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Hamza M, Sattar Y, Manasrah N, Patel NN, Rashdi A, Khanal R, Naveed H, Zafar M, Khan AM, Alharbi A, Aamir M, Gonuguntla K, Raina S, Balla S. Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Iron in Patients With Iron Deficiency and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Am J Cardiol 2023; 202:119-130. [PMID: 37429060 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is an independent risk factor for heart failure (HF) exacerbation. We aim to study the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) iron therapy in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE (Embase and PubMed) using a systematic search strategy by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) until October 2022. CRAN-R software (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) was used for statistical analysis. The quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We included 12 studies with a total of 4,376 patients (IV iron n = 1,985 [45.3%]; standard of care [SOC] n = 2,391 [54.6%]). The mean age was 70.37 ± 8.14 years and 71.75 ± 7.01 years in the IV iron and SOC groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality (risk ratio [RR] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 to 1.04, p <0.15). However, HF readmissions were significantly lower in the IV iron group (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.96, p = 0.026). Non-HF cardiac readmissions were not significantly different between the IV iron and SOC groups (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.02, p = 0.12). In terms of safety, there was a similar rate of infection-related adverse events in both arms (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 1, p = 0.05). IV iron therapy in patients with HFrEF is safe and shows a significant reduction in HF hospitalizations compared with SOC. There was no difference in the rate of infection-related adverse events. The changing landscape of HFrEF pharmacotherapy in the last decade may warrant a re-demonstration of the benefit of IV iron with current SOC. The cost-effectiveness of IV iron use also needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Yasar Sattar
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Nouraldeen Manasrah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Sinai Grace Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Neel Navinkumar Patel
- Neel Navinkumar Patel Department of Internal Medicine, New York Medical College/Landmark Medical Center, Woonsocket, Rhode Island
| | - Amna Rashdi
- Department of Cardiology, Windsor Heart Institute, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Resha Khanal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Promedica Physician Group, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hamza Naveed
- Department of Internal Medicine HCA Houston Healthcare/ University of Houston, Kingwood Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maha Zafar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine Mercy Program, Mercy Hospital Fort Smith, Arkansas
| | - Ahsan Mahmood Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pakistan Ordnance Factories Hospital, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan
| | - Anas Alharbi
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, Pennsylvania
| | - Karthik Gonuguntla
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sameer Raina
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sudarshan Balla
- Department of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Hamed M, Elseidy SA, Ahmed A, Thakker R, Mansoor H, Khalili H, Mohsen A, Mamas MA, Banerjee S, Kumbhani DJ, Elgendy IY, Elbadawi A. Intravenous iron therapy among patients with heart failure and iron deficiency: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17245. [PMID: 37383191 PMCID: PMC10293724 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the role of intravenous (IV) iron administration in patients with heart failure (HF) and iron deficiency (ID) have yielded inconsistent results. Methods Electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and OVID databases was performed until November 2022 for RCTs that evaluated the role of IV iron administration in patients with HF and ID. The main study outcomes were the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality, and individual outcome of HF hospitalization. Summary estimates were evaluated using random effects model. Results The final analysis included 12 RCTs with 3,492 patients (1,831 patients in the IV iron group and 1,661 patients in the control group). The mean follow-up was 8.3 months. IV iron was associated with a lower incidence in the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality (31.9% vs. 45.3%; relative risk [RR] 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.88) and individual outcome of HF hospitalization (28.4% vs. 42.2; RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.57-0.85). There was no significant difference between both groups in cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.75-1.04) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.83-1.09). IV iron was associated with lower New York Heart Association class and higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Meta-regression analyses showed no effect modification for the main outcomes based on age, hemoglobin level, ferritin level or LVEF. Conclusion Among patients with HF and ID, IV iron administration was associated with reduction in the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality and driven by a reduction in HF hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Sheref A. Elseidy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Asmaa Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Thakker
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hend Mansoor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Houman Khalili
- Division of Cardiology, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Amr Mohsen
- Division of Cardiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mamas A. Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Division of Cardiology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dharam J. Kumbhani
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Islam Y. Elgendy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ayman Elbadawi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Role of Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure-Clinical and Treatment Approach: An Overview. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020304. [PMID: 36673114 PMCID: PMC9857585 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of chronic heart failure (CHF) and iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia is frequently encountered in current medical practice and has a negative prognostic impact, worsening patients' exercise capacity and increasing hospitalization costs. Moreover, anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CHF, an association known as cardio-renal anemia syndrome (CRAS) possessing a significantly increased risk of death. AIM This review aims to provide an illustrative survey on the impact of ID in CHF patients-based on physiopathological traits, clinical features, and the correlation between functional and absolute ID with CHF-and the benefit of iron supplementation in CHF. METHOD We selected the most recent publications with important scientific content covering the association of CHF and ID with or without anemia. DISCUSSIONS An intricate physiopathological interplay is described in these patients-decrease in erythropoietin levels, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, systemic inflammation, and increases in hepcidin levels. These mechanisms amplify anemia, CHF, and CKD severity and worsen patients' outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Anemia is frequently encountered in CHF and represents a negative prognostic factor. Data from randomized controlled trials have underlined the administration of intravenous iron therapy (ferric carboxymaltose) as the only viable treatment option, with beneficial effects on quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with ID and systolic heart failure.
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Singh K, Sethi Chopra D, Singh D, Singh N. Nano-formulations in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: An overview. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 52:12-19. [PMID: 36513444 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a significant challenge to global health. The absorption and bioavailability depend on the delivery vehicle being used. Ferrous sulphate is a drug of choice for IDA but leads to frequent gastrointestinal tract side effects that force the patient to discontinue the treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects result from converting bivalent iron into trivalent iron accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Due to lower absorption, oral preparations of trivalent iron are recommended in patients with intolerance to ferrous sulphate. Nanosized iron preparation can resolved these concerns. The particle size of iron salts has been observed to have a significant impact on iron absorption. The surface area of iron compounds is increased by reducing their particle size, which improves their solubility in gastric juice and boosts their absorption. Sucrosomial iron, ferric citrate complexes, and ferric maltol are some of the novel iron preparations that ensure high bioavailability and good tolerance in chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the parenteral route of administration of iron is unacceptable to most patients. Moreover, it leads to high free iron levels in circulation, resulting in ROS generation. CONCLUSION This article provides an informative summary of iron deficiency anaemia causes and treatment through nanoformulations and literature and in-depth patent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Dimple Sethi Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
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Mei Z, Chen J, Luo S, Jin L, Liu Q, Chen Y. Comparative efficacy of intravenous and oral iron supplements for the treatment of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106345. [PMID: 35810949 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed at comparing the efficacy of intravenous and oral iron supplementations for the treatment of iron deficiency (ID) in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases from inception to January 15, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials enrolling patients with HF who were treated for ID with intravenous iron supplements, oral iron supplements, or placebo. The primary outcomes were all-cause death, cardiovascular mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure. The secondary outcomes were evaluated through the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). RESULTS The network meta-analysis included sixteen studies. Compared to placebo/control groups, intravenous iron supplements did not decrease all-cause death (0.69, 0.39-1.23) or cardiovascular mortality (0.89, 0.66-1.20). After 12 weeks, a reduced hospitalization for heart failure was associated with the administration of intravenous iron supplementations (0.58, 0.34-0.97). The most significant improvements regarding 6MWT (44.44, 6.10-82.79) and KCCQ (5.96, 3.19-8.73) were observed with intravenous iron supplements. Oral iron supplements reduced hospitalization for heart failure (0.36, 0.14-0.96) and all-cause death (0.34, 0.12-0.95), but did not influence the 6MWT (29.74, -47.36 to 106.83) and KCCQ (0.10, -10.95 to 11.15). CONCLUSIONS Administering intravenous iron supplements for ID in patients with HF improves their exercise capacity and quality of life. In order to reduce hospitalizations for heart failure, the supplementation should be administered for more than 12 weeks. Although oral iron supplements did not improve exercise capacity and quality of life, they could reduce all-cause death and hospitalizations for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Mei
- Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
| | - Songmei Luo
- Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Lie Jin
- Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yijie Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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Veenis JF, Radhoe SP, Roest S, Caliskan K, Constantinescu AA, Manintveld OC, Brugts JJ. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Administration in Left Ventricular Assist Device and Heart Transplantation Patients. ASAIO J 2022; 68:899-906. [PMID: 34643575 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF). In these patients, intravenous iron administration can improve clinical outcomes and quality of life (QoL). However, data on ID are lacking in patients who have transitioned toward left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or heart transplantation (HTx). All patients who underwent LVAD (n = 84) surgery or HTx (n = 67) at our center between 2012 and 2019, aged ≥18 years with a follow-up of ≥3 months, were included. Retrospectively, the prevalence of ID up to 1 year preoperatively, and up to February 2020 postoperatively, as well as all iron administrations were assessed during this period. Iron status was assessed in 61% and 51% of the LVAD and HTx patients preoperatively, and 81% and 84%, respectively, postoperatively. Of these patients, 53% and 71% of the LVAD and HTx patients preoperatively were diagnosed with ID preoperatively, and 71% and 77%, respectively, postoperatively. ID was more frequently diagnosed >3 months postoperatively. Sixty-three percent of the LVAD (mostly intravenous) and 63% of the HTx patients (mostly oral) received iron administration. ID is highly prevalent pre- and post-LVAD and HTx. It is plausible that substitution can have similar QoL gains as in regular HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse F Veenis
- From the Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fountotos R, Munir H, Ahmad F, Goldfarb M, Afilalo J. Rationale and Design of the TARGET-EFT Trial: Multicomponent Intervention for Frail and Pre-frail Patients Hospitalized with Acute Cardiac Conditions. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:282-289. [PMID: 35297472 PMCID: PMC8900965 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the aging population and rising rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiologists and cardiac surgeons are encountering a growing number of frail older patients that have complex cardiac and non-cardiac issues. Measuring frailty provides valuable prognostic information to help personalize treatment decisions. However, there is minimal evidence on multicomponent frailty interventions in this setting. The TARGET-EFT (The MulTicomponent Acute Intervention in FRail GEriatric PaTients with cardiovascular disease using the Essential Frailty Toolset) trial aims to target physical and non-physical frailty deficits to improve health-related quality of life and hospital-acquired disability in frail patients hospitalized with CVD. METHODS The TARGET-EFT trial is a single-center parallel-group randomized clinical trial in frail and pre-frail older adults ≥65 years admitted to the cardiovascular unit (CVU) at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec. The trial will compare usual inpatient care to a multicomponent intervention targeting physical weakness, cognitive impairment, malnutrition, and anemia. Outcomes of interest in both groups will be assessed at three time points: (1) study enrollment, (2) discharge from the CVU, and (3) 30 days after hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS The overarching goal is to treat patients' frailty in parallel with their CVD, and in doing so, optimize patient functional losses while in-hospital and shortly thereafter. The results of this trial will inform best practices for patient-centered care in this vulnerable patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fountotos
- Jonathan Afilalo, MD, MSc, FACC, FRCPC, Associate Professor, McGill University, Director, Geriatric Cardiology Fellowship Program, Division of Cardiology and Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Rd, E-222, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Phone: (514) 340-7540 | Fax: (514) 221-3785 |
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Ismahel H, Ismahel N. Iron replacement therapy in heart failure: a literature review. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:85. [PMID: 34568981 PMCID: PMC8473508 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is a major global challenge, emphasised by its designation as the leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged 65 and above. Approximately half of all patients with HF have concurrent iron deficiency (ID) regardless of anaemia status. In HF, iron deficiency is independently associated with higher rates of hospitalisation and death, lower exercise capacity, and poorer quality-of-life than in patients without iron deficiency. With such consequences, several studies have investigated whether correcting ID can improve HF outcomes. Main body. As of 1st June 2021, seven randomised controlled trials have explored the use of intravenous (IV) iron in patients with HF and ID, along with various meta-analyses including an individual patient data meta-analysis, all of which are discussed in this review. IV iron was well tolerated, with a comparable frequency of adverse events to placebo. In the context of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), IV iron reduces the risk of hospitalisation for HF, and improves New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, quality-of-life, and exercise capacity (as measured by 6-min walk test (6MWT)) distance and peak oxygen consumption. However, the effect of IV iron on mortality is uncertain. Finally, the evidence for IV iron in patients with acute decompensated heart failure, or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is limited. Conclusions IV iron improves some outcomes in patients with HFrEF and ID. Patients with HFrEF should be screened for ID, defined as ferritin < 100 µg/L, or ferritin 100–299 µg/L if transferrin saturation < 20%. If ID is found, IV iron should be considered, although causes of ID other than HF must not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ismahel
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Nadeen Ismahel
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Carrilho P. Intravenous iron in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2021; 41:403-411. [PMID: 36165109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure. Promising results were obtained in randomized clinical trials in the latter, showing symptomatic and functional capacity improvement with intravenous iron therapy. Meanwhile, confirmation of clinical benefit in hard-endpoints such as mortality and hospitalization is expected in large clinical trials that are already taking place. In chronic kidney disease, concern about iron overload is being substituted by claims of direct cardiovascular benefit of iron supplementation, as suggested by preliminary studies in heart failure. We discuss the pitfalls of present studies and gaps in knowledge, stressing the known differences between iron metabolism in heart and renal failure. Systemic and cellular iron handling and the role of hepcidin are reviewed, as well as the role of iron in atherosclerosis, especially in view of its relevance to patients undergoing dialysis. We summarize the evidence available concerning iron overload, availability and toxicity in CKD, that should be taken into account before embracing aggressive intravenous iron supplementation.
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10
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Martucci G, Pappalardo F, Subramanian H, Ingoglia G, Conoscenti E, Arcadipane A. Endocrine Challenges in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Nutrients 2021; 13:861. [PMID: 33808026 PMCID: PMC7999433 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality worldwide. Advancement of mechanical circulatory support technology has led to the use of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), reducing hospitalizations, and improving quality of life and outcomes in advanced HF. Recent studies have highlighted how metabolic and endocrine dysfunction may be a consequence of, or associated with, HF, and may represent a novel (still neglected) therapeutic target in the treatment of HF. On the other hand, it is not clear whether LVAD support, may impact the outcome by also improving organ perfusion as well as improving the neuro-hormonal state of the patients, reducing the endocrine dysfunction. Moreover, endocrine function is likely a major determinant of human homeostasis, and is a key issue in the recovery from critical illness. Care of the endocrine function may contribute to improving cardiac contractility, immune function, as well as infection control, and rehabilitation during and after a LVAD placement. In this review, data on endocrine challenges in patients carrying an LVAD are gathered to highlight pathophysiological states relevant to this setting of patients, and to summarize the current therapeutic suggestions in the treatment of thyroid dysfunction, and vitamin D, erythropoietin and testosterone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Martucci
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Federico Pappalardo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Harikesh Subramanian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA;
| | - Giulia Ingoglia
- Section of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Elena Conoscenti
- Infectious Disease and Infection Control Service, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonio Arcadipane
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.)
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11
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Abstract
Intravenous iron therapy is increasingly being used worldwide to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease and more recently iron deficiency in heart failure. Promising results were obtained in randomized clinical trials in the latter, showing symptomatic and functional capacity improvement with intravenous iron therapy. Meanwhile, confirmation of clinical benefit in hard-endpoints such as mortality and hospitalization is expected in large clinical trials that are already taking place. In chronic kidney disease, concern about iron overload is being substituted by claims of direct cardiovascular benefit of iron supplementation, as suggested by preliminary studies in heart failure. We discuss the pitfalls of present studies and gaps in knowledge, stressing the known differences between iron metabolism in heart and renal failure. Systemic and cellular iron handling and the role of hepcidin are reviewed, as well as the role of iron in atherosclerosis, especially in view of its relevance to patients undergoing dialysis. We summarize the evidence available concerning iron overload, availability and toxicity in CKD, that should be taken into account before embracing aggressive intravenous iron supplementation.
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12
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Turgeon RD, Kolber MR. Errors in Analysis of Heart Failure Hospitalizations with Intravenous Iron. Am J Med 2020; 133:e167-e168. [PMID: 31400803 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricky D Turgeon
- Clinical Pharmacy, Cardiac Function and Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics, Vancouver General Hospital, BC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael R Kolber
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Duraes AR, da Silva WAP, Filho CRH, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Neto MG. Heart Failure and Comorbidities—Part 2. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-020-00211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tyler R, Barrocas A, Guenter P, Araujo Torres K, Bechtold ML, Chan L, Collier B, Collins NA, Evans DC, Godamunne K, Hamilton C, Hernandez BJD, Mirtallo JM, Nadeau WJ, Partridge J, Perugini M, Valladares A. Value of Nutrition Support Therapy: Impact on Clinical and Economic Outcomes in the United States. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:395-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renay Tyler
- University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Peggi Guenter
- Clinical Practice, Quality, and AdvocacyAmerican Society for Parenteral Nutrition Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | | | - Matthew L. Bechtold
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of Medicine University Hospital & Clinics Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Lingtak‐Neander Chan
- Department of PharmacyInterdisciplinary FacultyNutritional Sciences ProgramUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Bryan Collier
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Roanoke Virginia USA
| | - Nilsa A. Collins
- Clinical Integration ProgramsWellStar Clinical Partners Marietta Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - David C. Evans
- Ohio Health Trauma and Surgical Services Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - Cindy Hamilton
- Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA
| | | | - Jay M. Mirtallo
- Clinical Practice, Quality, and AdvocacyAmerican Society for Parenteral Nutrition Silver Spring Maryland USA
- The Ohio State UniversityCollege of Pharmacy Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - Jamie Partridge
- Field Health Economics and Outcomes ResearchBayer Pharmaceuticals Whippany New Jersey USA
| | - Moreno Perugini
- Global Head of Medical Affairs & Marketing AccessNestlé Health Science Bridgewater New Jersey USA
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15
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Jankowska EA, Tkaczyszyn M, Drozd M, Ponikowski P. Monitoring of iron status in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J Suppl 2019; 21:M32-M35. [PMID: 31908613 PMCID: PMC6937508 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2016 ESC/HFA heart failure (HF) guidelines emphasize the importance of identifying and treating iron deficiency (ID) in patients with HF. Iron deficiency can occur in half or more of HF sufferers, depending on age and the phase of the disease. Iron deficiency can be a cause of anaemia, but it is also common even without anaemia, meaning that ID is a separate entity, which should be screened for within the HF population. Although assessment of iron stores in bone marrow samples is the most accurate method to investigate iron status, it is not practical in most HF patients. Levels of circulating iron biomarkers are an easily available alternative; especially, ferritin and transferrin saturation (Tsat). In patients with HF serum ferritin level <100 µg/L (regardless of Tsat value) or between 100 and 299 µg/L with Tsat <20% are considered as recommended criteria for the diagnosis of ID, criteria which have been used in the clinical trials in HF that have led to a recommendation to treat ID with intravenous iron. We discuss the optimal measures of iron biomarkers in patients with HF in order to screen and monitor iron status and introduce some novel ways to assess iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.,Centre for Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Tkaczyszyn
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.,Centre for Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.,Centre for Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.,Centre for Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Ebner N, von Haehling S. Why is Iron Deficiency Recognised as an Important Comorbidity in Heart Failure? Card Fail Rev 2019; 5:173-175. [PMID: 31768275 PMCID: PMC6848942 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2019.9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the prevalence of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure (HF), and its contributory role in the morbidity and mortality of HF. Iron is a trace element necessary for cells due to its capacity to transport oxygen and electrons. The prevalence of iron deficiency increases with the severity of HF. For a long time the influence of iron deficiency was underestimated, especially in terms of worsening of cardiovascular diseases and developing anaemia. In recent years, studies with intravenous iron agents in patients with iron deficiency and HF showed new insights into the improvement of iron therapy. Additionally, experimental studies supporting the understanding of iron metabolism and the resulting pathophysiological pathways of iron have been carried out. The aim of this mini review is to highlight why iron deficiency is recognised as an important comorbidity in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
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17
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Predictors of 90-Day Readmission and in-Hospital Mortality in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: An Analysis of 28,079 Index Admissions. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2019; 20:973-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Iron Deficiency in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101569. [PMID: 31581494 PMCID: PMC6832529 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize iron deficiency (ID) in acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and identify whether ID is associated with dyspnea class, length of stay (LOS), biomarker levels, and echocardiographic indices of diastolic function in patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Consecutive patients admitted with ADHF at a single tertiary center were included. Demographic information, pathology investigations, and metrics regarding hospital stay and readmission were recorded. Patients were classified as having 'absolute' ID if they had a ferritin level <100 ng/mL; or 'functional' ID if they had a ferritin 100-200 ng/mL and a transferrin saturation <20%. Of 503 patients that were recruited, 270 (55%) had HFpEF, 160 (33%) had HFREF, and 57 (12%) had heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. ID was present in 54% of patients with HFrEF and 56% of patients with HFpEF. In the HFpEF group, ID was associated with a LOS of 11 ± 7.7 vs. 9 ± 6 days in iron replete patients, p = 0.036, and remained an independent predictor of increased LOS in a multivariate linear regression incorporating comorbidities, age, and ID status. This study corroborates a high prevalence of ID in both HFrEF and HFpEF, and further shows that in patients with HFpEF there is a prolongation of LOS not seen in HFrEF which may indicate a more prominent role for ID in HFpEF.
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19
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Iron Supplementation Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure. Am J Med 2019; 132:955-963. [PMID: 30853478 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is prevalent in patients with heart failure. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of iron in patients with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases through March 2018 and included 10 randomized controlled trials involving 1404 heart failure patients who underwent iron or placebo treatment. Odds ratio (OR) and weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. RESULTS Our results showed that iron supplementation significantly reduced hospitalization for worsening heart failure (OR 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.80) and the combined endpoint of death and heart failure hospitalization (OR 0.47; 95% CI, 0.32-0.69). In addition, iron treatment was found to improve New York Heart Association class, 6-minute walk distance, left ventricular ejection fraction, and peak oxygen consumption. Iron therapy was also associated with improvements in Patient Global Assessment, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions score, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score. Moreover, serum levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were markedly decreased in patients with iron repletion compared with placebo treatment (WMD: -332.48 pg/mL; 95% CI, -497.48 to -167.47; WMD: -4.64 mg/L; 95% CI, -6.12 to -3.17, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that iron therapy can reduce heart failure hospitalization, increase cardiac function, improve quality of life, and decrease serum levels of NT-proBNP and CRP in patients with heart failure.
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20
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Dynamic iron status after acute heart failure. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 112:410-419. [PMID: 31006624 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (ID) is common in heart failure (HF), and is associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes. Although it is recommended to screen for ID in HF, there is no clear consensus on the optimal timing of its assessment. AIM To analyse changes in iron status during a short-term follow-up in patients admitted for acute HF. METHODS Iron status (serum ferritin concentration and transferrin saturation) was determined in 110 consecutive patients (median age: 81 years) admitted to a referral centre for acute HF, at three timepoints (admission, discharge and 1 month after discharge). ID was defined according to the guidelines. RESULTS The prevalence rates of ID at admission, discharge and 1 month were, respectively, 75% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67-83%), 61% (95% CI: 52-70%), and 70% (95% CI: 61-79%) (P=0.008). Changes in prevalence were significant between admission and discharge (P=0.0018). Despite a similar ID prevalence at admission and 1 month (P=0.34), iron status changed in 25% of patients. Between admission and discharge, variation in C-reactive protein correlated significantly with that of ferritin (ρ=0.30; P=0.001). Advanced age, anaemia, low ferritin concentration and low creatinine clearance were associated with the persistence of ID from admission to 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Iron status is dynamic in patients admitted for acute HF. Although ID was as frequent at admission as at 1 month after discharge, iron status varied in 25% of patients.
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21
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DeLoughery TG. Safety of Oral and Intravenous Iron. Acta Haematol 2019; 142:8-12. [PMID: 30970354 DOI: 10.1159/000496966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the adverse effects of iron deficiency are better recognized, the use of oral and intravenous iron has increased dramatically. Oral iron is often poorly tolerated, with up to 70% or more of patients noting gastrointestinal issues; this may affect adherence to therapy. In addition, many patients will not respond to oral iron due to their underlying illness. Intravenous iron is being used more frequently to replete iron stores. True anaphylaxis is very rare, but complement-mediated infusion reactions may be seen in up to 1 in every 200 patients. Previous concerns about intravenous iron increasing the risk of infection or cardiovascular disease are unfounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G DeLoughery
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,
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22
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Zusman O, Itzhaki Ben Zadok O, Gafter-Gvili A. Management of Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure. Acta Haematol 2019; 142:51-56. [PMID: 30970349 DOI: 10.1159/000496822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anemia is a common finding in patients with heart failure (HF). The cause for anemia is multifactorial, with iron deficiency being the most common cause. Anemia with HF is an established predictor of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency in systolic HF, even without anemia, has been associated with increased mortality, increased hospitalizations, and decreased functional capacity and quality of life measures. Data from several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of iron deficiency and systolic HF show a beneficial effect for intravenous (IV) iron in terms of quality of life and functional capacity (improvements in 6-min walk test, and improvements in New York Heart Association functional class), as well as decreased hospitalizations for HF and reduction in cardiovascular mortality rates. Limited evidence exists for a beneficial effect of IV iron in diastolic dysfunction. Patients with symptomatic systolic HF should undergo an anemia diagnostic work-up. When iron deficiency (defined as ferritin <100 ng/mL or serum ferritin 100-299 ng/mL and transferrin saturation <20%) is present, current evidence supports treating HF patients with iron deficiency with IV iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Zusman
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Itzhaki Ben Zadok
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Gafter-Gvili
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
- Department of Medicine A, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel,
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel,
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23
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Beale AL, Warren JL, Roberts N, Meyer P, Townsend NP, Kaye D. Iron deficiency in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart 2019; 6:e001012. [PMID: 31168385 PMCID: PMC6519409 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Iron deficiency (ID) has an established impact on outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; however, there is a lack of conclusive evidence in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We sought to clarify the prevalence and impact of ID in patients with HFpEF. Methods A systematic search of Cohcrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL electronic databases was performed to identify relevant studies. Included studies defined HFpEF as heart failure with an ejection fraction ≥50%. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to determine the composite prevalence of ID in patients with HFpEF across the included studies. Other outcomes were assessed with qualitative analysis due to a paucity of studies with comparable outcome measures. Results The prevalence of ID in the included studies was 59% (95% CI 52% to 65%). ID was associated with lower VO2 max in three of four studies reporting VO2 max as an outcome measure, lower functional status as determined by dyspnoea class or 6 min walk test in two of three studies, and worse health-related quality of life in both studies reporting on this outcome. Conversely, ID had no impact on death or hospitalisation in three of the four studies investigating this. Conclusions ID is highly prevalent in patients with HFpEF and is associated with worse exercise capacity and functional outcomes, but not hospitalisation or mortality. Our study establishes that ID may play an important a role in HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Beale
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nia Roberts
- Knowledge Centre, University of Oxford Health Care Libraries, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippe Meyer
- Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Macdougall IC, White C, Anker SD, Bhandari S, Farrington K, Kalra PA, McMurray JJV, Murray H, Tomson CRV, Wheeler DC, Winearls CG, Ford I. Intravenous Iron in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:447-458. [PMID: 30365356 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1810742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous iron is a standard treatment for patients undergoing hemodialysis, but comparative data regarding clinically effective regimens are limited. METHODS In a multicenter, open-label trial with blinded end-point evaluation, we randomly assigned adults undergoing maintenance hemodialysis to receive either high-dose iron sucrose, administered intravenously in a proactive fashion (400 mg monthly, unless the ferritin concentration was >700 μg per liter or the transferrin saturation was ≥40%), or low-dose iron sucrose, administered intravenously in a reactive fashion (0 to 400 mg monthly, with a ferritin concentration of <200 μg per liter or a transferrin saturation of <20% being a trigger for iron administration). The primary end point was the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or death, assessed in a time-to-first-event analysis. These end points were also analyzed as recurrent events. Other secondary end points included death, infection rate, and dose of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Noninferiority of the high-dose group to the low-dose group would be established if the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio for the primary end point did not cross 1.25. RESULTS A total of 2141 patients underwent randomization (1093 patients to the high-dose group and 1048 to the low-dose group). The median follow-up was 2.1 years. Patients in the high-dose group received a median monthly iron dose of 264 mg (interquartile range [25th to 75th percentile], 200 to 336), as compared with 145 mg (interquartile range, 100 to 190) in the low-dose group. The median monthly dose of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent was 29,757 IU in the high-dose group and 38,805 IU in the low-dose group (median difference, -7539 IU; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9485 to -5582). A total of 320 patients (29.3%) in the high-dose group had a primary end-point event, as compared with 338 (32.3%) in the low-dose group (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.00; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.04 for superiority). In an analysis that used a recurrent-events approach, there were 429 events in the high-dose group and 507 in the low-dose group (rate ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.92). The infection rate was the same in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing hemodialysis, a high-dose intravenous iron regimen administered proactively was superior to a low-dose regimen administered reactively and resulted in lower doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent being administered. (Funded by Kidney Research UK; PIVOTAL EudraCT number, 2013-002267-25 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Macdougall
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Claire White
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Stefan D Anker
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Kenneth Farrington
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Philip A Kalra
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Heather Murray
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Charles R V Tomson
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - David C Wheeler
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Christopher G Winearls
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
| | - Ian Ford
- From the Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital (I.C.M., C.W.), and University College London (D.C.W.), London, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull (S.B.), Lister Hospital, Stevenage (K.F.), and University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire (K.F.), the Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (P.A.K.), the British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre (J.J.V.M.) and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (H.M., I.F.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne (C.R.V.T.), and the Oxford Kidney Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (C.G.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (S.D.A.)
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Sutil-Vega M, Rizzo M, Martínez-Rubio A. Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure: a review of echocardiographic features. Echocardiography 2019; 36:585-594. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sutil-Vega
- Cardiac Imaging Unit; Department of Cardiology; Parc Taulí University Hospital (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Barcelona Spain
| | - Marcelo Rizzo
- Heart Failure Unit; Department of Cardiology; Parc Taulí University Hospital (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Barcelona Spain
| | - Antoni Martínez-Rubio
- Chief of the Department of Cardiology; Parc Taulí University Hospital (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Barcelona Spain
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Iron deficiency without anemia is responsible for decreased left ventricular function and reduced mitochondrial complex I activity in a mouse model. Int J Cardiol 2019; 266:206-212. [PMID: 29887449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (ID), with or without anemia, is frequent in heart failure patients, and iron supplementation improves patient condition. However, the link between ID (independently of anemia) and cardiac function is poorly understood, but could be explained by an impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Our aim was to explore this hypothesis in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a mouse model of ID without anemia, using a blood withdrawal followed by 3-weeks low iron diet. ID was confirmed by low spleen, liver and heart iron contents and the repression of HAMP gene coding for hepcidin. ID was corrected by a single ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) injection (ID + FCM mice). Hemoglobin levels were similar in ID, ID + FCM and control mice. ID mice had impaired physical performances and left ventricular function (echocardiography). Mitochondrial complex I activity of cardiomyocytes was significantly decreased in ID mice, but not complexes II, III and IV activities. ID + FCM mice had improved physical performance, cardiac function and complex I activity compared to ID mice. Using BN-PAGE, we did not observe complex I disassembly, but a reduced quantity of the whole enzyme complex I in ID mice, that was restored in ID + FCM mice. CONCLUSIONS ID, independently of anemia, is responsible for a decreased left ventricular function, through a reduction in mitochondrial complex I activity, probably secondary to a decrease in complex I quantity. These abnormalities are reversed after iron treatment, and may explain, at least in part, the benefit of iron supplementation in heart failure patients with ID.
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McCullough PA, Uhlig K, Neylan JF, Pergola PE, Fishbane S. Usefulness of Oral Ferric Citrate in Patients With Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease With or Without Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:683-688. [PMID: 29961562 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic inflammatory conditions including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) are undertreated with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). Progressive inflammation and reduced iron transport associated with CKD and HF may reduce the efficacy of oral iron therapy. Oral ferric citrate improves anemia markers in CKD, but its effects in patients with CKD and concomitant HF have not been described. Patients with CKD not on dialysis and IDA from a phase 2 and 3 trial were treated with ferric citrate (n = 190) or placebo (n = 188); patients with HF were identified from medical histories. Hemoglobin response was defined as a ≥10.0-g/L increase in hemoglobin. Changes in hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and serum phosphate from baseline to week 12 and the incidence of adverse events potentially related to HF were evaluated. HF was reported in 22% (n = 81) of patients. The proportion of patients with hemoglobin response to ferric citrate treatment did not significantly differ in patients with and without HF (43% vs 49%, respectively; p = 0.47); changes from baseline in hemoglobin, iron parameters, and serum phosphate were similar. Adverse events potentially related to HF were noted more frequently in patients with HF (ferric citrate, 23%; placebo, 17%) versus those without HF (ferric citrate, 12%; placebo, 11%). In conclusion, these results indicate a potential role for ferric citrate in the treatment of IDA in patients with CKD not on dialysis and concomitant HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A McCullough
- Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, Texas 75246.
| | - Katrin Uhlig
- Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John F Neylan
- Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder S. Anand
- VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN (I.A., P.G.)
- VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA (I.A.)
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (I.A., P.G.)
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN (I.A., P.G.)
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (I.A., P.G.)
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Yeo TJ, Yeo PSD, Hadi FA, Cushway T, Lee KY, Yin FF, Ching A, Li R, Loh SY, Lim SL, Wong RC, Tai BC, Richards AM, Lam CS. Single-dose intravenous iron in Southeast Asian heart failure patients: A pilot randomized placebo-controlled study (PRACTICE-ASIA-HF). ESC Heart Fail 2018; 5:344-353. [PMID: 29345426 PMCID: PMC5880664 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Iron deficiency is highly prevalent in Southeast Asians with heart failure (HF) and associated with worse outcomes. This trial aimed to assess the effect of intravenous iron in Southeast Asians hospitalized with decompensated HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF, regardless of ejection fraction, with iron deficiency (defined as serum ferritin <300 ng/mL if transferrin saturation is <20%) were randomized to receive either one dose of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) 1000 mg or placebo (0.9% saline) following HF stabilization and before discharge in two Singapore tertiary centres. The primary endpoint was difference in 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance over 12 weeks, while secondary endpoints were quality of life assessed using validated Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Improvement in 6MWT distance at Week 12 was observed in both FCM and placebo groups (from 252 ± 123 to 334 ± 128 m and from 243 ± 67 to 301 ± 83 m, respectively). Unadjusted analysis showed 6MWT distance for FCM exceeded that for placebo, but adjustment for baseline covariates and time attenuated this effect {adjusted mean difference between groups: 0.88 m [95% confidence interval (CI) -30.2 to 32.0, P = 0.956]}. KCCQ overall summary and VAS were similar in both groups [adjusted mean difference: KCCQ -1.48 (95% CI -8.27 to 5.31, P = 0.670) and VAS 0.26 (95% CI -0.33 to 0.86, P = 0.386)]. FCM was well tolerated with no serious treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous FCM administered pre-discharge in Southeast Asians hospitalized with decompensated HF is clinically feasible. Changes in 6MWT distance should be measured beyond Week 12 to account for background therapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Joo Yeo
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Kim Yee Lee
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
| | | | - Anne Ching
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
| | | | | | - Shir Lynn Lim
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
| | - Raymond Ching‐Chiew Wong
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
| | - Bee Choo Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- National University Heart Centre SingaporeNational University Health System1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 9 Cardiac Department, NUHS Tower Block119228Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteSingapore
- Christchurch Heart InstituteUniversity of OtagoNew Zealand
| | - Carolyn S.P. Lam
- National Heart CentreSingapore and Duke‐National University of SingaporeSingapore
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Mohammadifard N, Humphries KH, Gotay C, Mena-Sánchez G, Salas-Salvadó J, Esmaillzadeh A, Ignaszewski A, Sarrafzadegan N. Trace minerals intake: Risks and benefits for cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1334-1346. [PMID: 29236516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1406332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Minerals play a major role in regulating cardiovascular function. Imbalances in electrolyte minerals are frequent and potentially hazardous occurrences that may lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Transition metals, such as iron, zinc, copper and selenium, play a major role in cell metabolism. However, there is controversy over the effects of dietary and supplemental intake of these metals on cardiovascular risk factors and events. Since their pro-oxidant or antioxidant functions can have different effects on cardiovascular health. While deficiency of these trace elements can cause cardiovascular dysfunction, several studies have also shown a positive association between metal serum levels and cardiovascular risk factors and events. Thus, a J- or U-shaped relationship between the transition minerals and cardiovascular events has been proposed. Given the existing controversies, large, well-designed, long-term, randomized clinical trials are required to better examine the effects of trace mineral intake on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in the general population. In this review, we discuss the role of dietary and/or supplemental iron, copper, zinc, and selenium on cardiovascular health. We will also clarify their clinical applications, benefits, and harms in CVDs prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Mohammadifard
- a Hypertension Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,b Interventional Cardiology Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Karin H Humphries
- c Women's Cardiovascular Health , Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Carolyn Gotay
- d Centre of Excellence in Cancer Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Guillermo Mena-Sánchez
- e Human Nutrition Unit , Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology , IISPV, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, and CIBER Obesity and Nutrition , Reus , Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- e Human Nutrition Unit , Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology , IISPV, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, and CIBER Obesity and Nutrition , Reus , Spain
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- f Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center , Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular, Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,g Department of Community Nutrition , School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Community Nutrition , School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Andrew Ignaszewski
- i Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- j Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure — Clinical Update. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/jim-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractIron deficiency and anemia affect approximately half of the chronic heart failure patients and they are associated with increased hospitalization rate, lower functional capacity, lower quality of life, and higher mortality. The exact mechanism of iron deficiency in heart failure patients is still not fully understood. Current guidelines recommend ferritin as the most accurate serum biomarker for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. The use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is no longer recommended because of the lack of improvement on mortality or hospital readmission rate, and it was associated with a higher rate of thromboembolic events. Intravenous iron replacement therapy is safe and generally well tolerated, with fewer side effects compared to oral administration. Large randomized studies with ferric carboxymaltose demonstrated its effectiveness and superiority to oral administration, and it was associated with a decreased rate of hospitalization rate and worsening heart failure, and improvement of functional capacity and quality of life. Intravenous iron supplementation for chronic heart failure is strongly recommended by European guidelines. Further studies are needed for a better knowledge of this complex pathology and determination of the long-term safety and effectiveness of iron administration in chronic heart failure patients. .
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Ezekowitz JA, O'Meara E, McDonald MA, Abrams H, Chan M, Ducharme A, Giannetti N, Grzeslo A, Hamilton PG, Heckman GA, Howlett JG, Koshman SL, Lepage S, McKelvie RS, Moe GW, Rajda M, Swiggum E, Virani SA, Zieroth S, Al-Hesayen A, Cohen-Solal A, D'Astous M, De S, Estrella-Holder E, Fremes S, Green L, Haddad H, Harkness K, Hernandez AF, Kouz S, LeBlanc MH, Masoudi FA, Ross HJ, Roussin A, Sussex B. 2017 Comprehensive Update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:1342-1433. [PMID: 29111106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure (HF) guidelines in 2006, much has changed in the care for patients with HF. Over the past decade, the HF Guidelines Committee has published regular updates. However, because of the major changes that have occurred, the Guidelines Committee believes that a comprehensive reassessment of the HF management recommendations is presently needed, with a view to producing a full and complete set of updated guidelines. The primary and secondary Canadian Cardiovascular Society HF panel members as well as external experts have reviewed clinically relevant literature to provide guidance for the practicing clinician. The 2017 HF guidelines provide updated guidance on the diagnosis and management (self-care, pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, device, and referral) that should aid in day-to-day decisions for caring for patients with HF. Among specific issues covered are risk scores, the differences in management for HF with preserved vs reduced ejection fraction, exercise and rehabilitation, implantable devices, revascularization, right ventricular dysfunction, anemia, and iron deficiency, cardiorenal syndrome, sleep apnea, cardiomyopathies, HF in pregnancy, cardio-oncology, and myocarditis. We devoted attention to strategies and treatments to prevent HF, to the organization of HF care, comorbidity management, as well as practical issues around the timing of referral and follow-up care. Recognition and treatment of advanced HF is another important aspect of this update, including how to select advanced therapies as well as end of life considerations. Finally, we acknowledge the remaining gaps in evidence that need to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Chan
- Edmonton Cardiology Consultants, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anique Ducharme
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Adam Grzeslo
- Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Serge Lepage
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Miroslaw Rajda
- QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Sean A Virani
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabe De
- London Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Fremes
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Green
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haissam Haddad
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Karen Harkness
- Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Simon Kouz
- Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaudière, Joliette, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andre Roussin
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce Sussex
- Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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De Franceschi L, Iolascon A, Taher A, Cappellini MD. Clinical management of iron deficiency anemia in adults: Systemic review on advances in diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 42:16-23. [PMID: 28528999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Global burden disease studies point out that one of the top cause-specific anemias is iron deficiency (ID). Recent advances in knowledge of iron homeostasis have shown that fragile patients are a new target population in which the correction of ID might impact their morbidity, mortality and quality of life. We did a systematic review using specific search strategy, carried out the review of PubMed database, Cochrane Database of systemic reviews and international guidelines on diagnosis and clinical management of ID from 2010 to 2016. The International guidelines were limited to those with peer-review process and published in journal present in citation index database. The eligible studies show that serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are the key tests in early decision-making process to identify iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The clinician has to carefully consider fragile and high-risk subset of patients such as elders or individuals with chronic diseases (i.e chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic heart failure). Treatment is based on iron supplementation. Infusion route should be preferentially considered in frail patients especially in the view of new iron available formulations. The available evidences indicate that (i) recurrent IDA should always be investigated, considering uncommon causes; (ii) IDA might worse the performance and the clinical outcome of fragile and high-risk patients and require an intensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, AOUI, Verona, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II, Napoli, Italy; CEINGE, Advances Biotechnology, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ali Taher
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Drozd M, Jankowska EA, Banasiak W, Ponikowski P. Iron Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency: Review of Iron Preparations for Practitioners. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2017; 17:183-201. [PMID: 28039585 PMCID: PMC5435776 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-016-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In patients with heart failure (HF), iron deficiency (ID) correlates with decreased exercise capacity and poor health-related quality of life, and predicts worse outcomes. Both absolute (depleted iron stores) and functional (where iron is unavailable for dedicated tissues) ID can be easily evaluated in patients with HF using standard laboratory tests (assessment of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation). Intravenous iron therapy in iron-deficient patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction has been shown to alleviate HF symptoms and improve exercise capacity and quality of life. In this paper, we provide information on how to diagnose ID in HF. Further we discuss pros and cons of different iron preparations and discuss the results of major trials implementing iron supplementation in HF patients, in order to provide practical guidance for clinicians on how to manage ID in patients with HF.
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Makubi A, Roberts DJ. Investigation and treatment for iron deficiency in heart failure: the unmet need in Lower and Middle Income Countries. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:896-904. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Makubi
- School of Medicine; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - David J. Roberts
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant; Oxford Centre; John Radcliffe Hospital; Oxford UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine; University of Oxford; John Radcliffe Hospital; Oxford UK
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37
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Anker SD, Kirwan BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Filippatos G, Comin-Colet J, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Arutyunov GP, Motro M, Mori C, Roubert B, Pocock SJ, Ponikowski P. Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 20:125-133. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D. Anker
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism-Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia; Department of Internal Medicine & Cardiology; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research); and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), at Charité University Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Bridget-Anne Kirwan
- Department of Clinical Research; SOCAR Research SA; Nyon Switzerland
- Statistical Unit; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Josep Comin-Colet
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Department of Cardiology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Gregory P. Arutyunov
- State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education The N.I. Pirogov's Russian National Research Medical University; Ministry of Health and Medicine of the Russian Federation; Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael Motro
- Department of Cardiology, Sheba Medical Centre; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | | | - Stuart J. Pocock
- Statistical Unit; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases; Medical University Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
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Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of anemia. The 2 main etiologies of iron deficiency are blood loss due to menstrual periods and blood loss due to gastrointestinal bleeding. Beyond anemia, lack of iron has protean manifestations, including fatigue, hair loss, and restless legs. The most efficient test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency is the serum ferritin. Iron replacement can be done orally, or in patients in whom oral iron is not effective or contraindicated, with intravenous iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G DeLoughery
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, MC L586, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Pichette M, Liszkowski M, Ducharme A. Preoperative Optimization of the Heart Failure Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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40
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Jankowska EA, Drozd M, Ponikowski P. Iron Deficiency Treatment in Patients with Heart Failure. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 243:561-576. [PMID: 28405775 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the major risk factors for disability and mortality worldwide, and it was identified as a common and ominous comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF), both with and without anaemia. Based on two clinical trials (FAIR-HF and CONFIRM-HF) and other epidemiological evidence, ID has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in symptomatic patients with HF and LVEF ≤45%.Intravenous iron supplementation has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for iron repletion and related with an improvement in clinical status, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Ongoing trials are testing the hypothesis that such a therapy may also reduce the risk of HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Jankowska
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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41
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Kanzaki Y, Yuki M, Yamamura KI, Narumi Y, Ishizaka N. Is cardiac and hepatic iron status assessed by MRI T2* associated with left ventricular function in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy? Heart Vessels 2016; 31:1950-1959. [PMID: 26897743 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Excess accumulation of iron in the heart is known to aggravate cardiac function in some cases of genetic and acquired iron overload. We investigated the possible association between cardiac function and iron content in the heart and liver, estimated non-invasively by T2 star (T2*)-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging among patients with cardiomyopathy. MR images were acquired on a 3.0 T MR imaging system using an 8-channel phased-array cardiac coil. Average T2* values of the heart were estimated at regions of interest that were located on short axis mid-ventricular slices positioned at the cardiac septum. In total, 82 patients were enrolled: 48 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 18 patients without apparent cardiovascular abnormalities. Cardiac T2* values were lower in the DCM group (median 18.6 ms) than in the HCM (22.0 ms) and control (21.4 ms) groups, although hepatic T2* values did not differ significantly across the groups. Among the whole population, the highest cardiac T2* tertile (≥21.2 ms) was significantly negatively associated with a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of <50 %, and this association retained statistical significance after adjustment for sex, age, renal function, hemoglobin and hepatic T2*. Among DCM patients, both hemoglobin and cardiac T2* were selected as parameters that were, respectively, negatively and positively, associated with LVEF (P < 0.05). DCM patients with lower cardiac T2*, and thus higher iron content, were found to have lower LVEF. The possibility that cardiac iron overload may have a role in reducing the systolic cardiac function in DCM patients who do not have systemic iron overload requires further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kanzaki
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masako Yuki
- Department of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshifumi Narumi
- Department of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Ishizaka
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
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42
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O’Meara E, de Denus S, Lepage S. Heart Failure, Iron Deficiency, and Supplementation: Where Do We Stand? Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:148-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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43
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Senni M, D'Elia E, Emdin M, Vergaro G. Biomarkers of Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 243:79-108. [PMID: 28181009 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are increaingly being used in the management of heart failure not only for the purpose of screening, diagnosis, and risk stratification, but also as a guide to evaluate the response to treatment in the individual patient and as an entry criterion and/or a surrogate marker of efficacy in clinical trials testing novel drugs. In this chapter, we review the role of established biomarkers for heart failure management, according to the main classification of HF phenotypes, based on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction, including heart failure with reduced (<40%), preserved (≥50%), and, as recently proposed, mid-range (40-49%) ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Senni
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
- CardioVascular Department, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Emilia D'Elia
- CardioVascular Department, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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