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Zaveri S, Chahine M, Boutjdir M. Arrhythmias and ion channelopathies causing sudden cardiac death in Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024; 35:1219-1228. [PMID: 38654386 PMCID: PMC11176016 DOI: 10.1111/jce.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The limited literature and increasing interest in studies on cardiac electrophysiology, explicitly focusing on cardiac ion channelopathies and sudden cardiac death in diverse populations, has prompted a comprehensive examination of existing research. Our review specifically targets Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations, which are often underrepresented in healthcare studies. This review encompasses investigations into genetic variants, epidemiology, etiologies, and clinical risk factors associated with arrhythmias in these demographic groups. The review explores the Hispanic paradox, a phenomenon linking healthcare outcomes to socioeconomic factors within Hispanic communities in the United States. Furthermore, it discusses studies exemplifying this observation in the context of arrhythmias and ion channelopathies in Hispanic populations. Current research also sheds light on disparities in overall healthcare quality in Indigenous populations. The available yet limited literature underscores the pressing need for more extensive and comprehensive research on cardiac ion channelopathies in Hispanic/Latino and Indigenous populations. Specifically, additional studies are essential to fully characterize pathogenic genetic variants, identify population-specific risk factors, and address health disparities to enhance the detection, prevention, and management of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in these demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Zaveri
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Jiang R, Cheung CC, Garcia-Montero M, Davies B, Cao J, Redfearn D, Laksman ZM, Grondin S, Atallah J, Escudero CA, Cadrin-Tourigny J, Sanatani S, Steinberg C, Joza J, Avram R, Tadros R, Krahn AD. Deep Learning-Augmented ECG Analysis for Screening and Genotype Prediction of Congenital Long QT Syndrome. JAMA Cardiol 2024; 9:377-384. [PMID: 38446445 PMCID: PMC10918571 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is associated with syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. Half of patients with LQTS have a normal or borderline-normal QT interval despite LQTS often being detected by QT prolongation on resting electrocardiography (ECG). Objective To develop a deep learning-based neural network for identification of LQTS and differentiation of genotypes (LQTS1 and LQTS2) using 12-lead ECG. Design, Setting, and Participants This diagnostic accuracy study used ECGs from patients with suspected inherited arrhythmia enrolled in the Hearts in Rhythm Organization Registry (HiRO) from August 2012 to December 2021. The internal dataset was derived at 2 sites and an external validation dataset at 4 sites within the HiRO Registry; an additional cross-sectional validation dataset was from the Montreal Heart Institute. The cohort with LQTS included probands and relatives with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in KCNQ1 or KCNH2 genes with normal or prolonged corrected QT (QTc) intervals. Exposures Convolutional neural network (CNN) discrimination between LQTS1, LQTS2, and negative genetic test results. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were area under the curve (AUC), F1 scores, and sensitivity for detecting LQTS and differentiating genotypes using a CNN method compared with QTc-based detection. Results A total of 4521 ECGs from 990 patients (mean [SD] age, 42 [18] years; 589 [59.5%] female) were analyzed. External validation within the national registry (101 patients) demonstrated the CNN's high diagnostic capacity for LQTS detection (AUC, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.96) and genotype differentiation (AUC, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96). This surpassed expert-measured QTc intervals in detecting LQTS (F1 score, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.78-0.90] vs 0.22 [95% CI, 0.13-0.31]; sensitivity, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.86-0.94] vs 0.36 [95% CI, 0.23-0.47]), including in patients with normal or borderline QTc intervals (F1 score, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.40-1.00]; sensitivity, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.53-0.95]). In further validation in a cross-sectional cohort (406 patients) of high-risk patients and genotype-negative controls, the CNN detected LQTS with an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80-0.85), which was better than QTc interval-based detection (AUC, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69-0.78). Conclusions and Relevance The deep learning model improved detection of congenital LQTS from resting ECGs and allowed for differentiation between the 2 most common genetic subtypes. Broader validation over an unselected general population may support application of this model to patients with suspected LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- River Jiang
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marta Garcia-Montero
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brianna Davies
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Cao
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian Redfearn
- Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zachary M. Laksman
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steffany Grondin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Atallah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Julia Cadrin-Tourigny
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shubhayan Sanatani
- Children’s Heart Centre, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Joza
- Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Avram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Krahn
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chappell E, Arbour L, Laksman Z. The Inclusion of Underrepresented Populations in Cardiovascular Genetics and Epidemiology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:56. [PMID: 38392270 PMCID: PMC10888590 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel genetic risk markers have helped us to advance the field of cardiovascular epidemiology and refine our current understanding and risk stratification paradigms. The discovery and analysis of variants can help us to tailor prognostication and management. However, populations underrepresented in cardiovascular epidemiology and cardiogenetics research may experience inequities in care if prediction tools are not applicable to them clinically. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to outline the barriers that underrepresented populations can face in participating in genetics research, to describe the current efforts to diversify cardiogenetics research, and to outline strategies that researchers in cardiovascular epidemiology can implement to include underrepresented populations. Mistrust, a lack of diverse research teams, the improper use of sensitive biodata, and the constraints of genetic analyses are all barriers for including diverse populations in genetics studies. The current work is beginning to address the paucity of ethnically diverse genetics research and has already begun to shed light on the potential benefits of including underrepresented and diverse populations. Reducing barriers for individuals, utilizing community-driven research processes, adopting novel recruitment strategies, and pushing for organizational support for diverse genetics research are key steps that clinicians and researchers can take to develop equitable risk stratification tools and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Chappell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Department of Medicine and the School of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Poplawska K, Griffiths A, Temme R, Adamko DJ, Nykamp K, Shapiro AJ. Deletions in DNAL1 Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Across North American Indigenous Populations. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113362. [PMID: 36841509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
We report 4 cases of primary ciliary dyskinesia in unrelated indigenous North American children caused by identical, homozygous, likely pathogenic deletions in the DNAL1 gene. These shared DNAL1 deletions among dispersed indigenous populations suggest that primary ciliary dyskinesia accounts for more lung disease with bronchiectasis than previously recognized in indigenous North Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Poplawska
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Renee Temme
- Department of Genetics, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Adam J Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Tindborg M, Koch A, Andersson M, Juul K, Geisler UW, Soborg B, Michelsen SW. Heart disease among Greenlandic children and young adults: a nationwide cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:1568-1580. [PMID: 35201265 PMCID: PMC9558066 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidences of heart disease (HD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) among Inuit in Greenland (GL) and Denmark (DK) are unknown. This study aims to estimate incidence rates (IRs) of HD and CHD among the young Inuit populations in Greenland and Denmark compared with rates among young non-Inuit populations in the same countries. METHODS A register-based nationwide cohort including all individuals living in Greenland and Denmark from birth to age <40 years through 1989-2014 was formed. Ethnicity was considered Inuit/mixed if at least one parent was registered as being born in Greenland. Information on HD and CHD hospitalization was obtained from national inpatient registers using ICD-8 and ICD-10 codes. RESULTS HD IR was lower among individuals living in Greenland compared with those living in Denmark, [73.35GL (95% confidence interval (CI) 68.07 to 79.03)] vs [88.07DK (95% CI 87.38 to 88.76)], whereas CHD IRs were almost similar in the two countries [IR 34.44GL (95% CI 30.89 to 38.40) vs IR 34.67DK (95% CI 34.24 to 35.10)]. Being of Inuit/mixed ethnicity was associated with an increased risk of both HD and CHD compared with non-Inuit in Greenland and Denmark [adjusted hazard ratio HD 2.07GL (95% CI 1.25 to 3.42)] and CHD [2.92GL (95% CI 1.34 to 6.38)]. CONCLUSION HD IR was lower in individuals living in Greenland compared with individuals living in Denmark, whereas the CHD IRs were almost the same for both countries. However, the risk of HD including CHD was higher among individuals of Inuit/mixed ethnicity compared with non-Inuit in both countries, suggesting a role of ethnicity among children and younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tindborg
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Juul
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Cardiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bolette Soborg
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sascha Wilk Michelsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lin CY, Hung HJ, Chung CJ, Huang CT, Wu TN, Chen CY. Ethnic disparity in metabolic syndrome and related obesity and health behavior: a community study in Taiwan. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:134. [PMID: 34789325 PMCID: PMC8597312 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As studies on ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Taiwan are still rare, the aims of this study were: (1) to detect the differences in the rates of metabolic syndrome, obesity and health behaviors between two ethnic groups (indigenous Tsou and nonindigenous Han) living in the same area and with similar age and sex distributions; (2) to examine whether ethnicity per se plays a significant role in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, while taking other risk factors including sociodemographic characteristics, obesity and health behaviors into consideration. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study using data from a community survey conducted in Chiayi County in southwestern Taiwan. A frequency matching strategy by age and sex with a ratio of 1 (Tsou) to 3 (Han) was applied to select a comparable sample between both ethnic groups (667 Tsou and 2001 Han) from among the survey participants. Furthermore, participants with cardiometabolic diseases diagnosed before the surveyed day were excluded to avoid confounding any associated risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome (MS). A final analytic sample of 1482 remained. The used information included sociodemographic characteristics, medical histories, health behaviors, and the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose. RESULTS Indigenous Tsou had significantly higher rates of metabolic syndromes, obesity and unhealthy behaviors than their Han counterparts (MS: 54.0% vs. 29.1%, obesity: 54.0% vs. 23.2%, drinking alcohol: 17.5% vs. 13.6%, and higher intake of fried food: 6.4% vs. 4.4%), even though they were similar in age and sex distributions. The significant risk factors for subsequently developing MS included being indigenous Tsou (adjusted POR = 2.62, P < 0.001), older, single, and obese. Stratified analyses on the risk factors for developing MS by health behaviors and by obese problems also indicated increased risks of being indigenous Tsou. CONCLUSIONS There existed ethnic differences in the rates of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and health behaviors. Ethnicity per se did play a significant role in developing MS; in particular indigenous Tsou people had increased risks, suggesting possible biological reasons rooted in their origins that need further exploration. In addition, unhealthy behaviors may potentially have an indirect effect on developing MS via their effect on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Lin
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 40604 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jung Hung
- Department of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 40604 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ti Huang
- Medical Affairs Section, Public Health Bureau, Taitung County, No. 336, Bo’ai Rd., Taitung City, Taitung County 95043 Taiwan
| | - Trong-Neng Wu
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ying Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 40604 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, College of Health, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, No. 193, Sec. 1, Sanmin Rd., Taichung, 40401 Taiwan
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Sem M, Lin S, Reading J, Mohindra R. The need to review knowledge gaps on sudden cardiac death in Canadian Indigenous populations. CAN J EMERG MED 2020; 22:E1. [PMID: 32037999 DOI: 10.1017/cem.2019.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sem
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Steve Lin
- Emergency Physician, Trauma Team Leader, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON
- Scientist, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Jeff Reading
- British Columbia First Nations Health Authority Chair in Heart Health & Wellness, St. Paul's Hospital
- Director, I-HEART Centre, Division of Cardiology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC
- Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
- Professor, Emeritus, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC
- Adjunct Professor, Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Rohit Mohindra
- Emergency Physician and Research Scientist, Department of Emergency Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON
- Visiting Scientist, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON
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Armstrong ADC, Ladeia AMT, Marques J, Armstrong DMFDO, Silva AMLD, Morais Junior JCD, Barral A, Correia LCL, Barral-Netto M, Lima JAC. Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 110:240-245. [PMID: 29466492 PMCID: PMC5898773 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not
totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the
urbanization process. Objectives To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous
populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by
governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. Methods We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from
2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states).
Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the
ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous
populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of
urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10
Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and
Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá,
Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized
cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were
also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV
mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was
established for p value < 0.05. Results There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco
(2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in
Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%,
respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and
44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010,
there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and
41%, respectively. Conclusions Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous
peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes
due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in
this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Blachman-Braun R, Pomerantz A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Posadas-Sánchez R, Pérez-Hernández N. Possible role of intronic polymorphisms in the PHACTR1 gene on the development of cardiovascular disease. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:64-70. [PMID: 27876132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex multifactorial and polygenetic disease in which the interaction of numerous genes, genetic variants, and environmental factors plays a major role in its development. In an attempt to demonstrate the association between certain genetic variants and CVD, researchers have run large genomic wild association studies (GWAS) in recent decades. These studies have correlated several genomic variants with the presence of CVD. Recently, certain polymorphisms in the phosphatase and actin regulator 1 (PHACTR1) gene have been shown to be associated with CVD (i.e., coronary artery disease, coronary artery calcification, early onset myocardial infarction, cervical artery dissection and hypertension) in different ethnic groups. It is important to state that all of the described PHACTR1 genetic variants associated with CVD are located in non-translating gene regions known as introns. Thus, the purpose of this article is to hypothesize the effect of certain intronic polymorphisms in the PHACTR1 gene on pathological processes in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we present compelling evidence that supports this hypothesis as well as a methodology that could be used to assess the allelic effect using in vitro and in vivo models, which will ultimately demonstrate the pathophysiological contribution of PHACTR1 intronic polymorphisms to the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alan Pomerantz
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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