1
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Ali HS, de Visser SP. QM/MM Study Into the Mechanism of Oxidative C=C Double Bond Cleavage by Lignostilbene-α,β-Dioxygenase. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304172. [PMID: 38373118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The enzymatic biosynthesis of fragrance molecules from lignin fragments is an important reaction in biotechnology for the sustainable production of fine chemicals. In this work we investigated the biosynthesis of vanillin from lignostilbene by a nonheme iron dioxygenase using QM/MM and tested several suggested proposals via either an epoxide or dioxetane intermediate. Binding of dioxygen to the active site of the protein results in the formation of an iron(II)-superoxo species with lignostilbene cation radical. The dioxygenase mechanism starts with electrophilic attack of the terminal oxygen atom of the superoxo group on the central C=C bond of lignostilbene, and the second-coordination sphere effects in the substrate binding pocket guide the reaction towards dioxetane formation. The computed mechanism is rationalized with thermochemical cycles and valence bond schemes that explain the electron transfer processes during the reaction mechanism. Particularly, the polarity of the protein and the local electric field and dipole moments enable a facile electron transfer and an exergonic dioxetane formation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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2
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Jones BS, Ross CM, Foley G, Pozhydaieva N, Sharratt JW, Kress N, Seibt LS, Thomson RES, Gumulya Y, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ, Flitsch SL. Engineering Biocatalysts for the C-H Activation of Fatty Acids by Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314869. [PMID: 38163289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Selective, one-step C-H activation of fatty acids from biomass is an attractive concept in sustainable chemistry. Biocatalysis has shown promise for generating high-value hydroxy acids, but to date enzyme discovery has relied on laborious screening and produced limited hits, which predominantly oxidise the subterminal positions of fatty acids. Herein we show that ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is an effective tool to explore the sequence-activity landscape of a family of multidomain, self-sufficient P450 monooxygenases. We resurrected 11 catalytically active CYP116B ancestors, each with a unique regioselectivity fingerprint that varied from subterminal in the older ancestors to mid-chain in the lineage leading to the extant, P450-TT. In lineages leading to extant enzymes in thermophiles, thermostability increased from ancestral to extant forms, as expected if thermophily had arisen de novo. Our studies show that ASR can be applied to multidomain enzymes to develop active, self-sufficient monooxygenases as regioselective biocatalysts for fatty acid hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan S Jones
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Connie M Ross
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabriel Foley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Nadiia Pozhydaieva
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Joseph W Sharratt
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nico Kress
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Lisa S Seibt
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Yosephine Gumulya
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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3
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Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
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4
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Famulari A, Correddu D, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G, Mitrikas G, Chiesa M, García-Rubio I. Heme Spin Distribution in the Substrate-Free and Inhibited Novel CYP116B5hd: A Multifrequency Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation (HYSCORE) Study. Molecules 2024; 29:518. [PMID: 38276601 PMCID: PMC10819608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family consists of ubiquitous monooxygenases with the potential to perform a wide variety of catalytic applications. Among the members of this family, CYP116B5hd shows a very prominent resistance to peracid damage, a property that makes it a promising tool for fine chemical synthesis using the peroxide shunt. In this meticulous study, we use hyperfine spectroscopy with a multifrequency approach (X- and Q-band) to characterize in detail the electronic structure of the heme iron of CYP116B5hd in the resting state, which provides structural details about its active site. The hyperfine dipole-dipole interaction between the electron and proton nuclear spins allows for the locating of two different protons from the coordinated water and a beta proton from the cysteine axial ligand of heme iron with respect to the magnetic axes centered on the iron. Additionally, since new anti-cancer therapies target the inhibition of P450s, here we use the CYP116B5hd system-imidazole as a model for studying cytochrome P450 inhibition by an azo compound. The effects of the inhibition of protein by imidazole in the active-site geometry and electron spin distribution are presented. The binding of imidazole to CYP116B5hd results in an imidazole-nitrogen axial coordination and a low-spin heme FeIII. HYSCORE experiments were used to detect the hyperfine interactions. The combined interpretation of the gyromagnetic tensor and the hyperfine and quadrupole tensors of magnetic nuclei coupled to the iron electron spin allowed us to obtain a precise picture of the active-site geometry, including the orientation of the semi-occupied orbitals and magnetic axes, which coincide with the porphyrin N-Fe-N axes. The electronic structure of the iron does not seem to be affected by imidazole binding. Two different possible coordination geometries of the axial imidazole were observed. The angles between gx (coinciding with one of the N-Fe-N axes) and the projection of the imidazole plane on the heme were determined to be -60° and -25° for each of the two possibilities via measurement of the hyperfine structure of the axially coordinated 14N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Famulari
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy (G.D.N.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy (G.D.N.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy (G.D.N.); (G.G.)
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, 15341 Athens, Greece;
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Inés García-Rubio
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Zong L, Zhang Y, Shao Z, Ljubic A, Jacobsen C, Gao R, Eser BE, Wang Y, Guo Z. Selective and Sustainable Production of Sub-terminal Hydroxy Fatty Acids by a Self-Sufficient CYP102 Enzyme from Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300368. [PMID: 37406107 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydroxylation of fatty acids by Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) offers an eco-friendly route to hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), high-value oleochemicals with various applications in materials industry and with potential as bioactive compounds. However, instability and poor regioselectivity of CYPs are their main drawbacks. A newly discovered self-sufficient CYP102 enzyme, BAMF0695 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7, exhibits preference for hydroxylation of sub-terminal positions (ω-1, ω-2, and ω-3) of fatty acids. Our studies show that BAMF0695 has a broad temperature optimum (over 70 % of maximal enzymatic activity retained between 20 to 50 °C) and is highly thermostable (T50 >50 °C), affording excellent adaptive compatibility for bioprocesses. We further demonstrate that BAMF0695 can utilize renewable microalgae lipid as a substrate feedstock for HFA production. Moreover, through extensive site-directed and site-saturation mutagenesis, we isolated variants with high regioselectivity, a rare property for CYPs that usually generate complex regioisomer mixtures. BAMF0695 mutants were able to generate a single HFA regiosiomer (ω-1 or ω-2) with selectivities from 75 % up to 91 %, using C12 to C18 fatty acids. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of a recent CYP and its variants for sustainable and green production of high-value HFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zong
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhengkang Shao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Anita Ljubic
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Current address: AGC Biologics, Vandtårnsvej 83, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renjun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Smit MS, Maseme MJ, van Marwijk J, Aschenbrenner JC, Opperman DJ. Delineation of the CYP505E subfamily of fungal self-sufficient in-chain hydroxylating cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:735-747. [PMID: 36607403 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) are abundant in eukaryotes, specifically in plants and fungi where they play important roles in the synthesis and degradation of secondary metabolites. In eukaryotes, the best studied "self-sufficient" CYP450s, with a fused redox partner, belong to the CYP505 family. Members of the CYP505 family are generally considered sub-terminal fatty acid hydroxylases. CYP505E3 from Aspergillus terreus, however, gives remarkable in-chain hydroxylation at the ω-7 position of C10 to C16 alkanes and C12 and C14 fatty alcohols. Because CYP505E3 is a promising catalyst for the synthesis of δ-dodecalactone, we set out to delineate the unique ω-7 hydroxylase activity of CYP505E3. CYP505E3 and six additional CYP505Es as well as four closely related CYP505s from four different subfamilies were expressed in Pichia pastoris. Only the CYP505Es, sharing more than 70% amino acid identity, displayed significant ω-7 hydroxylase activity toward 1-dodecanol, dodecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid giving products that can readily be converted to δ-dodecalactone. Concentrations of δ-dodecalactone, directly extracted from dodecanoic acid biotransformations, were higher than previously obtained with E. coli. Searches of the UniProt and NCBI databases yielded a total of only 23 unique CYP505Es, all from the Aspergillaceae. Given that CYP505Es with this remarkable activity occur in only a few Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., we further explored the genetic environments in which they occur. These were found to be very distinct environments which include a specific ABC transporter but could not be linked to apparent secondary metabolite gene clusters. KEY POINTS: • Identified CYP505Es share > 70% amino acid identity. • CYP505Es hydroxylate 1-dodecanol, dodecanoic, and tetradecanoic acid at ω-7 position. • CYP505E genes occur in Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. near an ABC transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sophia Smit
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. .,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mpeyake Jacob Maseme
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline van Marwijk
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jasmin Cara Aschenbrenner
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diederik Johannes Opperman
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Meng S, Ji Y, Zhu L, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. The molecular basis and enzyme engineering strategies for improvement of coupling efficiency in cytochrome P450s. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Wang L, Wang L, Wang R, Wang Z, Wang J, Yuan H, Su J, Li Y, Yang S, Han T. Efficient Biosynthesis of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid Using a NAD(P)H Regeneration P450 System and Whole-Cell Catalytic Biosynthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17774-17783. [PMID: 35664602 PMCID: PMC9161381 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) is an α,β-unsaturated medium-chain carboxylic acid containing a terminal hydroxyl group. It has various unique properties and great economic value. We improved the two-step biosynthesis method of 10-HDA. The conversion rate of the intermediate product trans-2-decenoic acid in the first step of 10-HDA synthesis could reach 93.1 ± 1.3% by combining transporter overexpression and permeation technology strategies. Moreover, the extracellular trans-2-decenoic acid content was five times greater than the intracellular content when 2.0% (v/v) triton X-100 and 1.2% (v/v) tween-80 were each used. In the second step of 10-HDA synthesis, we regenerated NAD(P)H by overexpressing a glucose dehydrogenase with the P450 enzyme (CYP153A33/M228L-CPRBM3) in Escherichia coli, improving the catalytic performance of the trans-2-decenoic acid terminal hydroxylation. Finally, the yield of 10-HDA was 486.5 mg/L using decanoic acid as the substrate with two-step continuous biosynthesis. Our research provides a simplified production strategy to promote the two-step continuous whole-cell catalytic biosynthesis of 10-HDA and other α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Jing Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Key
Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong
Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Shandong
Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Shandong
Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Breum NMD, Schubert S, Hashemi N, Kyhnau R, Knauf MS, Mathialakan M, Takeuchi M, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kristensen P, Guo Z, Eser BE. Semi-rational Engineering of a Promiscuous Fatty Acid Hydratase for Alteration of Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100606. [PMID: 34929055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydratases (FAHs) catalyze regio- and stereo-selective hydration of unsaturated fatty acids to produce hydroxy fatty acids. Fatty acid hydratase-1 (FA-HY1) from Lactobacillus Acidophilus is the most promiscuous and regiodiverse FAH identified so far. Here, we engineered binding site residues of FA-HY1 (S393, S395, S218 and P380) by semi-rational protein engineering to alter regioselectivity. Although it was not possible to obtain a completely new type of regioselectivity with our mutant libraries, a significant shift of regioselectivity was observed towards cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14, cis-17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). We identified mutants (S393/S395 mutants) with excellent regioselectivity, generating a single hydroxy fatty acid product from EPA (15-OH product), which is advantageous from application perspective. This result is impressive given that wild-type FA-HY1 produces a mixture of 12-OH and 15-OH products at 63 : 37 ratio (12-OH : 15-OH). Moreover, our results indicate that native FA-HY1 is at its limit in terms of promiscuity and regiospecificity, thus it may not be possible to diversify its product portfolio with active site engineering. This behavior of FA-HY1 is unlike its orthologue, fatty acid hydratase-2 (FA-HY2; 58 % sequence identity to FA-HY1), which has been shown earlier to exhibit significant promiscuity and regioselectivity changes by a few active site mutations. Our reverse engineering from FA-HY1 to FA-HY2 further demonstrates this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sune Schubert
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Negin Hashemi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kyhnau
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marius Sandholt Knauf
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Masuthan Mathialakan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michiki Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Optimization and Engineering of a Self-Sufficient CYP102 Enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens towards Synthesis of In-Chain Hydroxy Fatty Acids. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated enzymatic hydroxylation of fatty acids present a green alternative to chemical synthesis of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), which are high-value oleochemicals with various uses in materials industry and medical field. Although many CYPs require the presence of additional reductase proteins for catalytic activity, self-sufficient CYPs have their reductase partner naturally fused into their catalytic domain, leading to a greatly simplified biotransformation process. A recently discovered self-sufficient CYP, BAMF2522 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7, exhibits novel regioselectivity by hydroxylating in-chain positions of palmitic acid generating ω-1 to ω-7 HFAs, a rare regiodiversity profile among CYPs. Besides, F89I mutant of BAMF2522 expanded hydroxylation up to ω-9 position of palmitic acid. Here, we further characterize this enzyme by determining optimum temperature and pH as well as thermal stability. Moreover, using extensive site-directed and site-saturation mutagenesis, we obtained BAMF2522 variants that demonstrate greatly increased regioselectivity for in-chain positions (ω-4 to ω-9) of various medium to long chain fatty acids. Remarkably, when a six-residue mutant was reacted with palmitic acid, 84% of total product content was the sum of ω-7, ω-8 and ω-9 HFA products, the highest in-chain selectivity observed to date with a self-sufficient CYP. In short, our study demonstrates the potential of a recently identified CYP and its mutants for green and sustainable production of a variety of in-chain hydroxy enriched HFAs.
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