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Beghini A, Sammartino AM, Papp Z, von Haehling S, Biegus J, Ponikowski P, Adamo M, Falco L, Lombardi CM, Pagnesi M, Savarese G, Metra M, Tomasoni D. 2024 update in heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38806171 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last years, major progress has occurred in heart failure (HF) management. The 2023 ESC focused update of the 2021 HF guidelines introduced new key recommendations based on the results of the last years of science. First, two drugs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), are recommended for the prevention of HF in patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Second, SGLT2 inhibitors are now recommended for the treatment of HF across the entire left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum. The benefits of quadruple therapy in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are well established. Its rapid and early up-titration along with a close follow-up with frequent clinical and laboratory re-assessment after an episode of acute HF (the so-called 'high-intensity care' strategy) was associated with better outcomes in the STRONG-HF trial. Patients experiencing an episode of worsening HF might require a fifth drug, vericiguat. In the STEP-HFpEF-DM and STEP-HFpEF trials, semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly administered for 1 year decreased body weight and significantly improved quality of life and the 6 min walk distance in obese patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with or without a history of diabetes. Further data on safety and efficacy, including also hard endpoints, are needed to support the addition of acetazolamide or hydrochlorothiazide to a standard diuretic regimen in patients hospitalized due to acute HF. In the meantime, PUSH-AHF supported the use of natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy. Further options and most recent evidence for the treatment of HF, including specific drugs for cardiomyopathies (i.e., mavacamten in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tafamidis in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis), device therapies, cardiac contractility modulation and percutaneous treatment of valvulopathies, with the recent finding from the TRILUMINATE Pivotal trial, are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Beghini
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Sammartino
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Biegus
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Falco
- Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, AORN dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular and Neuro Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Metra
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Luo J, Zhang X, Dai Z, Jin J, Jiang Z, Chen F. Effect of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide on urine volume, cardiac function and inflammatory markers in patients with acute heart failure. Minerva Surg 2024; 79:125-127. [PMID: 35147397 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5691.21.09426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 901st Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaohui Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Fengyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The 903rd Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Hangzhou, China -
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Garofalo M, Corso R, Tomasoni D, Adamo M, Lombardi CM, Inciardi RM, Gussago C, Di Mario C, Metra M, Pagnesi M. Inflammation in acute heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1235178. [PMID: 38045909 PMCID: PMC10690826 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1235178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) represents a common clinical scenario that requires prompt evaluation and therapy and that is characterized by a high risk of mortality or subsequent rehospitalizations. The pathophysiology leading to AHF decompensation is still not fully understood. Significant activation of inflammatory pathways has been identified in patients with AHF, particularly in its most severe forms, and it has been hypothesized that systemic inflammation has a role in AHF pathogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and galectin-3, have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis, development and worsening of this condition with an independent prediction of adverse outcomes. This manuscript reviews the prevalence and prognostic value of systemic inflammation in AHF, as well as the potential role of anti-inflammatory therapies, focusing on available evidence from clinical trials and ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Garofalo
- Department of Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Rossana Corso
- Department of Internal Medicine, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Lombardi
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo M. Inciardi
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Gussago
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Mario
- Department of Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Lo JJ, Tromp J, Ouwerkwerk W, Ong MEH, Tan K, Sim D, Graves N. Examining predictors for 6-month mortality and healthcare utilization for patients admitted for heart failure in the acute care setting. Int J Cardiol 2023; 390:131237. [PMID: 37536421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute heart failure (AHF) is a leading cause of mortality and hospitalization. Past studies reported increased healthcare spending in the last year of life in high-income countries, and this has been characterized as inappropriate healthcare resource utilization. The study aimed to examine potentially (in)appropriate healthcare utilization by comparing healthcare utilization patterns across predicted and observed 6-month mortality among patients admitted for HF. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among patients presenting at the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital with HF as primary diagnosis and admitted after their ED discharge. We used LASSO Cox proportional hazards models to predict 6-month mortality, and estimated healthcare utilization patterns of predicted and observed mortality across inpatient healthcare services. RESULTS 3946 patients were admitted into the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of HF. From 57 candidate variables, 17 were retained in the final 6- month mortality model (C-statistic 0.66). Patients who died within 6-months of ED admission had longer length of stay (LOS) and less inpatient surgeries than those who survived. Patients with a greater predicted mortality risk were admitted to the ICU more often and had a longer LOS than those with a lower predicted mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in healthcare resource utilization in patients admitted for AHF across predicted versus actual mortality. Lack of information on patients' preferences prevents the estimation of (in)appropriateness. Future studies should account for these considerations to estimate inappropriate healthcare utilization among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Lo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasper Tromp
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wouter Ouwerkwerk
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, the Netherlands; National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E H Ong
- Health Services and System Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - David Sim
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Health Services and System Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Li J, Feng L, Shui X, Deng C, Hu A. Relationship Between Symptom Burden and Self-Management Among Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1909-1921. [PMID: 37577359 PMCID: PMC10417586 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s419796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a cardiovascular disease that seriously jeopardizes global human health. Studies indicate that good self-management can be effective in controlling disease symptoms. However, there is still insufficient evidence on the association between self-management and symptom burden among CHF patients. This study aimed to observe and assess the correlation of the self-management with the symptom burden and each dimension status in patients with CHF. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected in-hospital using convenience sampling, and 128 patients with CHF were included. A general data questionnaire was used to collect demographic and disease-related data. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Heart Failure was used to measure patients' symptom burdens. The Heart Failure Self-Management Scale was used to measure the self-management level of patients. The correlation between self-management and symptom burden was analyzed using the Spearman correlation. Results The total scores for symptom burden and self-management were 1.26 ± 0.49 and 49.97 ± 7.14, respectively. The total score of self-management was negatively correlated with that of symptom burden. The univariate linear regression analysis indicated that age, place of residence, smoking, residence status, New York Heart Association grade of cardiac function, and attitude toward the disease were risk factors for symptom burden. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the regression model with symptom burden as a dependent variable included three variables: drug management, symptom management, and attitude toward the disease. Conclusion Hospitalized patients with CHF had heavy overall symptom burdens, and their self-management levels were moderate to low. There was a negative correlation between the total self-management score and each dimension of symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinLian Li
- Department of Cardiac Care Unit, the Third Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - LiQing Feng
- Department of Cardiac Care Unit, the Third Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Shui
- Department of Cardiac Care Unit, the Third Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengsong Deng
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Lingnan Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ailing Hu
- Department of Nursing, the Third Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu MY, Tang XK, Gao Y, Xu JJ, Gong YQ. Impact of heart failure on outcomes in patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3511-3521. [PMID: 37383893 PMCID: PMC10294198 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) often affects the progress of sepsis patients, although its impact on outcomes is inconsistent and inconclusive.
AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of HF on mortality in patients with sepsis.
METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched to compare the outcomes of sepsis patients with HF. A random effect model was used to summarize the mortality data, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as effect indicators.
RESULTS Among 18001 records retrieved in the literature search, 35712 patients from 10 separate studies were included. The results showed that sepsis patients with HF were associated with increased total mortality (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.34-2.43; I2 = 92.1%), with high heterogeneity between studies. Significant subgroup differences according to age, geographical location, and HF patient sample were observed. HF did not increase the 1-year mortality of patients (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.75-1.62; I2 = 93.2%), and the mortality of patients with isolated right ventricular dysfunction (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.29-4.14; I2 = 91.5%) increased significantly.
CONCLUSION In patients with sepsis, HF is often associated with adverse outcomes and mortality. Our results call for more high-quality research and strategies to improve outcomes for sepsis patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Zhu
- Department of the Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Tang
- Department of the Orthopaedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of the Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of the Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yuan-Qi Gong
- Department of the Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Bogner S, Bena JF, Morrison SL, Albert NM. Outcomes after implementing a heart failure diuretic pathway in an emergency department setting. Heart Lung 2023; 57:250-256. [PMID: 36332348 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF), national and international loop diuretic therapy recommendations may not be followed in the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVES To examine if loop diuretic treatment and patient disposition from the ED differed after implementing a clinical pathway based on national HF guidelines. METHODS Using an observational, pre- and post-intervention design, after clinical pathway implementation, loop diuretic medications and clinical outcomes were retrieved from medical records. Analyses included Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, 2-sample T-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS Of 182 pre- and 122 post-intervention patients, mean (SD) patient age was 67.9 (13.4) years and 44.2% were Caucasian. There were no between-group differences in pre-ED visit loop diuretic prescription or dosages. More post-intervention ED patients received at least one dose of loop diuretic (94.3% vs. 81.9%, p = 0.010); however, the overall dose (mg) across groups was lower than the home dose and was not based on national guideline expectations. Doses from home to ED decreased less in the post-intervention group for patients who received doses at both time points and for all patients: p = 0.047 and p = 0.048, respectively. There was no between-group differences in short-stay unit (SSU) admissions, p = 0.33. Post-intervention patients were hospitalized from the ED (p = 0.050) and SSU (p = 0.005) less often than pre-intervention patients. Discharge to home from the ED or SSU increased in the post-intervention period; 16.4% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.009. CONCLUSIONS Among ED patients treated for HF, diuretic dosing was non-optimized. New interventions are needed to enhance adherence to national guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bogner
- Nurse Practitioner- Emergency Services Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - James F Bena
- Biostatistician, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shannon L Morrison
- Statistical Programmer, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nancy M Albert
- Associate Chief Nursing Officer- Research and Innovation, Nursing Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Li Z, Liu M, Chen M, Luo G, Wu J, Mazhar M, Yang F, Zheng Y, Wu H, Wu Q, Yang S. Clinical effect of Danshen decoction in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284877. [PMID: 37146072 PMCID: PMC10162557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing year by year, posing a great threat to human health. Although pharmacotherapy has been able to significantly prolong patient survival, pharmacotherapy for HF still has limitations due to its complex pathogenesis and considerable individual variability, there is a great need to explore complementary and alternative therapies to slow down the progression of HF. Danshen decoction is used to treat several cardiovascular diseases including HF, but the efficacy of stabilization is uncertain. This meta-analysis evaluated the clinical efficacy of Danshen Decoction for the treatment of HF. METHODS The registration number assigned to this meta-analysis on the PROSPERO platform is CRD42022351918. Four databases were searched, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Danshen decoction combined with conventional treatment (CT) of HF were screened, CT included medical treatments other than Danshen Decoction to which the patient was treated (including but not limited to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, β-blockers, diuretics, mineralcorticoid recept antagonist etc.). The clinical efficacy rate (CER), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were included as outcome indicators. The GRADE grading scale was used to grade the above indicators. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Jadad quality scale were used to assess the methodological quality of RCTs. Finally, RevMan V.4.5 software was used for data synthesis, 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous data, risk ratios (RR), and mean differences (MD) for continuous variables were calculated, Chi-square and I2 were used for heterogeneity assessment. RESULTS Nine RCTs with a total of 855 patients were included in this study, and all included RCTs had a low overall quality risk of bias and high quality of reported information. The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with the use of CT, CER (%) was significantly improved due to Danshen decoction combined with CT (MD = 3.95, 95% CI [2.58, 6.04], P < 0.00001), LVEF (%) was significantly improved (MD = 5.46, 95% CI [5.32, 5.60], P < 0.00001), LVEDD (mm) was significantly reduced (MD = -5.27, 95% CI [-6.21, -4.32], P < 0.00001), LVESD (mm) was significantly reduced (MD = -4.60, 95% CI [-5.87, -3.32], P < 0.00001), BNP (pg/mL) was significantly reduced (MD = -88.61, 95% CI [-121.98, -55.24], P < 0.00001), NT-proBNP (pg/mL) was significantly decreased (SMD = -3.33, 95% CI [-5.92, -0.73], P = 0.01), hs-CRP (mg/L) was significantly decreased (MD = -2.73, 95% CI [-4.11, -1.34], P = 0.0001). The quality of the GRADE evidence for all outcomes was moderate to low and no RCTs reported adverse events. CONCLUSION Our research demonstrates that Danshen decoction is an effective and safe treatment option for HF. Nevertheless, considering the limitations of methodological and the quality of RCTs, more rigorous, large-scale, multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of Danshen decoction in the treatment of HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengnan Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Mingtai Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
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Cimino G, Pancaldi E, Tomasoni D, Lombardi CM, Metra M, Adamo M. Updates in heart failure: sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and beyond – major changes are coming. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:761-769. [PMID: 36349941 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of heart failure is increasing worldwide mainly due to the ageing of the population and the improvement in diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, huge progress has been made in the management of heart failure patients. A new definition of chronic heart failure based on left ventricular ejection fraction and its possible trajectories has been reported. New drug classes have been introduced for the treatment of chronic heart failure. In particular, the prognostic benefit of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors was demonstrated across all the heart failure phenotypes. Therapies for patients with advanced heart failure (long-term mechanical circulatory supports and heart transplantation) are now indicated also in the case of mild-to-moderate symptoms but with high risk of progression. In patients with acute heart failure, monitoring of urinary sodium and the use of acetazolamide may lead to better decongestion. Importantly, pre- and postdischarge assessment should lead to optimal treatment. Devices and telemonitoring can also be of help. Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities are major determinants of the clinical course and need proper management. This review will summarize these important advances.
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10
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Riccardi M, Sammartino AM, Piepoli M, Adamo M, Pagnesi M, Rosano G, Metra M, von Haehling S, Tomasoni D. Heart failure: an update from the last years and a look at the near future. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:3667-3693. [PMID: 36546712 PMCID: PMC9773737 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, major progress occurred in heart failure (HF) management. Quadruple therapy is now mandatory for all the patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Whilst verciguat is becoming available across several countries, omecamtiv mecarbil is waiting to be released for clinical use. Concurrent use of potassium-lowering agents may counteract hyperkalaemia and facilitate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor implementations. The results of the EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved) trial were confirmed by the Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction (DELIVER) trial, and we now have, for the first time, evidence for treatment of also patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction. In a pre-specified meta-analysis of major randomized controlled trials, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and HF hospitalization in the patients with HF regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction. Other steps forward have occurred in the treatment of decompensated HF. Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload (ADVOR) trial showed that the addition of intravenous acetazolamide to loop diuretics leads to greater decongestion vs. placebo. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide to loop diuretics was evaluated in the CLOROTIC trial. Torasemide did not change outcomes, compared with furosemide, in TRANSFORM-HF. Ferric derisomaltose had an effect on the primary outcome of CV mortality or HF rehospitalizations in IRONMAN (rate ratio 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.02; P = 0.070). Further options for the treatment of HF, including device therapies, cardiac contractility modulation, and percutaneous treatment of valvulopathies, are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Riccardi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Antonio Maria Sammartino
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Massimo Piepoli
- Clinical Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San DonatoUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Department of Preventive CardiologyUniversity of WrocławWrocławPoland
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | | | - Marco Metra
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity of Goettingen Medical CenterGottingenGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GöttingenGottingenGermany
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public HealthUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
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11
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Zhang B, Guo S, Fu Z, Wu N, Liu Z. Association between fluid balance and mortality for heart failure and sepsis: a propensity score-matching analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:324. [PMID: 36273128 PMCID: PMC9587660 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid resuscitation is necessary to correct the sepsis-induced hypoperfusion, which is contradictory to the treatment of heart failure. This study explored the association between fluid balance (FB) of the first 24 h after ICU admission and mortality in critically ill patients with heart failure and sepsis. METHODS Data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. The locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (Lowess) method was used to demonstrate the relationship between FB and in-hospital mortality. Groups were divided into high FB (≥ 55.85 ml/kg) and low FB (< 55.85 ml/kg) according to the cut-off value of FB using Receiver operating characteristic analysis and Youden index method. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses, multivariable logistic regression analyses, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to detect the association and survival difference between groups. Inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) and propensity score matching (PSM) were performed to minimize the bias of confounding factors and facilitate the comparability between groups. RESULTS A total of 936 patients were included. The Lowess curve showed an approximate positive linear relationship for FB and in-hospital mortality. In the multivariable logistic regression adjusted model, high FB showed strong associations with in-hospital mortality (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.60-3.99, p < 0.001) as compared to the low FB group. In IPTW and PSM models, high FB consistently showed higher in-hospital mortality (IPTW model: OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.52-2.49, p < 0.001; PSM model: OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.75-4.90, p < 0.001) and 30-day mortality (IPTW model: OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.29-2.10, p < 0.001; PSM model: OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.51-4.15, p < 0.001), compared with the low FB group. CONCLUSION For critically ill patients with heart failure and sepsis, high FB within the first 24 h after ICU admission could serve as an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality. The avoidance of fluid overload exerts important effects on reducing mortality in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bufan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Intensive Care Unit, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zean Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Intensive Care Unit, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Naishi Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Intensive Care Unit, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Effect of Hypertonic Saline Solution Combined with Furosemide on Acute Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5728967. [PMID: 36188107 PMCID: PMC9519297 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5728967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The efficacy of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) combined with furosemide in treating acute heart failure is controversial. This meta-analysis explores the efficacy of HSS combined with furosemide for the treatment of acute heart failure. Methods Literature were searched from databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, Central, CMKI, Wanfang, and VIP. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) subjects: patients with acute heart failure; (2) the experimental group and the control group were properly set up; (3) intervention measures: patients in the experimental group were treated with HSS + furosemide, and patients in the control group were treated with furosemide; (4) the outcomes included at least one of the following indicators: readmission rate, mortality, 24 h urine volume, weight loss, and serum creatinine; and (5) randomized controlled trial (RCT). The method recommended by Cochrane Collaboration Network was used to evaluate the risk bias. The heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated through the chi-square test, and the publication bias was assessed by the Egger test. The results were described using risk ratio (RR), mean difference (MD), and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The readmission rate in the HSS + furosemide group was lower than that in the furosemide group (RR = 0.53, 95% CI [0.46, 0.60], P < 0.00001), with no heterogeneity among the literature (P = 0.21, I2 = 29%). Patients in the HSS + furosemide group had a lower mortality rate than that in the furosemide group (RR = 0.55, 95% CI [0.46, 0.65], P < 0.00001). The chi-square test result indicated no heterogeneity among the literature (P = 0.25, I2 = 23%). Furthermore, the 24 h urine volume of patients in the HSS + furosemide group was higher than that in the furosemide group (MD = 497.29, 95% CI [457.61, 536.96], P < 0.00001). There was no heterogeneity among the literature (P = 0.58, I2 = 0%). In contrast, patients in the HSS + furosemide group demonstrated a lower serum creatinine level than those in the furosemide group (MD = −0.45, 95% CI [-0.51, -0.39], P < 0.00001). However, heterogeneity was observed among the literature (P < 0.00001, I2 = 81%). The weight loss in the HSS + furosemide group was higher than that in the furosemide group (MD = 1.83, 95% CI [1.51, 2.15], P < 0.00001). There was no heterogeneity among the literature (P = 0.42, I2 = 2%). Egger test showed no publication bias among the literature (P > 0.05). Conclusion Despite the heterogeneity and bias in our study, the combination of HSS with furosemide is promising in patients with acute heart failure. However, further research is still needed to confirm.
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Charaya K, Shchekochikhin D, Andreev D, Dyachuk I, Tarasenko S, Poltavskaya M, Mesitskaya D, Bogdanova A, Ananicheva N, Kuzub A. Impact of dapagliflozin treatment on renal function and diuretics use in acute heart failure: a pilot study. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2021-001936. [PMID: 35609943 PMCID: PMC9131063 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of sodium-dependent glucose type 2 cotransporter inhibitors on the renal function in acute heart failure. METHODS In a single-centre, controlled, randomised study, patients were prescribed dapagliflozin in addition to standard therapy, or were in receipt of standard therapy. The prespecified outcome was renal function deterioration; the secondary outcomes were the development of resistance to diuretics, weight loss, death during hospitalisation and the rehospitalisation or death for any reason within 30 days following discharge. RESULTS 102 patients were included (73.4±11.7 years, 57.8% men). The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 44.9%±14.7%, the average N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was 4706 (1757; 11 244) pg/mL, the average estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 51.6±19.5 mL/min. eGFR decreased 48 hours after randomisation in the dapagliflozin group (-4.2 (-11.03; 2.28) mL/min vs 0.3 (-6; 6) mL/min; p=0.04) but did not differ between the groups on discharge (54.71±19.18 mL/min and 58.92±24.65 mL/min; p=0.36). The incidence of worsening renal function did not differ (34.4% vs 15.2%; p=0.07). In the dapagliflozin group, there was less tendency to increase the dose of loop diuretics (14% vs 30%; p=0.048), lower average doses of loop diuretics (78.46±38.95 mg/day vs 102.82±31.26 mg/day; p=0.001) and more significant weight loss (4100 (2950; 5750) g vs 3000 (1380; 4650) g; p=0.02). In-hospital mortality was 7.8% (4(8%) in the dapagliflozin and 4 (7.7%) in the control group (p=0.95). The number of deaths within 30 days following discharge in the dapagliflozin group and in the control group was 9 (19%) and 12 (25%), p=0.55; the number of rehospitalisations was 14 (29%) and 17 (35%), respectively (p=0.51). CONCLUSION The use of dapagliflozin was associated with a more pronounced weight loss and less need to increase diuretic therapy without significant deterioration of the renal function. Dapagliflozin did not improve the in-hospital and 30-day prognosis after discharge. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N04778787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Charaya
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Shchekochikhin
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Andreev
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Dyachuk
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Tarasenko
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Poltavskaya
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Dinara Mesitskaya
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Bogdanova
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Ananicheva
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Kuzub
- Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Sechenov University, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation
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14
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Tomasoni D, Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Pagnesi M, Adamo M, Lombardi CM, Gustafsson F, Metra M. Advanced heart failure: guideline-directed medical therapy, diuretics, inotropes, and palliative care. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:1507-1523. [PMID: 35352499 PMCID: PMC9065830 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality, hospitalizations, and reduced quality of life and a major burden for the healthcare system. The number of patients that progress to an advanced stage of HF is growing. Only a limited proportion of these patients can undergo heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support. The purpose of this review is to summarize medical management of patients with advanced HF. First, evidence-based oral treatment must be implemented although it is often not tolerated. New therapeutic options may soon become possible for these patients. The second goal is to lessen the symptomatic burden through both decongestion and haemodynamic improvement. Some new treatments acting on cardiac function may fulfil both these needs. Inotropic agents acting through an increase in intracellular calcium have often increased risk of death. However, in the recent Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac Outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC-HF) trial, omecamtiv mecarbil was safe and effective in the reduction of the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF event compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.99; P = 0.03) and its effects were larger in those patients with more severe left ventricular dysfunction. Patients with severe HF who received omecamtiv mecarbil experienced a significant treatment benefit, whereas patients without severe HF did not (P = 0.005 for interaction). Lastly, clinicians should take care of the end of life with an appropriate multidisciplinary approach. Medical treatment of advanced HF therefore remains a major challenge and a wide open area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tomasoni
- Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Cardio-thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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15
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Stretti L, Zippo D, Coats AJS, Anker MS, von Haehling S, Metra M, Tomasoni D. A year in heart failure: an update of recent findings. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:4370-4393. [PMID: 34918477 PMCID: PMC9073717 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Major changes have occurred in these last years in heart failure (HF) management. Landmark trials and the 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF have established four classes of drugs for treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction: angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or an angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor, beta‐blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors, namely, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin. These drugs consistently showed benefits on mortality, HF hospitalizations, and quality of life. Correction of iron deficiency is indicated to improve symptoms and reduce HF hospitalizations. AFFIRM‐AHF showed 26% reduction in total HF hospitalizations with ferric carboxymaltose vs. placebo in patients hospitalized for acute HF (P = 0.013). The guanylate cyclase activator vericiguat and the myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil improved outcomes in randomized placebo‐controlled trials, and vericiguat is now approved for clinical practice. Treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was a major unmet clinical need until this year when the results of EMPEROR‐Preserved (EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic HFpEF) were issued. Compared with placebo, empagliflozin reduced by 21% (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.90; P < 0.001), the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization. Advances in the treatment of specific phenotypes of HF, including atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, cardiac amyloidosis, and cancer‐related HF, also occurred. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic still plays a major role in HF epidemiology and management. All these aspects are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Stretti
- Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dauphine Zippo
- Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Markus S Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CBF), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Department, Civil Hospitals; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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