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Yeşilyurt İ, Kendirkıran G. The effect of social appearance anxiety and body perception on the quality of life in burn patients. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14720. [PMID: 38358123 PMCID: PMC10868453 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with a descriptive and cross-sectional design to demonstrate the effect of social appearance anxiety and body perception on quality of life in burn patients. The study was conducted in the intensive care units and burn clinic of Elazığ Fırat University Hospital between 17 February 2022 and 30 April 2022. Data were collected from 94 burn patients using the Personal Information Form, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Body-Cathexis Scale and Quality of Life Scale-Short Form. Most participants were 30 years old and under, male, married, had no children and had an education level of high school or below. Most had social security and an income equal to their expenses. They were not uncomfortable with coming to the hospital, and 1-3 months had passed since the burn incident. They did not spend time outside, and most had no part of their bodies that they did not like, while 26.1% did not like their feet. A negative relationship was detected between the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale and Body-Cathexis Scale, and a positive relationship between the total and sub-dimensions of the Quality of Life Scale (p > 0.05). There was a negative relationship between the Body-Cathexis Scale and the Quality of Life Scale total and sub-dimensions (p < 0.05), and a positive relationship between the total and sub-dimensions of the Quality of Life Scale (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gülcan Kendirkıran
- Halic University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of NursingİstanbulTurkey
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Miller D, Doering J. Process of Maintaining Self in Individuals Living With Systemic Sclerosis: A Grounded Theory Study of American Women. West J Nurs Res 2024; 46:26-35. [PMID: 37982345 DOI: 10.1177/01939459231214600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with chronic illnesses may struggle to adapt psychologically to the illness experience and have feelings of identity loss, self-diminishment, and biographical disruption. This may limit people's ability to engage in optimal self-management. Systemic sclerosis is a debilitating, stigmatizing, and life-limiting progressive chronic illness with significant disfiguring effects. Little is known about the identity management process in people with disfiguring and debilitating conditions such as systemic sclerosis. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory explicating the process of maintaining a sense of self in people living with systemic sclerosis. METHODS Fifteen women with systemic sclerosis were recruited to ensure representation of a range of illness duration and progression. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed using open, selective, and theoretical coding. RESULTS A basic social process of "maintaining self" was generated from the data that explained the women's experience of living with systemic sclerosis and how they tried to hold on to their identity. Three core categories were identified. Adapting to changes are the behaviors that participants struggled through to carry on with their everyday lives. Dismantling of self was a distressing internal process where participants lost their sense of self and purpose. Restoring self was a transformative process that allowed participants to rewrite and rebuild their biographies. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the management of identity was important for understanding how people adapt to life with systemic sclerosis. This study can help nurses better understand how to support patients holistically with the management of systemic sclerosis.
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Radzikowska-Büchner E, Łopuszyńska I, Flieger W, Tobiasz M, Maciejewski R, Flieger J. An Overview of Recent Developments in the Management of Burn Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16357. [PMID: 38003548 PMCID: PMC10671630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 11 million people suffer from burns every year, and 180,000 die from them. A burn is a condition in which heat, chemical substances, an electrical current or other factors cause tissue damage. Burns mainly affect the skin, but can also affect deeper tissues such as bones or muscles. When burned, the skin loses its main functions, such as protection from the external environment, pathogens, evaporation and heat loss. Depending on the stage of the burn, the patient's condition and the cause of the burn, we need to choose the most appropriate treatment. Personalization and multidisciplinary collaboration are key to the successful management of burn patients. In this comprehensive review, we have collected and discussed the available treatment options, focusing on recent advances in topical treatments, wound cleansing, dressings, skin grafting, nutrition, pain and scar tissue management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Inga Łopuszyńska
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Tobiasz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Treatment, Medical University of Lublin, Krasnystawska 52 Street, 21-010 Łęczna, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101 Street, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Palackic A, Franco-Mesa C, Beck I, Nolte S, Tapking C, Panayi AC, Stolle A, Haug V, Hirche C, Kneser U, Hundeshagen G. The Impact of Facial Burns on Short- and Long-Term Quality of Life and Psychological Distress-A Prospective Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5057. [PMID: 37568459 PMCID: PMC10419582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Burn injuries are a major healthcare challenge worldwide, with up to 50% of all minor burns located on the head and neck. With this study, we sought to describe the effect of facial burns (FB) on health-related quality of life through a prospective and matched cohort study design. Patients completed the 36 Item Short Form (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results were analyzed based on the distribution of datasets. In total, 55 patients with FB and 55 age-and sex-matched candidates were recruited. The most common mechanism of thermal injury was burns from flames. The FB group scored lower in physical and psychological dimensions than the control group, both acutely and one year after injury. An analysis of each domain showed that subjects in the FB group trended toward improvements in their score after one-year post-burn in physical functioning (acute: 71.0 ± 29.2; one-year: 83.7 ± 23.9; p = 0.02) and bodily pain (acute: 58.5 ± 30.3; one-year: 77.9 ± 30.5; p = 0.01) domains. Additionally, the FB group had significanlyt higher scores for anxiety (FB: 4.8 ± 3.2; control: 2.5 ± 2.8; p = <0.002) and depression (FB: 3.9 ± 3.5; control: 2.1 ± 2.7; p = 0.01) compared to the control. In conclusion, facial burns are associated with physical and psychosocial deficits, as well as elevated levels of psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Palackic
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Camila Franco-Mesa
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Inessa Beck
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Steffen Nolte
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Annette Stolle
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Valentin Haug
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Christoph Hirche
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Hand Trauma and Replantation Center (FESSH), BG Klinik Frankfurt am Main gGmbH, Academic Teaching Hospital of Goethe-University of Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
| | - Gabriel Hundeshagen
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, 67071 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; (A.P.); (I.B.); (S.N.); (C.T.); (A.C.P.); (A.S.); (V.H.); (C.H.); (U.K.)
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Watkins H, Hughes O, Jones L, Tate L, Khela MM, Hurrell C. The use of inpatient goal planning in a regional burns centre: A thematic analysis of staff and patient experiences. Burns 2023; 49:100-109. [PMID: 35272925 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rehabilitation from a burn or related injury can be a lengthy and painful process. OBJECTIVES The present study explored the experiences of staff and patients of inpatient goal planning used on a rehabilitation ward within a regional burns centre. DESIGN A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. SETTING Patients and staff were recruited from The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, South Wales, UK. PARTICIPANTS Twelve participants were recruited and interviewed in two phases. Phase one included six staff members who had been involved in delivering goal planning sessions and phase two included six former inpatients who had participated in goal planning during their rehabilitation in hospital. RESULTS Three main themes were identified for staff: benefits for patients and families, process and structure and challenges of the process. For patients, the three main themes identified were: role of goal planning in rehabilitation, tailoring the programme around the patient and encountering challenges. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the narratives of staff and patients suggest the use of goal planning in inpatient recovery and rehabilitation in a burns centre is very beneficial. Although challenges were reported, this investigation yields potential for goal planning to be a successful rehabilitation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Watkins
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Olivia Hughes
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Lowri Jones
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Laurie Tate
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Mariam Mouris Khela
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Chloe Hurrell
- Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
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Rasset P, Mange J, Montalan B, Stutterheim SE. Towards a better understanding of the social stigma of facial difference. Body Image 2022; 43:450-462. [PMID: 36345083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Facial difference (FD) is not only an individual experience; it is inherently social, reflecting interactions between social norms and individual attitudes. Often FD is stigmatized. In this paper, we employ a widely used stigma framework, namely the social stigma framework put forth by Pryor and Reeder (2011), to unpack the stigma of FD. This framework posits that there are four forms of stigma: public stigma, self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma. We first discuss the social and psychological literature on FD as it pertains to these various forms of stigma. We then describe coping approaches for FD stigma. Lastly, we delineate evidence-based methods for addressing the various forms of FD stigma, such that future efforts can more effectively tackle the stigma of facial difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rasset
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Caen Normandie (LPCN EA 7452), Université de Caen Normandie, France.
| | - Jessica Mange
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Caen Normandie (LPCN EA 7452), Université de Caen Normandie, France
| | - Benoît Montalan
- Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologiques (CRFDP EA 7475), Université de Rouen Normandie, France
| | - Sarah E Stutterheim
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Chammas F, Januel D, Bouaziz N. Inpatient suicide in psychiatric settings: Evaluation of current prevention measures. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:997974. [PMID: 36386981 PMCID: PMC9650354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.997974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of suicide in psychiatric hospitals is 50 times higher than in the general population, despite patient safety being a priority for any hospital. However, to date, due to the complexity of assessing suicide risk, there has been no consensus on the suicide prevention measures that should be in place in hospitals. The aim of this work is: To provide an overview of the progress that has been made in the field of inpatient suicide prevention in recent years; discuss the problems that remain; and suggest potential future developments. As new clinical dimensions (notably anhedonia, psychological pain and hopelessness) develop, they should become new therapeutic targets. Team training (like the Gatekeeper Training Program) and the latest advances in suicide risk assessment (such as the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality) should be implemented in psychiatric wards. Suicide prevention plans (e.g., ASSIP, SAFE-T, etc.) represent easy-to-administer, low-cost interventions. The Mental Health Environment of Care Checklist has been proven effective to reduce suicide risk at hospitals. Furthermore, the types of psychotherapy recommended to reduce suicide risk are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). There are several pharmacological treatments for suicide risk, such as lithium and clozapine, which have been shown to be effective in the long term, as well as ketamine and esketamine, which are more effective in the short term. Following some encouraging recent results, buprenorphine may also be proposed to patients with a suicide risk. Triple chronotherapy rapidly improves depressive symptoms over 9 weeks. Regarding brain stimulation techniques, rTMS has proven to be effective in alleviating multiple dimensions of suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chammas
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, EPS Ville-Evrard, Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
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Lin Z. Emotion Regulation Strategies and Sense of Life Meaning: The Chain-Mediating Role of Gratitude and Subjective Wellbeing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810591. [PMID: 35664148 PMCID: PMC9159759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the mechanism of college students' meaning of life. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Gratitude Questionnaire Six-Item Form, the General Wellbeing Schedule, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire were used as measurement instruments. In total, 1,312 valid responses were obtained. The results showed that the cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression strategies were significantly positively and negatively correlated with gratitude, subjective wellbeing, and the sense of life meaning, respectively. Further, Emotion regulation strategies can affect college students' sense of life meaning through three paths: the mediating effect of gratitude; the mediating effect of subjective wellbeing; the chain mediating effect of gratitude and subjective wellbeing. This study illuminated the roles of gratitude, and subjective wellbeing in influencing the sense of life meaning among the Chinese college students. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Lin
- School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Youssef-Morgan CM, van Zyl LE, Ahrens BL. The Work Gratitude Scale: Development and Evaluation of a Multidimensional Measure. Front Psychol 2022; 12:795328. [PMID: 35069383 PMCID: PMC8766303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores gratitude as a multidimensional and work-specific construct. Utilizing a sample of 625 employees from a variety of positions in a medium-sized school district in the United States, we developed and evaluated a new measure, namely the Work Gratitude Scale (WGS), which encompasses recognized conative (intentional), cognitive, affective, and social aspects of gratitude. A systematic, six-phased approach through structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore and confirm the factorial structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the WGS. The results supported a 10-item measure with three dimensions: "grateful appraisals" (three items), "gratitude toward others" (four items), and "intentional attitude of gratitude" (three items). Thereafter, first-order, second-order, and bifactor confirmatory models were estimated and compared. Work gratitude was found to be best described by a second-order construct with three underlying first-order dimensions. Measurement invariance was supported in relation to gender. Concurrent validity was supported in relation to two existing dispositional gratitude scales, namely the Gratitude Questionnaire and the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale (GRAT). Convergent validity was supported in relation to the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was supported in relation to various demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, and tenure. The findings support the WGS as a multidimensional measure that can be used in practice to measure overall work-related gratitude and to track the effectiveness of gratitude-related workplace interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Llewellyn E. van Zyl
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- Department of Human Resource Management, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology, Institut für Psychologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Hemmati Maslakpak M, Ajoudani F, Lotfi M, Alinejad V. Society, family, and individual characteristics as double-edged swords in the social reintegration of Iranian female survivors from unintentional severe burns: a qualitative study of enablers and barriers. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:339. [PMID: 34560875 PMCID: PMC8464107 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Reintegrating to society is a significant challenge during burn survivors’ rehabilitation. Aim This study aims to describe what Iranian female survivors from unintentional severe burns experience as enablers and barriers of social reintegration (SR). Methods Fourteen adult female burn survivors whose burns were unintentional participated in this qualitative study. Data were gathered through semi-structured face-to-face or telephone interviews and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results Thirteen subcategories and six categories were emerged. Categories and subcategories of enablers content area were as follows: positive impact of society on SR (normal treatment of society, instrumental support), positive impact of family on SR (magnifying personal abilities assets, empathy and emotional support), and positive impact of personal characteristics on SR (coping with others stares, right to have a normal social life). Categories and subcategories of Barriers content area were as follows: negative impact of society on SR (being questioned in public, incorrect judgment about intent of burns, burns as a contagious disease), negative impact of family on SR (embarrassment of appearing in public with the survivor, family mistrust), and negative impact of intra-personal factors on SR (exaggeration of the post-burn changes, being over-sensitive to the others looks). From the deep interpretation of the data two overarching themes were emerged: “acceptance of the new normal by the society and the individual” and “being encompassed by misconceptions and mistreatments”.
Conclusions Society, family and the individual characteristics have a dual role to play in the success of social reintegration in Iranian female unintentional burn survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fardin Ajoudani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Lotfi
- Sina Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Alinejad
- Patient Safety Research Centre, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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