 supplements, and to discuss possible reasons for the conflicting findings. There is a broad consensus that fish and seafood are the optimal sources of n-3 FA and consumption of approximately 2-3 servings per week is recommended. The scientific evidence of benefits from n-3 supplementation has diminished over time, probably due to a general increase in seafood consumption and better pharmacological intervention and acute treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
Collapse
|
40
|
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:143109. [PMID: 26301240 PMCID: PMC4537707 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Almost forty years ago, it was first hypothesized that an increased dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish fat could exert protective effects against several pathologies. Decades of intense preclinical investigation have supported this hypothesis in a variety of model systems. Several clinical cardiovascular studies demonstrated the beneficial health effects of omega-3 PUFA, leading medical institutions worldwide to publish recommendations for their increased intake. However, particularly in recent years, contradictory results have been obtained in human studies focusing on cardiovascular disease and the clinical evidence in other diseases, particularly chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, was never established to a degree that led to clear approval of treatment with omega-3 PUFA. Recent data not in line with the previous findings have sparked a debate on the health efficacy of omega-3 PUFA and the usefulness of increasing their intake for the prevention of a number of pathologies. In this review, we aim to examine the controversies on the possible use of these fatty acids as preventive/curative tools against the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases, as well as several kinds of cancer.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tvermosegaard M, Dahl-Petersen IK, Nielsen NO, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Cardiovascular Disease Susceptibility and Resistance in Circumpolar Inuit Populations. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1116-23. [PMID: 26239003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major public health issue in indigenous populations in the Arctic. These diseases have emerged concomitantly with profound social changes over the past 60 years. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on CVD risk among Arctic Inuit. Literature on prevalence, incidence, and time trends for CVD and its risk factors in Arctic Inuit populations was reviewed. Most evidence supports a similar incidence of coronary heart disease and a higher incidence of cerebrovascular disease among Arctic Inuit than seen in western populations. Factors that may increase CVD risk include aging of the population, genetic susceptibility, and a rapid increase in obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in parallel with decreasing physical activity and deterioration of the lipid profile. In contrast, and of great importance, there has been a decrease in smoking and alcohol intake (at least documented in Greenland), and contaminant levels are declining. Although there have been marked socioeconomic and dietary changes, it remains unsolved and to some extent controversial how this may have influenced cardiovascular risk among Arctic Inuit. The increase in life expectancy, in combination with improved prognosis for patients with manifest CVD, will inevitably lead to a large increase in absolute numbers of individuals affected by CVD in Arctic Inuit populations, exacerbated by the rise in most CVD risk factors over the past decades. For preventive purposes and for health care planning, it is crucial to carefully monitor disease incidence and trends in risk factors in these vulnerable Arctic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tvermosegaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Inger K Dahl-Petersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Odgaard Nielsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Umar A, Richmond E, Kramer BS. Colorectal cancer prevention and fishful thinking. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv052. [PMID: 25810493 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
43
|
|
44
|
Berciano S, Ordovás JM. Nutrition and cardiovascular health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:738-47. [PMID: 25172070 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of studies have been published on the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk and a variety of nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. Despite the well-accepted notion that diet has a significant influence on the development and prevention of cardiovascular disease, the foods considered healthy and harmful have varied over the years. This review aims to summarize the current scientific evidence on the cardioprotective effect of those foods and nutrients that have been considered healthy as well as those that have been deemed unhealthy at any given time in history. For this purpose, we reviewed the most recent literature using as keywords foods and nutrients (ie, meat, omega-3) and cardiovascular disease-related terms (ie, cardiovascular diseases, stroke). Emphasis has been placed on meta-analyses and Cochrane reviews. In general, there is a paucity of intervention studies with a high level of evidence supporting the benefits of healthy foods (ie, fruits and vegetables), whereas the evidence supporting the case against those foods considered less healthy (ie, saturated fat) seems to be weakened by most recent evidence. In summary, most of the evidence supporting the benefits and harms of specific foods and nutrients is based on observational epidemiological studies. The outcome of randomized clinical trials reveals a more confusing picture with most studies providing very small effects in one direction or another; the strongest evidence comes from dietary patterns. The current status of the relationship between diet and cardiovascular disease risk calls for more tailored recommendations based on genomic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Ordovás
- IMDEA Alimentación, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; United States Department of Agriculture Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| |
Collapse
|