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Maurizio E, Rossi UA, Trangoni MD, Rossetti CA. Cytokine expression profile of B. melitensis-infected goat monocyte-derived macrophages. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152375. [PMID: 36913828 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucella parasitize the macrophage where is able to replicate and modulate the immune response in order to establish a chronic infection. The most adequate response to control and eliminate Brucella infection is a type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated effector immunity. Research in immune response of B. melitensis-infected goats is relatively scarce. In this study, we first evaluated changes in the gene expression of cytokines, a chemokine (CCL2) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of goat macrophage cultures derived from monocytes (MDMs) infected for 4 and 24 h with Brucella melitensis strain 16 M. TNFα, IL-1β and iNOS, and IL-12p40, IFNγ and also iNOS were significantly expressed (p < 0.05) at 4 and 24 h respectively, in infected compared to non-infected MDMs. Therefore, the in vitro challenge of goat MDMs with B. melitensis promoted a transcriptional profile consistent with a type 1 response. However, when the immune response to B. melitensis infection was contrasted between MDM cultures phenotypically restrictive or permissive to intracellular multiplication of B. melitensis 16 M, it was observed that the relative IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in permissive macrophage cultures with respect to restrictive cultures (p < 0.05), independently of the time p.i. A similar trend, although non-statistical, was recorded for IL-10, but not for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the up-expression profile of inhibitory instead of pro-inflammatory cytokines could explain, in part, the difference observed in the ability to restrict intracellular replication of Brucella. In this sense, the present results make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the immune response induced by B. melitensis in macrophages of its preferential host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Maurizio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Ursula A Rossi
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Trangoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Molecular (IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Rossetti
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Adetunji SA, Smolensky D, Mitzel DN, Owens JL, Chitko-McKown CG, Cernicchiaro N, Noronha LE. In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Established Porcine Cell Lines. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111468. [PMID: 34832623 PMCID: PMC8618157 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role in the virus transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to identify in vitro cell systems to investigate early effects of JEV infection including viral replication and host cell death. Here, we demonstrate the susceptibility of several porcine cell lines to the attenuated genotype III JEV strain SA14-14-2. Monolayers of porcine nasal turbinate (PT-K75), kidney (SK-RST), testis (ST), and monocyte-derived macrophage (CΔ2+) cells were infected with SA14-14-2 for up to five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. The hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, previously shown to be susceptible to SA14-14-2, was used as a positive control. Culture supernatants and cells were collected between 0 and 120 h post infection (hpi), and monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) using brightfield microscopy. The number of infectious virus particles was quantified by plaque assay and cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of JEV NS1 antigens in cells infected at 1 MOI. All four porcine cell lines demonstrated susceptibility to SA14-14-2 and produced infectious virus by 12 hpi. Virus titers peaked at 48 hpi in CΔ2+, BHK-21, and SK-RST cells, at 72 hpi in PT-K75, and at 120 hpi in ST cells. CPE was visible in infected CΔ2+ and BHK-21 cells, but not the other three cell lines. The proportion of viable cells, as measured by trypan blue exclusion, declined after 24 hpi in BHK-21 and 48 hpi in CΔ2+ cells, but did not substantially decline in SK-RST, PT-K75 or ST cells. At 48 hpi, JEV NS1 was detected in all infected cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. These findings demonstrate several porcine cell lines which have the potential to serve as useful research tools for investigating JEV infection dynamics and host cell mechanisms in a natural amplifying host species, such as pigs, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakirat A. Adetunji
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Dmitriy Smolensky
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Dana N. Mitzel
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jeana L. Owens
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Carol G. Chitko-McKown
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Leela E. Noronha
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.N.M.); (J.L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Khatun MM, Islam MA, Baek BK. In Vitro and In Vivo IFN-γ and IL-10 Measurement in Experimental Brucella abortus Biotype 1 Infection in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:579-585. [PMID: 34077683 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Brucella abortus mainly depends on antigen-specific T cell activation, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Brucella-specific humoral response. Protective immune response against Brucella infection has not been performed in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. We measured bacterial kinetics in addition to in vivo and in vitro interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production against crude Brucella protein in the SD rats at different days of postinfection with B. abortus biotype 1 by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty SD rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL sterile injectable pyrogen-free solution containing 1 × 1010 colony-forming units/mL of B. abortus biotype 1 obtained from cattle in Korea. Four rats were used as uninfected control. Serum IFN-γ level at 3 and 7 days postinfection were significantly higher (p > 0.001) compared with the IL-10 level. On the contrary, serum IL-10 levels were observed significantly higher at 21 and 28 days postinfection compared with the serum IFN-γ levels (p < 0.001). The production of IFN-γ by spleen cells was significantly higher at 7 and 14 days postinfection compared with IL-10 (p < 0.001). On the contrary, IL-10 productions were found to be significantly higher at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days postinfection compared with IFN-γ (p < 0.001). The presence of B. abortus in blood was marked till 5 weeks of infection, throughout the experiment in case of spleen, and no bacteria were isolated from the kidney and liver at 6 weeks postinfection. The in vivo and in vitro IFN-γ and IL-10 measurement in our study reported that B. abortus infection in rats primarily educe T helper (Th)1-dominant immune response in acute infection accompanied by Th2-dominant immune response in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Minara Khatun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Byeong Kirl Baek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Armién AG, Laub RP, Vannucci FA, Santos RL, Gebhart CJ, Guedes RMC. Survival of Lawsonia intracellularis in porcine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236887. [PMID: 32735621 PMCID: PMC7394435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligately intracellular enteric bacterium, infects intestinal epithelial cells, but may also be found within macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria of affected pigs. Macrophages play an important role in host defense against infectious agents, but the role of this cell in L. intracellularis infection is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the permissibility of macrophages to L. intracellularis infection in vitro. Pure culture of L. intracellularis was added to swine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Viability of intracytoplasmic L. intracellularis was evaluated at different time points by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Potential replication of L. intracellularis in macrophages was also evaluated by qPCR. By TEM, phagocytosis L. intracellularis within of phagolysosomes were observed 1-hour post-infection (hpi) and bacterial structures in binary fission at 48 hpi. The number of intracellular bacteria was determined at 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hpi by qPCR in infected macrophages and compared to the number of intracellular bacteria from culture in McCoy cells. In both cell lines, the amount of L. intracellularis was decreased at 4 hpiand increased at 24 hpi. The number of intracellular bacteria continued to increase in McCoy cells over time. This is the first study showing interaction, survival and propagation of L. intracellularis in macrophages. These findings are critical to establish an experimental model for future studies of the pathogenesis of porcine proliferative enteropathy and the potential persistence of L. intracellularis in macrophages during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Talita Pilar Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aníbal G. Armién
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Pereira Laub
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Vannucci
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Connie Jane Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Coloma-Rivero RF, Gómez L, Alvarez F, Saitz W, Del Canto F, Céspedes S, Vidal R, Oñate AA. The Role of the Flagellar Protein FlgJ in the Virulence of Brucella abortus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:178. [PMID: 32411617 PMCID: PMC7198779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes a zoonosis called brucellosis. This disease leads to abortion and infertility in cattle, and diverse complications in humans. B. abortus is a successful intracellular bacterium that has developed the ability to evade the host's immune system and it replicates in professional and non-professional phagocytic cells, persisting in the different tissues, and organs of its hosts. It has been described that Brucella expresses a polar flagellum under certain conditions, but its function is still unknown. In this study we evaluated the role of the FlgJ, a protein, presumably a peptidoglycan hydrolase involved in flagellum formation and in the virulence of B. abortus strain 2308. B. abortus 2308 ΔflgJ mutant and complemented strains were constructed to study the function of the FlgJ protein in the context of the virulence of this pathogen in in vitro and in vivo assays. The results showed that the elimination of the flgJ gene delays the growth rate of B. abortus in culture, reduces its intracellular survival capacity in professional and non-professional phagocytic cells, rendering it unable to escape from the endocytic route and not reaching the endoplasmic reticulum. It also negatively affects their persistence in BALB/c mice. Functionally, the B. abortus 2308 flgJ gene restored motility to an E. coli flgJ mutant gene. Furthermore, it was discovered that the production of FlgJ protein is associated with the bacterial adherence by B. abortus. Therefore, although the specific function of the polar flagellum for Brucella is unknown, the data indicates that the flagellar flgJ gene and its product are required for full virulence of B. abortus 2308, since its deletion significantly reduces the fitness of this pathogen in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Coloma-Rivero
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Alvarez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Waleska Saitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Céspedes
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel A Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Khatun MM, Islam MA, Baek BK. The Profile of Immunoglobulin A and Immunoglobulin G Subclasses in Sprague Dawley Rats Experimentally Infected with Brucella abortus Biotype 1. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:358-364. [PMID: 32091978 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured total serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG)1, IgG2a response against whole cell antigen (WCA), outer membrane protein (OMP), periplasmic protein (PP), cytoplasmic protein (CP), and crude Brucella protein (CBP) of Brucella abortus in experimental brucellosis induced with B. abortus biotype 1 in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats during a 17-week infection period. Six- to 8-week-old SD rats (n = 44) were experimentally infected with 1 × 109 colony forming unit of B. abortus biotype 1 through the intraperitoneal route. Serial serum samples were collected from the rat at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 60, 90, and 120 days after inoculation. The sera were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. We have noticed a very low level and short persistence of IgA antibody in our experiment. The low level and short persistence of IgA antibody suggest that this antibody isotype might not be protective against brucellosis in rats. Both Th1 and Th2 specific immune responses were recorded in our study with the production of IgG1 and IgG2a antibody isotopes, respectively. We noticed significant dominant IgG2a antibody responses over IgG1 responses throughout the experiment (p < 0.001) against WCA and OMP. The mixed Th1 and Th2 dominant immune responses mediated by IgG2a and IgG1 antibody isotypes were observed against CP, PP, and CBP. Data of our study suggest that IgG2a dominant responses in the early stages of disease play the main role in conferring protection against brucellosis and with the progress of disease IgG1 dominant responses were elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Minara Khatun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Byeong Kirl Baek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Pereira CER, Araújo MSS, da Silva Mol JP, Sato JPH, de Souza Daniel AG, Martins-Filho OA, Santos RL, Guedes RMC. Phenotypic characterization of swine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and ex vivo infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:539-546. [PMID: 30680603 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of the inflammatory process, playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium. The protocols for isolation, culture, and differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and their interaction with Salmonella are well established in humans and murine models, but little information is available in swine. The aims of this study were to establish an efficient protocol for macrophage culture and to evaluate the interaction of the invA mutant strain and the wild type (WT) Salmonella Typhimurium with porcine macrophages. Peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages from pigs were obtained, separated by density-gradient centrifugation, and cultured in Teflon vials for 10 days. After the differentiation period, cultures consisted of 92.4% CD14+ cells. In addition, these cells showed phagocytic ability, demonstrated by the presence of the same amount of WT and invA mutant Salmonella Typhimurium 1 h after interaction with macrophages. The early cytotoxic effect was Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-[1]dependent, in which log-phase WT strains were more efficient (p < 0.01) than the invA mutant strain at inducing the death of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pinto da Silva Mol
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Hiroji Sato
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gabrielle de Souza Daniel
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes
- Departmento de Clínica e Cirúrgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Impact of Brucellosis on Interleukin -23 Level, Acid Phosphates and Some Other Trace Elements. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Hop HT, Arayan LT, Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Min WG, Lee HJ, Rhee MH, Chang HH, Kim S. Heat-stress-modulated induction of NF-κB leads to brucellacidal pro-inflammatory defense against Brucella abortus infection in murine macrophages and in a mouse model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:44. [PMID: 29801438 PMCID: PMC5970535 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella causes a chronic and debilitating infection that leads to great economic losses and a public health burden. In this study, we demonstrated the brucellacidal effect of heat shock mediated by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and apoptosis in murine macrophages and in mice. RESULTS RAW264.7 cells were incubated at 43 °C, and BALB/c mice were subjected to whole body hyperthermia. The data showed a reduction in bacterial survival in the mice after daily heat exposure. This was accompanied by increased levels of cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ in the sera of the mice. Gene expression of NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide production were also induced in the mouse splenic cells. In parallel with the bacterial reduction in the mouse model, an increased bactericidal effect was observed in RAW264.7 cells after exposure to heat stress. In addition, the heat stress increased both the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the expression of the heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 in murine macrophages. Furthermore, heat exposure induced the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS accumulation and apoptosis but did not affect the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the induction of innate immune responses by heat stress that significantly reduced the intracellular survival of B. abortus in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional factor NF-κB, which is a master regulator, could be termed a key activator of heat-induced immunity against Brucella. The increase in the expression and activation of NF-κB in splenic cells and macrophages was followed by enhanced antimicrobial effectors, including cytokines, ROS and NO that may contribute to the reduction of bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Tan Hop
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 42566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hee Chang
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit the protected niche provided within the boundaries of a eukaryotic host cell. Upon entering a host cell, some bacteria can evade the adaptive immune response of its host and replicate in a relatively nutrient-rich environment devoid of competition from other host flora. Growth within a host cell is not without their hazards, however. Many pathogens enter their hosts through receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis, two intracellular trafficking pathways that terminate in a highly degradative organelle, the phagolysosome. This usually deadly compartment is maintained at a low pH and contains degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen species, resulting in an environment to which few bacterial species are adapted. Some intracellular pathogens, such as Shigella, Listeria, Francisella, and Rickettsia, escape the phagosome to replicate within the cytosol of the host cell. Bacteria that remain within a vacuole either alter the trafficking of their initial phagosomal compartment or adapt to survive within the harsh environment it will soon become. In this chapter, we focus on the mechanisms by which different vacuolar pathogens either evade lysosomal fusion, as in the case of Mycobacterium and Chlamydia, or allow interaction with lysosomes to varying degrees, such as Brucella and Coxiella, and their specific adaptations to inhabit a replicative niche.
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11
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Richter E, Harms M, Ventz K, Nölker R, Fraunholz MJ, Mostertz J, Hochgräfe F. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamics of Protein Phosphorylation in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells during Internalization, Phagosomal Escape, and Intracellular Replication of Staphylococcus aureus. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4369-4386. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Richter
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Harms
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Ventz
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rolf Nölker
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Mostertz
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Falko Hochgräfe
- Competence
Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Lacey CA, Keleher LL, Mitchell WJ, Brown CR, Skyberg JA. CXCR2 Mediates Brucella-Induced Arthritis in Interferon γ-Deficient Mice. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:151-60. [PMID: 26951819 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella species are facultative intracellular gram-negative bacteria that cause brucellosis, a common global zoonosis. Infection of the joints is the most common focal complication of brucellosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to identify mediators of focal inflammation during brucellosis. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice are naturally resistant to Brucella infection; therefore, we infected anti-interferon γ (IFN-γ)-treated, or IFN-γ(-/-) mice with Brucella to induce osteoarticular and musculoskeletal inflammation, as we previously described. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with Brucella melitensis, and the clinical course of disease, histopathologic changes, and cytokine levels were compared among groups. RESULTS Rag1(-/-) mice (B- and T-cell deficient) and µMT(-/-) mice (B-cell deficient) developed paw inflammation at a similar rate and severity as WT mice following infection with B. melitensis and treatment with anti-IFN-γ. Joints from B. melitensis-infected IFN-γ(-/-) mice had markedly increased levels of CCR2 and CXCR2 ligands. While anti-IFN-γ-treated CCR2(-/-) and WT mice behaved similarly, anti-IFN-γ-treated CXCR2(-/-) or IFN-γ(-/-)/CXCR2(-/-) mice had strikingly reduced focal swelling relative to anti-IFN-γ-treated WT or IFN-γ(-/-) mice, respectively. Additionally, neutrophil recruitment was dependent on CXCR2. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive immune cells and CCR2 are dispensable, while CXCR2 is necessary for Brucella-induced focal neutrophil recruitment and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Lauren L Keleher
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | | | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia
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Dorneles EMS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araújo MSS, Sriranganathan N, Lage AP. Immune response triggered by Brucella abortus following infection or vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3659-66. [PMID: 26048781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus live vaccines have been used successfully to control bovine brucellosis worldwide for decades. However, due to some limitations of these live vaccines, efforts are being made for the development of new safer and more effective vaccines that could also be used in other susceptible species. In this context, understanding the protective immune responses triggered by B. abortus is critical for the development of new vaccines. Such understandings will enhance our knowledge of the host/pathogen interactions and enable to develop methods to evaluate potential vaccines and innovative treatments for animals or humans. At present, almost all the knowledge regarding B. abortus specific immunological responses comes from studies in mice. Active participation of macrophages, dendritic cells, IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T-cells and cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cells are vital to overcome the infection. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the immune responses triggered by vaccination versus infection by B. abortus, in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M S Dorneles
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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14
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Yang YJ, Liu ZS, Lu SY, Li C, Hu P, Li YS, Liu NN, Tang F, Xu YM, Zhang JH, Li ZH, Feng XL, Zhou Y, Ren HL. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of programmed cell death 10 from sheep (Ovis aries). Gene 2014; 558:65-74. [PMID: 25541025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) is a highly conserved adaptor protein. Its mutations result in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). In this study, PDCD10 cDNA from the buffy coat of Small Tail Han sheep (Ovis aries) was cloned from a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library, named OaPDCD10. The full-length cDNA of OaPDCD10 was 1343bp with a 639bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 212 amino acid residues. Tissue distribution of OaPDCD10 mRNA determined that it was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissue samples, and the highest expression was observed in the heart. The differential expression of OaPDCD10 between infected sheep (challenged with Brucella melitensis) and vaccinated sheep (vaccinated with Brucella suis S2) was also investigated. The results revealed that, compared to the control group, the expression of OaPDCD10 from infected and vaccinated sheep was both significantly up-regulated (p<0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of OaPDCD10 from the vaccinated sheep were significantly higher than the infected sheep (p<0.05) after 30days post-inoculation. The recombinant OaPDCD10 (rOaPDCD10) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and then purified by affinity chromatography. The rOaPDCD10 protein was demonstrated to induce apoptosis and promote cell proliferation. Our studies are intended to discover potential diagnostic biomarkers of brucellosis to discern infected sheep from vaccinated sheep, and OaPDCD10 could be considered as a potential diagnostic biomarker of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zeng-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan-Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yun-Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Department of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Ghasemi A, Zarnani AH, Ghoodjani A, Rezania S, Salari MH, Jeddi-Tehrani M. Identification of a new immunogenic candidate conferring protection against Brucella melitensis infection in Mice. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Bahador A, Hadjati J, Hassannejad N, Ghazanfari H, Maracy M, Jafari S, Nourizadeh M, Nejadeh A. Frequencies of CD4+ T Regulatory Cells and their CD25(high) and FoxP3(high) Subsets Augment in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Acute and Chronic Brucellosis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:161-8. [PMID: 25180149 PMCID: PMC4147229 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Brucellosis remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. In humans, brucellosis can be a serious, debilitating, and sometimes chronic disease. Different mechanisms can be postulated as to the basis for the induction of the chronic status of infectious diseases that T regulatory cells are one of the most important related mechanisms. The current study was designed to determine whether percentage of CD4+Treg cells and their CD25high and FoxP3high subpopulations in peripheral blood are changed in human brucellosis samples in comparison to a control group. Methods In total, 68 brucellosis patients (acute form: n = 43, chronic form: n = 25) and 36 healthy volunteers entered our study. After isolating of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, heparinized venous blood samples were obtained from both patients and healthy donors, CD4, CD25, and FoxP3 molecules were evaluated by two- and three-color flow cytometric methods. Results The results revealed a new finding in relation to Treg cells and human brucellosis. The numbers of CD4+Treg cells and their CD25high and FoxP3high subsets increase significantly in the peripheral blood of acute and chronic forms of brucellosis samples compared with healthy groups, with this increase being greater in the chronic group. Conclusion There seems to be a correlation between increase of CD4+Treg cells and their subsets and the disease progress from healthy state to acute and chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Hassannejad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghazanfari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sirous Jafari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nourizadeh
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Children Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Role of calmodulin-calmodulin kinase II, cAMP/protein kinase A and ERK 1/2 on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced apoptosis of head kidney macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004018. [PMID: 24763432 PMCID: PMC3999153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of calcium (Ca2+) and its dependent protease calpain in Aeromonas hydrophila-induced head kidney macrophage (HKM) apoptosis has been reported. Here, we report the pro-apoptotic involvement of calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin kinase II gamma (CaMKIIg) in the process. We observed significant increase in CaM levels in A. hydrophila-infected HKM and the inhibitory role of BAPTA/AM, EGTA, nifedipine and verapamil suggested CaM elevation to be Ca2+-dependent. Our studies with CaM-specific siRNA and the CaM inhibitor calmidazolium chloride demonstrated CaM to be pro-apoptotic that initiated the downstream expression of CaMKIIg. Using the CaMKIIg-targeted siRNA, specific inhibitor KN-93 and its inactive structural analogue KN-92 we report CaM-CaMKIIg signalling to be critical for apoptosis of A. hydrophila-infected HKM. Inhibitor studies further suggested the role of calpain-2 in CaMKIIg expression. CaMK Kinase (CaMKK), the other CaM dependent kinase exhibited no role in A. hydrophila-induced HKM apoptosis. We report increased production of intracellular cAMP in infected HKM and our results with KN-93 or KN-92 implicate the role of CaMKIIg in cAMP production. Using siRNA to PKACA, the catalytic subunit of PKA, anti-PKACA antibody and H-89, the specific inhibitor for PKA we prove the pro-apoptotic involvement of cAMP/PKA pathway in the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila. Our inhibitor studies coupled with siRNA approach further implicated the role of cAMP/PKA in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2). We conclude that the alteration in intracellular Ca2+ levels initiated by A. hydrophila activates CaM and calpain-2; both pathways converge on CaMKIIg which in turn induces cAMP/PKA mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation leading to caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of infected HKM. Aeromonas hydrophila is a natural fish pathogen and is known to induce apoptosis of HKM. Head kidney is an important immune-organ in fish and HKM are critical for immunity against the invading pathogen. The mechanisms of cell death induced by A. hydrophila are incompletely characterized. We have studied the role of Ca2+-dependent signalling pathways in the induction of A. hydrophila-induced HKM apoptosis. We observed that A. hydrophila infection led to increased CaM expression in infected HKM which was Ca2+-dependent. The inhibitor and siRNA studies suggested CaM to be pro-apoptotic and triggered CaMKIIg expression in the infected HKM. Calpain-2 appeared to influence CaMKIIg expression. However, further studies are needed to understand the process. We report that the CaM-CaMKIIg pathway is important for initiating cAMP production within the infected HKM. The pro-apoptotic activation of cAMP dependent PKA was quite evident. The activation of ERK 1/2 was observed in the HKM and results clearly suggested the pro-active role of cAMP/PKA in the process. Thus we conclude that CaM-CaMKIIg initiates the cAMP/PKA pathway that induces ERK 1/2 phosphorylation to promote caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of the A. hydrophila-infected HKM.
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Key role of Toll-like receptor 2 in the inflammatory response and major histocompatibility complex class ii downregulation in Brucella abortus-infected alveolar macrophages. Infect Immun 2013; 82:626-39. [PMID: 24478078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01237-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) seem to constitute the main cellular target of inhaled brucellae. Here, we show that Brucella abortus invades and replicates in murine AM without inducing cytotoxicity. B. abortus infection induced a statistically significant increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CXCL1 or keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-12 in AM from C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice, but these responses were generally weaker and/or delayed compared to those elicited in peritoneal macrophages. Studies using knockout mice for TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 revealed that TNF-α and KC responses were mediated by TLR2 recognition. Brucella infection reduced in a multiplicity of infection-dependent manner the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in AM. The same phenomenon was induced by incubation with heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA) or the lipidated form of the 19-kDa outer membrane protein of Brucella (L-Omp19), and it was shown to be mediated by TLR2 recognition. In contrast, no significant downregulation of MHC-II was induced by either unlipidated Omp19 or Brucella LPS. In a functional assay, treatment of AM with either L-Omp19 or HKBA reduced the MHC-II-restricted presentation of OVA peptides to specific T cells. One week after intratracheal infection, viable B. abortus was detected in AM from both wild-type and TLR2 KO mice, but CFU counts were higher in the latter. These results suggest that B. abortus survives in AM after inhalatory infection in spite of a certain degree of immune control exerted by the TLR2-mediated inflammatory response. Both the modest nature of the latter and the modulation of MHC-II expression by the bacterium may contribute to such survival.
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Tumurkhuu G, Koide N, Takahashi K, Hassan F, Islam S, Ito H, Mori I, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Characterization of Biological Activities ofBrucella melitensisLipopolysaccharide. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:421-7. [PMID: 16785713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Brucella melitensis 16M were characterized in comparison with LPS from Escherichia coli O55. LPS extracted from B. melitensis was smooth type by electrophoretic analysis with silver staining. The endotoxin-specific Limulus activity of B. melitensis LPS was lower than that of E. coli LPS. There was no significant production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with B. melitensis LPS, although E. coli LPS definitely induced their production. On the other hand, B. melitensis LPS exhibited a higher anti-complement activity than E. coli LPS. B. melitensis LPS as well as E. coli LPS exhibited a strong adjuvant action on antibody response to bovine serum. The characteristic biological activities of B. melitensis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Cha SB, Lee WJ, Shin MK, Jung MH, Shin SW, Yoo AN, Kim JW, Yoo HS. Early transcriptional responses of internalization defective Brucella abortus mutants in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:426. [PMID: 23802650 PMCID: PMC3716731 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brucella abortus is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen which causes undulant fever, endocarditis, arthritis and osteomyelitis in human and abortion and infertility in cattle. This bacterium is able to invade and replicate in host macrophage instead of getting removed by this defense mechanism. Therefore, understanding the interaction between virulence of the bacteria and the host cell is important to control brucellosis. Previously, we generated internalization defective mutants and analyzed the envelope proteins. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in early transcriptional responses between wild type and internalization defective mutants infected mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7. Results Both of the wild type and mutant infected macrophages showed increased expression levels in proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, apoptosis and G-protein coupled receptors (Gpr84, Gpr109a and Adora2b) while the genes related with small GTPase which mediate intracellular trafficking was decreased. Moreover, cytohesin 1 interacting protein (Cytip) and genes related to ubiquitination (Arrdc3 and Fbxo21) were down-regulated, suggesting the survival strategy of this bacterium. However, we could not detect any significant changes in the mutant infected groups compared to the wild type infected group. Conclusions In summary, it was very difficult to clarify the alterations in host cellular transcription in response to infection with internalization defective mutants. However, we found several novel gene changes related to the GPCR system, ubiquitin-proteosome system, and growth arrest and DNA damages in response to B. abortus infection. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bin Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Brain Korea 21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Haag AF, Arnold MFF, Myka KK, Kerscher B, Dall'Angelo S, Zanda M, Mergaert P, Ferguson GP. Molecular insights into bacteroid development duringRhizobium–legume symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:364-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Chitko-McKown CG, Chapes SK, Miller LC, Riggs PK, Ortega MT, Green BT, McKown RD. Development and characterization of two porcine monocyte-derived macrophage cell lines. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:26-32. [PMID: 23610747 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines CΔ2+ and CΔ2- were developed from monocytes obtained from a 10-month-old, crossbred, female pig. These cells morphologically resembled macrophages, stained positively for α-naphthyl esterase and negatively for peroxidase. The cell lines were bactericidal and highly phagocytic. Both cell lines expressed the porcine cell-surface molecules MHCI, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD172, and small amounts of CD2; however, only minimal amounts of CD163 were measured. The lines were negative for the mouse marker H2Kk, bovine CD2 control, and secondary antibody control. Additionally, cells tested negative for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Therefore, these cells resembled porcine macrophages based on morphology, cell-surface marker phenotype, and function and will be useful tools for studying porcine macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol G Chitko-McKown
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), Clay Center, NE 68933, United States
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Haag AF, Arnold MFF, Myka KK, Kerscher B, Dall'Angelo S, Zanda M, Mergaert P, Ferguson GP. Molecular insights into bacteroid development duringRhizobium-legume symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.2012.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Haag
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Markus F. F. Arnold
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Kamila K. Myka
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Bernhard Kerscher
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
| | | | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex; France
| | - Gail P. Ferguson
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
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Motaharinia Y, Rezaee MA, Rashidi A, Jalili A, Rezaie MJ, Shapouri R, Hossieni W, Rahmani MR. Induction of protective immunity against brucellosis in mice by vaccination with a combination of naloxone, alum, and heat-killed Brucella melitensis 16 M. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 46:253-8. [PMID: 22727892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE A T-helper cell type 1-specific response leads to the elimination of intracellular infection with Brucella. Studies have shown that naloxone (NLX) can promote a cellular immune response in this respect. The current study was carried out to evaluate the induction of protective immunity in mice against brucellosis by vaccination with a combination of NLX, alum, and heat-killed Brucella melitensis 16 M (HKB). METHODS Mice were categorized into five groups and received intraperitoneal vaccination on Days 0 and 7. Then serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4, the bacterial load, and the survival rate were measured 2 weeks after the last vaccination. RESULTS The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and immunoglobulin G in the NLX + alum + HKB group were shown to be significantly increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lowest bacterial load was observed in this group. The survival rate in groups vaccinated with combinations containing adjuvants was 100%. CONCLUSION The combination of NLX and alum enhanced the immunogenicity of HKB, which can be used in the vaccination of animals and humans at risk of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Motaharinia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Ferrero MC, Fossati CA, Rumbo M, Baldi PC. Brucella invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells elicits a weak proinflammatory response but a significant CCL20 secretion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:45-57. [PMID: 22553918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the frequent acquisition of Brucella infection by the oral route in humans, the interaction of the bacterium with cells of the intestinal mucosa has been poorly studied. Here, we show that different Brucella species can invade human colonic epithelial cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29), in which only smooth species can replicate efficiently. Infection with smooth strains did not produce a significant cytotoxicity, while the rough strain RB51 was more cytotoxic. Infection of Caco-2 cells or HT-29 cells with either smooth or rough strains of Brucella did not result in an increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-10 or TGF-β as compared with uninfected controls, whereas all the infections induced the secretion of IL-8 and CCL20 by both cell types. The MCP-1 response to flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium was similar in Brucella-infected or uninfected cells, ruling out a bacterial inhibitory mechanism as a reason for the weak proinflammatory response. Infection did not modify ICAM-1 expression levels in Caco-2 cells, but increased them in HT-29 cells. These results suggest that Brucella induces only a weak proinflammatory response in gut epithelial cells, but produces a significant CCL20 secretion. The latter may be important for bacterial dissemination given the known ability of Brucella to survive in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Ferrero
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Skyberg JA, Thornburg T, Kochetkova I, Layton W, Callis G, Rollins MF, Riccardi C, Becker T, Golden S, Pascual DW. IFN-γ-deficient mice develop IL-1-dependent cutaneous and musculoskeletal inflammation during experimental brucellosis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:375-87. [PMID: 22636321 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis exhibits diverse pathological manifestations that can affect almost any organ. In particular, osteoarticular complications are the most common focal manifestation of brucellosis and occur in 40-80% of patients. In immunocompetent mice, Brucella replication is generally restricted to the spleen, liver, and to a lesser extent, LNs, thereby limiting their use for study of focal inflammation often found in brucellosis. Here, we report that nasal, oral, or peritoneal infection of IFN-γ(-/-) mice with WT Brucella melitensis or Brucella abortus results in joint and periarticular tissue inflammation. Histological analysis of the affected joints revealed inflammatory infiltrates and debris within the joint space colocalizing with Brucella antigen. Osteoarthritis, necrosis, periarticular soft tissue inflammation, and substantial brucellae burdens were observed. Oral rifampicin was effective in clearing infection and halting further progression of focal inflammation from infected IFN-γ(-/-) mice, although some symptoms and swelling remained. Elevated IL-1 β, but not TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-17, was detected in joint homogenates from infected IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Whereas more susceptible to systemic infection, IL-1R(-/-) mice depleted of IFN-γ were more resistant to focal inflammation than WT mice similarly depleted of IFN-γ. Collectively, these results show IFN-γ(-/-) mice represent a potential model for study of focal inflammation attributed to Brucella infection and will allow evaluation of intervention strategies targeting IL-1, IL-1R, or other inflammatory mediators, with the potential to complement antibiotic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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27
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Cannella AP, Tsolis RM, Liang L, Felgner PL, Saito M, Sette A, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM. Antigen-specific acquired immunity in human brucellosis: implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:1. [PMID: 22919593 PMCID: PMC3417515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp., are Gram negative bacteria that cause disease by growing within monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis are immune mediated, not due to bacterial virulence factors. Acquired immunity to brucellosis has been studied through observations of naturally infected hosts (cattle, goats), mouse models (mice), and human infection. Even though Brucella spp. are known for producing mechanisms that evade the immune system, cell-mediated immune responses drive the clinical manifestations of human disease after exposure to Brucella species, as high antibody responses are not associated with protective immunity. The precise mechanisms by which cell-mediated immune responses confer protection or lead to disease manifestations remain undefined. Descriptive studies of immune responses in human brucellosis show that TH1 (interferon-γ-producing T cells) are associated with dominant immune responses, findings consistent with animal studies. Whether these T cell responses are protective, or determine the different clinical responses associated with brucellosis is unknown, especially with regard to undulant fever manifestations, relapsing disease, or are associated with responses to distinct sets of Brucella spp. antigens are unknown. Few data regarding T cell responses in terms of specific recognition of Brucella spp. protein antigens and peptidic epitopes, either by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, have been identified in human brucellosis patients. Additionally because current attenuated Brucella vaccines used in animals cause human disease, there is a true need for a recombinant protein subunit vaccine for human brucellosis, as well as for improved diagnostics in terms of prognosis and identification of unusual forms of brucellosis. This review will focus on current understandings of antigen-specific immune responses induced Brucella peptidic epitopes that has promise for yielding new insights into vaccine and diagnostics development, and for understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Cannella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Narasaki CT, Toman R. Lipopolysaccharide of Coxiella burnetii. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 984:65-90. [PMID: 22711627 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be one of the major determinants of virulence expression and infection of virulent Coxiella burnetii. The LPSs from virulent phase I (LPS I) and from avirulent phase II (LPS II) bacteria were investigated for their chemical composition, structure and biological properties. LPS II is of rough (R) type in contrast to LPS I, which is phenotypically smooth (S) and contains a noticeable amount of two sugars virenose (Vir) and dihydrohydroxystreptose (Strep), which have not been found in other LPSs and can be considered as unique biomarkers of the bacterium. Both sugars were suggested to be located mostly in terminal positions of the O-specific chain of LPS I (O-PS I) and to be involved in the immunobiology of Q fever. There is a need to establish a more detailed chemical structure of LPS I in connection with prospective, deeper studies on mechanisms of pathogenesis and immunity of Q fever, its early and reliable diagnosis, and effective prophylaxis against the disease. This will also help to better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and contribute to improved modulation of pathological reactions which in turn are prerequisite for research and development of vaccines of new type. A fundamental understanding of C. burnetii LPS biosynthesis is still lacking. The intracellular nature of the bacterium, lack of genetic tools and its status as a selected agent have made elucidating basic physiological mechanisms challenging. The GDP-β-D-Vir biosynthetic pathway proposed most recently is an important initial step in this endeavour. The current advanced technologies providing the genetic tools necessary to screen C. burnetii mutants and propagate isogenic mutants might speed the discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Narasaki
- Center Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University Health Science, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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29
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Wang F, Hu S, Liu W, Qiao Z, Gao Y, Bu Z. Deep-sequencing analysis of the mouse transcriptome response to infection with Brucella melitensis strains of differing virulence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28485. [PMID: 22216095 PMCID: PMC3247208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes brucellosis, a disease that affects sheep, cattle and occasionally humans. B. melitensis strain M5-90, a live attenuated vaccine cultured from B. melitensis strain M28, has been used as an effective tool in the control of brucellosis in goats and sheep in China. However, the molecular changes leading to attenuated virulence and pathogenicity in B. melitensis remain poorly understood. In this study we employed the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to perform genome-wide digital gene expression (DGE) analysis of mouse peritoneal macrophage responses to B. melitensis infection. Many parallel changes in gene expression profiles were observed in M28- and M5-90-infected macrophages, suggesting that they employ similar survival strategies, notably the induction of anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic factors. Moreover, 1019 differentially expressed macrophage transcripts were identified 4 h after infection with the different B. melitensis strains, and these differential transcripts notably identified genes involved in the lysosome and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Further analysis employed gene ontology (GO) analysis: high-enrichment GOs identified endocytosis, inflammatory, apoptosis, and transport pathways. Path-Net and Signal-Net analysis highlighted the MAPK pathway as the key regulatory pathway. Moreover, the key differentially expressed genes of the significant pathways were apoptosis-related. These findings demonstrate previously unrecognized changes in gene transcription that are associated with B. melitensis infection of macrophages, and the central signaling pathways identified here merit further investigation. Our data provide new insights into the molecular attenuation mechanism of strain M5-90 and will facilitate the generation of new attenuated vaccine strains with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zujian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhe Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Turse JE, Pei J, Ficht TA. Lipopolysaccharide-Deficient Brucella Variants Arise Spontaneously during Infection. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:54. [PMID: 21833310 PMCID: PMC3153030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of smooth Brucella species (rough mutants) have been shown to arise spontaneously in culture. However, in situ analysis of Brucella infected macrophages using antibody directed against O-polysaccharide suggested a loss of reactivity of Brucella consistent with the appearance of rough organisms, and a potential contribution to infection. The experiments reported describe the direct recovery of Brucella from macrophages infected in vitro and from the spleens of infected mice at a frequency similar to that described in vitro, suggesting that Brucella dissociation is not simply an in vitro artifact. The frequency of appearance of spontaneous rough organisms deficient in O-polysaccharide expression measured in vitro is approximately 2–3 logs higher than the appearance of mutation to antibiotic resistance, purine auxotrophy, or reversion of erythritol sensitive ΔeryC mutants to tolerance. Genetic trans-complementation using a plasmid-based expression of Brucella manBA successfully restored O-polysaccharide expression in only one-third of O-polysaccharide deficient spontaneous mutants. Suggesting that the appearance of rough mutants is caused by mutation at more than one locus. In addition, Sanger sequencing of the manBA structural genes detected multiple sequence changes that may explain the observed phenotypic differences. The presence of O-polysaccharide resulted in macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the peritoneal cavity and systemic distribution of the organism. In contrast, rough organisms are controlled by resident macrophages or by extracellular killing mechanisms and rapidly cleared from this compartment consistent with the inability to cause disease. Loss of O-polysaccharide expression appears to be stochastic giving rise to organisms with biological properties distinct from the parental smooth organism during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Turse
- Veterinary Pathobiology and Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University and Texas AgriLife Research College Station, TX, USA
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31
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Importance of Lipopolysaccharide and Cyclic β-1,2-Glucans in Brucella-Mammalian Infections. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2010:124509. [PMID: 21151694 PMCID: PMC2995898 DOI: 10.1155/2010/124509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella species are the causative agents of one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases: brucellosis. Infections by Brucella species cause major economic losses in agriculture, leading to abortions in infected animals and resulting in a severe, although rarely lethal, debilitating disease in humans. Brucella species persist as intracellular pathogens that manage to effectively evade recognition by the host's immune system. Sugar-modified components in the Brucella cell envelope play an important role in their host interaction. Brucella lipopolysaccharide (LPS), unlike Escherichia coli LPS, does not trigger the host's innate immune system. Brucella produces cyclic β-1,2-glucans, which are important for targeting them to their replicative niche in the endoplasmic reticulum within the host cell. This paper will focus on the role of LPS and cyclic β-1,2-glucans in Brucella-mammalian infections and discuss the use of mutants, within the biosynthesis pathway of these cell envelope structures, in vaccine development.
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32
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Skendros P, Pappas G, Boura P. Cell-mediated immunity in human brucellosis. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:134-42. [PMID: 21034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella can parasitize within human antigen-presenting cells modifying phagocytosis, phagolysosome fusion, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis. Subversion of innate immune mechanisms by Brucella leads to defective Th1 immune responses and T-cell anergy in chronic brucellosis patients. This review summarizes the cellular immune responses in brucellosis, based on data derived exclusively from human cells or cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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33
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Hartlova A, Cerveny L, Hubalek M, Krocova Z, Stulik J. Membrane rafts: a potential gateway for bacterial entry into host cells. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:237-45. [PMID: 20377752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have developed various mechanisms to evade host immune defense systems. Invasion of pathogenic bacteria requires interaction of the pathogen with host receptors, followed by activation of signal transduction pathways and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton to facilitate bacterial entry. Numerous bacteria exploit specialized plasma membrane microdomains, commonly called membrane rafts, which are rich in cholesterol, sphingolipids and a special set of signaling molecules which allow entry to host cells and establishment of a protected niche within the host. This review focuses on the current understanding of the raft hypothesis and the means by which pathogenic bacteria subvert membrane microdomains to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Hartlova
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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34
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Vieira FS, Corrêa G, Einicker-Lamas M, Coutinho-Silva R. Host-cell lipid rafts: a safe door for micro-organisms? Biol Cell 2010; 102:391-407. [PMID: 20377525 PMCID: PMC7161784 DOI: 10.1042/bc20090138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipid raft hypothesis proposed that these microdomains are small (10-200 nM), highly dynamic and enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids and signalling phospholipids, which compartmentalize cellular processes. These membrane regions play crucial roles in signal transduction, phagocytosis and secretion, as well as pathogen adhesion/interaction. Throughout evolution, many pathogens have developed mechanisms to escape from the host immune system, some of which are based on the host membrane microdomain machinery. Thus lipid rafts might be exploited by pathogens as signalling and entry platforms. In this review, we summarize the role of lipid rafts as players in the overall invasion process used by different pathogens to escape from the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Sarmento Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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35
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Al-Mariri A. Protection of BALB/c mice against Brucella melitensis 16M infection induced by vaccination with live Escherchia coli expression Brucella P39 protein. Vaccine 2010; 28:1766-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Hartlova A, Cerveny L, Hubalek M, Krocova Z, Stulik J. Membrane rafts: a potential gateway for bacterial entry into host cells. Microbiol Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Smooth Brucella strains invade and replicate in human lung epithelial cells without inducing cell death. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:476-83. [PMID: 19397873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation is a common route for Brucella infection. We investigated whether Brucella species can invade and replicate within alveolar(A549) and bronchial (Calu-6 and 16HBE14o-) human epithelial cells. The number of adherent and intracellular bacteria was higher for rough strains (Brucella canis and Brucella abortus RB51) than for smooth strains (B. abortus 2308 and Brucella suis 1330). Only smooth strains exhibited efficient intracellular replication (1.5-3.5 log increase at 24 h p.i.). A B. abortus mutant with defective expression of the type IV secretion system did not replicate. B. abortus internalization was inhibited by specific inhibitors of microfilaments, microtubules and PI3-kinase activity. As assessed with fluorescent probes, B. abortus infection did not affect the viability of A549 and 16HBE14o- cells, but increased the percentage of injured cells (both strains) and dead cells (RB51) in Calu-6 cultures. LDH levels were increased in supernatants of Calu-6 and 16HBE14o- cells infected with B. abortus RB51, and to a lower extent in Calu-6 infected with B. abortus 2308. No apoptosis was detected by TUNEL upon infection with smooth or rough B. abortus. This study shows that smooth brucellae can infect and replicate in human respiratory epithelial cells inducing minimal or null cytotoxicity.
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38
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Sharifat Salmani A, Siadat SD, Norouzian D, Izadi Mobarakeh J, Kheirandish M, Zangeneh M, Aghasadeghi MR, Nejati M, Hedayati MH, Moshiri A, Sadat SM. Outer membrane vesicle ofNeisseria meningitidis serogroup B as an adjuvant to induce specific antibody response against the lipopolysaccharide ofBrucella abortus S99. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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39
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Chronic brucellosis patients retain low frequency of CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing CD25 and CD28 after Escherichia coli LPS stimulation of PHA-cultured PBMCs. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 2008:327346. [PMID: 19190764 PMCID: PMC2630417 DOI: 10.1155/2008/327346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic brucellosis patients display a defective Th1 response to PHA. We have previously shown that heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA) can downregulate the PHA-induced increase of CD4+/CD25+ and CD14+/CD80+ cells of brucellosis patients. In the present study, we investigate the effect of E. coli LPS, as a potent stimulant of monocytes and autologous T-lymphocytes, on the PHA-cultured PBMCs of the same groups of patients. Thirteen acute brucellosis (AB) patients, 22 chronic brucellosis (CB) patients, 11 “cured” subjects, and 15 healthy volunteers were studied. The percentage of CD4+/CD25+ and CD4+/CD28+ T-lymphocytes as well as CD14+/CD80+ monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry after PBMCs culture with PHA plus E. coli LPS. A significant decrease in the percentage of CD4+/CD25+ and CD4+/CD28+ T-lymphocytes was observed in CB compared to AB. In HKBA cultures, compared to E. coli LPS-cultures, there was a significant reduction of CD4+/CD25+ T-lymphocytes in all groups and CD14+/CD80+ in patients groups. We suggest that Brucella can modulate host immune response, leading to T-cell anergy and chronic infection.
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40
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Schaefer MR, Williams M, Kulpa DA, Blakely PK, Yaffee AQ, Collins KL. A novel trafficking signal within the HLA-C cytoplasmic tail allows regulated expression upon differentiation of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7804-17. [PMID: 18523244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) present peptides to CTLs. In addition, HLA-C allotypes are recognized by killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) found on NK cells and effector CTLs. Compared with other classical MHC-I allotypes, HLA-C has low cell surface expression and an altered intracellular trafficking pattern. We present evidence that this results from effects of both the extracellular domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Notably, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic tail contains a dihydrophobic (LI) internalization and lysosomal targeting signal that is partially attenuated by an aspartic acid residue (DXSLI). In addition, we provide evidence that this signal is specifically inhibited by hypophosphorylation of the adjacent serine residue upon macrophage differentiation and that this allows high HLA-C expression in this cell type. We propose that tightly regulated HLA-C surface expression facilitates immune surveillance and allows HLA-C to serve a specialized role in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda R Schaefer
- Graduate Program Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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41
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Tamilselvam B, Daefler S. Francisella targets cholesterol-rich host cell membrane domains for entry into macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8262-71. [PMID: 18523292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a pathogen optimally adapted to efficiently invade its respective host cell and to proliferate intracellularly. We investigated the role of host cell membrane microdomains in the entry of F. tularensis subspecies holarctica vaccine strain (F. tularensis live vaccine strain) into murine macrophages. F. tularensis live vaccine strain recruits cholesterol-rich lipid domains ("lipid rafts") with caveolin-1 for successful entry into macrophages. Interference with lipid rafts through the depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol, through induction of raft internalization with choleratoxin, or through removal of raft-associated GPI-anchored proteins by treatment with phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C significantly inhibited entry of Francisella and its intracellular proliferation. Lipid raft-associated components such as cholesterol and caveolin-1 were incorporated into Francisella-containing vesicles during entry and the initial phase of intracellular trafficking inside the host cell. These findings demonstrate that Francisella requires cholesterol-rich membrane domains for entry into and proliferation inside macrophages.
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42
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RNAi screen of endoplasmic reticulum-associated host factors reveals a role for IRE1alpha in supporting Brucella replication. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000110. [PMID: 18654626 PMCID: PMC2453327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella species are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, a global zoonosis of profound importance. Although recent studies have demonstrated that Brucella spp. replicate within an intracellular compartment that contains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins, the molecular mechanisms by which the pathogen secures this replicative niche remain obscure. Here, we address this issue by exploiting Drosophila S2 cells and RNA interference (RNAi) technology to develop a genetically tractable system that recapitulates critical aspects of mammalian cell infection. After validating this system by demonstrating a shared requirement for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activities in supporting Brucella infection in both host cell systems, we performed an RNAi screen of 240 genes, including 110 ER-associated genes, for molecules that mediate bacterial interactions with the ER. We uncovered 52 evolutionarily conserved host factors that, when depleted, inhibited or increased Brucella infection. Strikingly, 29 of these factors had not been previously suggested to support bacterial infection of host cells. The most intriguing of these was inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a transmembrane kinase that regulates the eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR). We employed IRE1α−/− murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to demonstrate a role for this protein in supporting Brucella infection of mammalian cells, and thereby, validated the utility of the Drosophila S2 cell system for uncovering novel Brucella host factors. Finally, we propose a model in which IRE1α, and other ER-associated genes uncovered in our screen, mediate Brucella replication by promoting autophagosome biogenesis. Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause brucellosis in a broad range of hosts, including humans. Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis are highly infectious and can be readily transmitted in aerosolized form, and a human vaccine against brucellosis is unavailable. Therefore, these pathogens are recognized as potential bioterror agents. Because genetic systems for studying host–Brucella interactions have been unavailable, little is known about the host factors that mediate infection. Here, we demonstrate that a Drosophila S2 cell system and RNA interference can be exploited to study the role that evolutionarily conserved Brucella host proteins play in these processes. We also show that this system provides for the identification and characterization of host factors that mediate Brucella interactions with the host cell endoplasmic reticulum. In fact, we identified 52 host factors that, when depleted, inhibited or increased Brucella infection. Among the identified Brucella host factors, 29 have not been previously shown to support bacterial infection. Finally, we demonstrate that the novel host factor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and its mammalian ortholog (IRE1α) are required for Brucella infection of Drosophila S2 and mammalian cells, respectively. Therefore, this work contributes to our understanding of host factors mediating Brucella infection.
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Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:127-32. [PMID: 18323530 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0091tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the original "second messenger" to be discovered. Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation after ligation of G protein-coupled receptors by ligands including hormones, autocoids, prostaglandins, and pharmacologic agents. Increases in intracellular cAMP generally suppress innate immune functions, including inflammatory mediator generation and the phagocytosis and killing of microbes. The importance of the host cAMP axis in regulating antimicrobial defense is underscored by the fact that microbes have evolved virulence-enhancing strategies that exploit it. Many clinical situations that predispose to infection are associated with increases in cAMP, and therapeutic strategies to interrupt cAMP generation or actions have immunostimulatory potential. This article reviews the anatomy of the cAMP axis, the mechanisms by which it controls phagocyte immune function, microbial strategies to dysregulate it, and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Serezani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Interaction of Brucella suis and Brucella abortus rough strains with human dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5916-23. [PMID: 17938225 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00931-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen of various mammals and the etiological agent of brucellosis. We recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs), which are critical components of adaptive immunity, are highly susceptible to Brucella infection. Furthermore, Brucella prevented the infected DCs from engaging in maturation processes and impaired their capacity to present antigen to naive T cells and to secrete interleukin-12 (IL-12). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotype is largely associated with the virulence of Brucella. Depending on whether they express the O-side chain of LPS or not, the bacteria display a smooth or rough phenotype. Rough Brucella mutants are attenuated and induce a potent protective T-cell-dependent immune response. Due to the essential role of DCs in the initiation of T-cell-dependent adaptive immune responses, it seemed pertinent to study the interaction between rough Brucella strains and human DCs. In the present paper, we report that, in contrast to smooth bacteria, infection of DCs with rough mutants of Brucella suis or Brucella abortus leads to both phenotypic and functional maturation of infected cells. Rough mutant-infected DCs then acquire the capacity to produce IL-12 and to stimulate naive CD4+ T lymphocytes. Experiments with rough and smooth purified LPS of Brucella supported the hypothesis of an indirect involvement of the O-side chain. These results provide new data concerning the role of LPS in Brucella virulence strategy and illuminate phenomena contributing to immune protection conferred by rough vaccine strains.
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de Mello CCF, de Souza DU, Glória FAC, Moura LO, de Mello GCF. Espondilodiscite por brucelose: relato de caso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:469-72. [PMID: 17876473 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relata-se um caso de espondilodiscite por Brucella em um paciente do sexo masculino, 56 anos, fazendeiro, com manifestações sistêmicas da doença. O diagnóstico foi realizado por sorologia com título de 1/160, hemocultura positiva, o VHS foi elevado, bem como alterações radiológicas mostraram espondilodiscite ao nível de T8/T9 compatíveis com a patologia. O paciente foi tratado com estreptomicina 1gIM/dia por 15 dias, doxaciclina e rifampicina por seis semanas, com melhora clínica do quadro. O envolvimento vertebral na brucelose é uma complicação de ocorrência variável na literatura, mas considerado pouco freqüente, de difícil diagnóstico principalmente em regiões com alta prevalência de tuberculose, visto que esta pode mimetizar o quadro de brucelose. Chama-se atenção a um caso raro de espondilodiscite por brucelose, dada a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce e tratamento a fim de se evitar possíveis seqüelas.
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Billard E, Dornand J, Gross A. Brucella suis prevents human dendritic cell maturation and antigen presentation through regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4980-9. [PMID: 17635859 PMCID: PMC2044515 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00637-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiological agent of brucellosis. In some cases, human brucellosis results in a persistent infection that may reactivate years after the initial exposure. The mechanisms by which the parasite evades clearance by the immune response to chronically infect its host are unknown. We recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs), which are critical components of adaptive immunity, are highly susceptible to Brucella infection and are a preferential niche for the development of the bacteria. Here, we report that in contrast to several intracellular bacteria, Brucella prevented the infected DCs from engaging in their maturation process and impaired their capacities to present antigen to naïve T cells and to secrete interleukin-12. Moreover, Brucella-infected DCs failed to release tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a defect involving the bacterial protein Omp25. Exogenous TNF-alpha addition to Brucella-infected DCs restored cell maturation and allowed them to present antigens. Two avirulent mutants of B. suis, B. suis bvrR and B. suis omp25 mutants, which do not express the Omp25 protein, triggered TNF-alpha production upon DC invasion. Cells infected with these mutants subsequently matured and acquired the ability to present antigens, two properties which were dramatically impaired by addition of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. In light of these data, we propose a model in which virulent Brucella alters the maturation and functions of DCs through Omp25-dependent control of TNF-alpha production. This model defines a specific evasion strategy of the bacteria by which they can escape the immune response to chronically infect their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Billard
- INSERM U431, CPBS UMR CNRS 5236 UM1 UM2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Skendros P, Boura P, Kamaria F, Raptopoulou-Gigi M. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation in human brucellosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:400-8. [PMID: 17100758 PMCID: PMC1810400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite treatment, 10-30% of brucellosis patients develop chronic disease, characterized by atypical clinical picture and/or relapses. A defective T helper 1 (Th1) response and a low [corrected] percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells have been described in chronic brucellosis patients. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation is critical for an efficient Th1 response and has not been studied previously in human brucellosis. In order to investigate the role of CD80/CD28 co-stimulation, 13 acute brucellosis patients (AB), 22 chronic brucellosis patients (CB, 12/22 relapsing type-CB1 and 10/22 atypical type-CB2), 11 'cured' subjects and 15 healthy volunteers (controls) were studied. The percentage of CD4(+)/CD28(+) T lymphocytes and CD14(+)/CD80(+) monocytes were analysed by flow cytometry both ex vivo and after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulation with or without heat-killed Brucella abortus (HkBA). Ex vivo analysis showed no differences between all groups studied. PHA stimulation up-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in AB compared to 'cured' subjects and controls (P < 0.001), although the proportion of CD4(+)/CD28(+) cells did not alter. A higher percentage of CD80(+) monocytes was observed in the CB1 subgroup, compared to AB, 'cured' subjects and controls (P = 0.042, < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). CB2 was characterized by a lower percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in comparison to CB1 (P = 0.020). HkBA in PHA cultures down-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes compared to PHA alone in all groups, especially in AB and CB patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, the diminished percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells in CB is not associated with inadequate CD80/CD28 co-stimulation. We speculate that differential frequency of CD80(+) monocytes after PHA stimulation could serve as a qualitative parameter of disease status, related to the different clinical forms of chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Miyoshi A, Rosinha GMS, Camargo ILBC, Trant CMC, Cardoso FC, Azevedo V, Oliveira SC. The role of the vacB gene in the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:375-81. [PMID: 17306588 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brucella species are important zoonotic pathogens affecting a wide variety of mammals. Therefore, the identification of new Brucella virulence factors is of great interest in understanding bacterial pathogenesis and immune evasion. In this study, we have identified Brucella abortus vacB gene that presents 2343 nucleotides and 781 amino acids and it shows 39% identity with Shigella flexneri vacB gene that encodes an exoribonuclease RNase R involved in bacterial virulence. Further, we have inactivated Brucella vacB by gene replacement strategy generating a deletion mutant strain. In order to test the role of Brucella vacB in pathogenesis, BALB/c and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) knockout (KO) mice received Brucella vacB mutant, the virulent parental strain 2308 or the vaccine strain RB51 and the bacterial CFU numbers in spleens and mous survival were monitored. Our results demonstrated that the B. abortus DeltavacB mutant and the wild type strain 2308 showed similar CFU numbers in BALB/c mice. Additionally, IRF-1 KO mice that received either the vacB mutant or S2308 strain died in 12-14 days postinfection; in contrast, all animals that received the RB51 vaccine strain survived for 30 days postinoculation. In summary, this study reports that the vacB gene in B. abortus has no impact on bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Miyoshi
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
The termination of the apoptotic programme occurs in most cases via recognition and clearance by phagocytes, especially the professional phagocytes, such as macrophages and immature dendritic cells. Engulfed cells do not simply disappear from the midst of living tissues. The fine-defined presentation of yielded self-antigens to T cells is a central event in the induction or the maintenance of the peripheral immune tolerance to self. Conversely, abnormality in this pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We herein reviewed the relationship between phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and immune regulation, especially the effects of engulfed apoptotic cells on immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Carle A, Höppner C, Ahmed Aly K, Yuan Q, den Dulk-Ras A, Vergunst A, O'Callaghan D, Baron C. The Brucella suis type IV secretion system assembles in the cell envelope of the heterologous host Agrobacterium tumefaciens and increases IncQ plasmid pLS1 recipient competence. Infect Immun 2006; 74:108-17. [PMID: 16368963 PMCID: PMC1346655 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.108-117.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Brucella species replicate within mammalian cells, and their type IV secretion system is essential for intracellular survival and replication. The options for biochemical studies on the Brucella secretion system are limited due to the rigidity of the cells and biosafety concerns, which preclude large-scale cell culture and fractionation. To overcome these problems, we heterologously expressed the Brucella suis virB operon in the closely related alpha(2)-proteobacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and showed that the VirB proteins assembled into a complex. Eight of the twelve VirB proteins were detected in the membranes of the heterologous host with specific antisera. Cross-linking indicated protein-protein interactions similar to those in other type IV secretion systems, and the results of immunofluorescence analysis supported the formation of VirB protein complexes in the cell envelope. Production of a subset of the B. suis VirB proteins (VirB3-VirB12) in A. tumefaciens strongly increased its ability to receive IncQ plasmid pLS1 in conjugation experiments, and production of VirB1 further enhanced the conjugation efficiency. Plasmid recipient competence correlated with periplasmic leakage and the detergent sensitivity of A. tumefaciens, suggesting a weakening of the cell envelope. Heterologous expression thus permits biochemical characterization of B. suis type IV secretion system assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carle
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario LS8 4K1, Canada
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