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Malik S, Chakraborty D, Agnihotri P, Sharma A, Biswas S. Mitochondrial functioning in Rheumatoid arthritis modulated by estrogen: Evidence-based insight into the sex-based influence on mitochondria and disease. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101854. [PMID: 38403096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Alteration of immune response and synovium microvasculature in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression has been suggested to be associated with mitochondrial functioning. Mitochondria, with maternally inherited DNA, exhibit differential response to the female hormone estrogen. Various epidemiological evidence has also shown the prominence of RA in the female population, depicting the role of estrogen in modulating the pathogenesis of RA. As estrogen regulates the expression of differential proteins and associated signaling pathways of RA, its influence on mitochondrial functioning seems evident. Thus, in this review, the studies related to mitochondria and their relation with estrogen and Rheumatoid arthritis were retrieved. We analyzed the different mitochondrial activities that are altered in RA and the possibility of their estrogenic control. The study expands to in silico analysis, revealing the differential mitochondrial proteins expressed in RA and examining these proteins as potential estrogenic targets. It was found that ALDH2, CASP3, and SOD2 are the major mitochondrial proteins involved in RA progression and are also potent estradiol targets. The analysis establishes the role of mitochondrial proteins in RA progression, which were found to be direct or indirect targets of estrogen, depicting its potential for regulating mitochondrial functions in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Malik
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Debolina Chakraborty
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prachi Agnihotri
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Alankrita Sharma
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Schuh BM, Macáková K, Feješ A, Groß T, Belvončíková P, Janko J, Juskanič D, Hollý S, Borbélyová V, Šteňová E, Pastorek M, Vlková B, Celec P. Sex differences in long-term effects of collagen-induced arthritis in middle-aged mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1195604. [PMID: 37449011 PMCID: PMC10337783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1195604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with high prevalence among middle-aged women. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is the most widely used animal model of RA, however, sex differences and long-term effects of CIA in mice are poorly described in the literature. Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the long-term effects of CIA on the joints of middle-aged mice of both sexes and to describe potential sex differences. Materials and methods: CIA was induced in middle-aged DBA/1J mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Saline was administered to control mice. Arthritis score assessment, plethysmometry, and thermal imaging of the joints were performed weekly for 15 weeks. Locomotor activity, micro-computed tomography, joint histology and biochemical analyses were performed at the end of the experiment. Results: Our results indicate a similar prevalence of arthritis in both sexes of mice-67% (8/12) of females and 89% (8/9) males with an earlier onset in males (day 14 vs. day 35). After the arthritis scores peaked on day 56 for males and day 63 for females, they steadily declined until the end of the experiment on day 105. A similar dynamics was observed in paw volume and temperature analyzing different aspects of joint inflammation. Long-term consequences including higher proteinuria (by 116%), loss of bone density (by 33.5%) and joint damage in terms of synovial hyperplasia as well as bone and cartilage erosions were more severe in CIA males compared to CIA females. There were no significant differences in locomotor activity between CIA mice and CTRL mice of any sex. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the long-term effects of the CIA model in terms of sex differences in DBA/1J mice. Our results indicate sex differences in the dynamics, but not in the extent of arthritis. An earlier onset of arthritis and more severe consequences on joints, bones and kidneys were found in males. The underlying immune pathomechanisms responsible for the limited duration of the arthritis symptoms and the opposite sex difference in comparison to RA patients require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristína Macáková
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Feješ
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tim Groß
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulína Belvončíková
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Janko
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominik Juskanič
- Jessenius-Diagnostic Center, Nitra, Slovakia
- Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Samuel Hollý
- Jessenius-Diagnostic Center, Nitra, Slovakia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Borbélyová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Emőke Šteňová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Vlková
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Raine C, Giles I. What is the impact of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:909879. [PMID: 35935802 PMCID: PMC9354962 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.909879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease and has a female predominance of around 3:1. The relationship between sex hormones and RA has been of great interest to researchers ever since Philip Hench's observations in the 1930's regarding spontaneous disease amelioration in pregnancy. Extensive basic scientific work has demonstrated the immunomodulatory actions of sex hormones but this therapeutic potential has not to date resulted in successful clinical trials in RA. Epidemiological data regarding both endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors are inconsistent, but declining estrogen and/or progesterone levels in the menopause and post-partum appear to increase the risk and severity of RA. This review assimilates basic scientific, epidemiological and clinical trial data to provide an overview of the current understanding of the relationship between sex hormones and RA, focusing on estrogen, progesterone and androgens.
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Huang A, Kandhi S, Sun D. Roles of Genetic Predisposition in the Sex Bias of Pulmonary Pathophysiology, as a Function of Estrogens : Sex Matters in the Prevalence of Lung Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:107-127. [PMID: 33788190 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to studies focused on estrogen mediation of sex-different regulation of systemic circulations, there is now increasing clinical relevance and research interests in the pulmonary circulation, in terms of sex differences in the morbidity and mortality of lung diseases such as inherent-, allergic- and inflammatory-based events. Thus, female predisposition to pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is an inevitable topic. To better understand the nature of sexual differentiation in the pulmonary circulation, and how heritable factors, in vivo- and/or in vitro-altered estrogen circumstances and changes in the live environment work in concert to discern the sex bias, this chapter reviews pulmonary events characterized by sex-different features, concomitant with exploration of how alterations of genetic expression and estrogen metabolisms trigger the female-predominant pathological signaling. We address the following: PAH (Sect.7.2) is characterized as an estrogenic promotion of its incidence (Sect. 7.2.2), as a function of specific germline mutations, and as an estrogen-elicited protection of its prognosis (Sect.7.2.1). More detail is provided to introduce a less recognized gene of Ephx2 that encodes soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to degrade epoxyeicosatrienic acids (EETs). As a susceptible target of estrogen, Ephx2/sEH expression is downregulated by an estrogen-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Increases in pulmonary EETs then evoke a potentiation of PAH generation, but mitigation of its progression, a phenomenon similar to the estrogen-paradox regulation of PAH. Additionally, the female susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Sect. 7.3) and asthma (Sect.7.4), but less preference to COVID-19 (Sect. 7.5), and roles of estrogen in their pathogeneses are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Huang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Raine C, Austin K, Giles I. Mechanisms determining the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy: A systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:1357-1369. [PMID: 32224046 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of pregnancy-induced remission of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was first reported by Philip Hench in 1938. Despite extensive efforts, the underlying scientific basis has remained elusive. A number of different potential mechanisms have been investigated. We have undertaken a systematic review of the available peer-reviewed articles involving pregnant patients with RA in order to establish the depth of current scientific understanding of this important topic. METHODS This review was conducted according to guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Studies were identified by a thorough search of multiple databases including Medline, PubMed and EMBASE. Search terms used were different combinations of the keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, pregnancy, mechanisms, disease activity, relapse and remission. Non-English language articles and studies that were not directly relevant were excluded. Two independent reviewers (CR and KA) screened the retrieved articles by reading the title and abstract to identify studies that addressed potential mechanisms determining RA activity in pregnancy. Articles were further refined after reading the full text. A data extraction sheet was developed for the purpose of this review and used by the independent reviewers. RESULTS After exclusion of irrelevant, duplicate and foreign language articles, a final total of 37 original articles were identified. The largest body of literature concerned glycosylation of immunoglobulins, with 9 published articles. There is evidence of an association between increasing levels of galactosylation of immunoglobulins and reduced RA disease activity in pregnancy. Other identified articles comprised 5 on cytokine changes in pregnancy, 5 on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) incompatibility, 5 on changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression; 4 on changes in corticosteroids; 3 on pregnancy associated α2-glycoprotein; 2 on changes in rheumatoid factor (RF)/anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA); and 1 each on microchimerism, gamma delta T cells, regulatory T cells, and mannose-binding lectin. The results of these studies were heterogenous and occasionally conflicting. Selected studies varied greatly in terms of population size, methodology and use of controls and disease activity assessments. CONCLUSION This systematic review has found that the cause of the pregnancy-induced amelioration of RA remains to be determined, despite extensive efforts. It is unclear which of the various transitory changes in pregnancy may be responsible for initiating downstream anti-inflammatory immunological mechanisms. We discuss limitations of the current literature and suggest areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Raine
- Rayne Institute, University College London Centre for Rheumatology Research, University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.
| | - Keziah Austin
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospital, 250 Euston Rd, London NW1 2PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Giles
- Rayne Institute, University College London Centre for Rheumatology Research, University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.
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Taylor EB, Wolf VL, Dent E, Ryan MJ. Mechanisms of hypertension in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1897-1913. [PMID: 30714094 PMCID: PMC6534791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus have an increased prevalence of hypertension. There is now a large body of evidence showing that the immune system is a key mediator in both human primary hypertension and experimental models. Many of the proposed immunological mechanisms leading to primary hypertension are paralleled in autoimmune rheumatic disorders. Therefore, examining the link between autoimmunity and hypertension can be informative for understanding primary hypertension. This review examines the prevalent hypertension, the immune mediators that contribute to the prevalent hypertension and their impact on renal function and how the risk of hypertension is potentially influenced by common hormonal changes that are associated with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Victoria L Wolf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elena Dent
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Santos RS, de Fatima LA, Frank AP, Carneiro EM, Clegg DJ. The effects of 17 alpha-estradiol to inhibit inflammation in vitro. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:30. [PMID: 28877759 PMCID: PMC5586055 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 17 Alpha-estradiol (17 α-E2) is a natural, non-feminizing stereoisomer of 17 beta-estradiol (17 β-E2). Whereas much is known about the physiological effects of 17 β-E2, much less is known about 17 α-E2. For example, 17 β-E2 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in neurons and adipocytes through binding and activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα); however, if 17 α-E2 has similar effects on inflammation is currently unknown. Methods To begin to address this, we analyzed the ability of 17 α-E2 and 17 β-E2 to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro using embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF) from wild type and total body ERα (ERKO) male and female mice. Additionally, we further probed if there were sex differences with respect to the effects of E2s using primary pre-adipocyte cells from C57BL/6J male and female mice. Also, we probed mechanistically the effects of E2s in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Results Both E2s decreased LPS-induced markers of inflammation Tnf-α and Il-6, and increased the anti-inflammatory markers Il-4 and IL-6 receptor (Il-6ra) in MEF cells. To begin to understand the mechanisms by which both E2’s mediate their anti-inflammatory effects, we probed the role of ERα using two methods. First, we used MEF cells from ERKO mice and found reductions in ERα diminished the ability of 17 α-E2 to suppress Tnf-α in female but not in male cells, demonstrating a sexual dimorphism in regard to the role of ERα to mediate 17 α-E2’s effects. Second, we selectively reduced the expression of ERα in 3T3-L1 cells using siRNA and found reductions in ERα diminished the ability of both E2s to suppress Tnf-α and Il-6 expression. Lastly, to determine the mechanisms by which E2s reduce inflammation, we explored the role of NFκB-p65 and found both E2s decreased NFκB-p65 expression. Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that 17 α-E2, as well as 17 β-E2, suppresses inflammation through their effects on ERα and NFκB-p65. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-017-0151-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta S Santos
- Biomedical Sciences Dept, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Luciana A de Fatima
- Biomedical Sciences Dept, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Biomedical Sciences Dept, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Sciences Dept, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Figueroba SR, Franco GCN, Omar NF, Groppo MF, Groppo FC. Dependence of cytokine levels on the sex of experimental animals: a pilot study on the effect of oestrogen in the temporomandibular joint synovial tissues. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 44:1368-75. [PMID: 26194775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 17β-oestradiol (E2) on cartilage thickness and cytokine levels in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Thirty rats (15 female, 15 male) were orchidectomized (ORX), ovariectomized (OVX), or sham-operated. After 21 days, animals were assigned to six groups: (1) sham-ORX; (2) ORX; (3) ORX+E2; (4) sham-OVX; (5) OVX; and (6) OVX+E2. Treatments were administered daily for 21 days. The thickness of cartilage layers (fibrous, proliferative, maturation, and hypertrophic) and cytokine levels (interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) were measured by histomorphometry and ELISA, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's tests were used (alpha=5%). Sham-ORX showed thicker layers than ORX+E2, but not thicker than ORX. All layers, except the hypertrophic layer, were thicker in sham-OVX than OVX or OVX+E2. Although IL-1β levels were higher in castrated animals, E2 did not affect the level of this cytokine. IL-1α levels were higher in both ORX (P=0.0010) and ORX+E2 (P=0.0053) than in sham-ORX. However, E2 decreased IL-1α levels in OVX (P=0.0129). When compared to sham-ORX/OVX, IL-6 levels were not affected by E2 in males but were reduced in OVX (P=0.0079) and increased in OVX+E2 (P=0.0434). Levels of TNF-α were reduced by E2 in both ORX+E2 and OVX+E2. E2 treatment caused gender- and layer-dependent changes in the cartilage. Castration increased all cytokine levels, except for IL-6, without respect to gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Figueroba
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - G C N Franco
- Department of General Biology, Area of Physiology, Pathophysiology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N F Omar
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F Groppo
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F C Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Plackett TP, Gregory MS, Kovacs EJ. Effects of High Estrogen Levels on Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:92-99. [PMID: 25713751 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Herein, we tested the effects of high levels of supplemental estrogen treatment on cutaneous wound healing. Approach: Female mice were implanted with a 17β-estradiol (E2) secreting pellet or placebo before receiving a full-thickness dermal excisional wound. Mice receiving the E2 pellet attained hormone levels that are comparable to those achieved during pregnancy. At 1, 3, and 5 days after injury, the dermal excision wound was examined for their histologic appearance, rate of closure, and chemokine levels. Results: Wound closure, assessed by percent reepithelialization, was slower in E2-treated mice relative to placebo (42.6%±6.6% vs. 70.0%±5.3%, respectively, 3 days after injury). In addition, there was a marked reduction in the subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate and granulation tissue in E2-treated mice relative to placebo. Wound levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were increased by 3 days after injury and continued to rise at 5 days after injury in placebo-treated mice (p<0.01). By contrast, MCP-1 levels were significantly reduced at 3 and 5 days after injury in E2-treated mice relative to placebo-treated controls (p<0.01). This attenuation could be reversed by treatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist. Innovation: High levels of estrogen are able to suppress normal wound closure. Conclusion: Dermal wound healing can be altered by manipulating the gonadal steroid hormone levels. In particular, high levels of estrogen can be utilized to slow down the rate of wound healing through a reduction in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
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Shivers KY, Amador N, Abrams L, Hunter D, Jenab S, Quiñones-Jenab V. Estrogen alters baseline and inflammatory-induced cytokine levels independent from hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Cytokine 2015; 72:121-9. [PMID: 25647266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogen reduces inflammatory-mediated pain responses, the mechanisms behind its effects are unclear. This study investigated if estrogen modulates inflammatory signaling by reducing baseline or inflammation-induced cytokine levels in the injury-site, serum, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and/or spinal cord. We further tested whether estrogen effects on cytokine levels are in part mediated through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. Lumbar DRG, spinal cord, serum, and hind paw tissue were analyzed for cytokine levels in 17β-estradiol-(20%) or vehicle-(100% cholesterol) treated female rats following ovariectomy/sham adrenalectomy (OVX), adrenalectomy/sham ovariectomy (ADX) or ADX+OVX operation at baseline and post formalin injection. Formalin significantly increased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the paw, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the DRG, spinal cord and serum in comparison to naïve conditions. Estrogen replacement significantly increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in the DRG. Centrally, estradiol significantly decreased pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β levels, as well as IL-10 levels, in the spinal cord in comparison to cholesterol treatment. At both sites, most estradiol modulatory effects occurred irrespective of pain or surgical condition. Estradiol alone had no influence on cytokine release in the paw or serum, indicating that estrogen effects were site-specific. Although cytokine levels were altered between surgical conditions at baseline and following formalin administration, ADX operation did not significantly reverse estradiol's modulation of cytokine levels. These results suggest that estrogen directly regulates cytokines independent of HPA axis activity in vivo, in part by reducing cytokine levels in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yvonne Shivers
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Nicole Amador
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Abrams
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Deirtra Hunter
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Marymount Manhattan College, 221 71st Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Shirzad Jenab
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vanya Quiñones-Jenab
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Cook LC, Hillhouse AE, Myles MH, Lubahn DB, Bryda EC, Davis JW, Franklin CL. The role of estrogen signaling in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease: a Helicobacter hepaticus model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94209. [PMID: 24709804 PMCID: PMC3978010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is due in part to interactions between the immune system, genetics, the environment, and endogenous microbiota. Gonadal sex hormones (GSH), such as estrogen, are thought to be involved in the development of IBD as variations in disease severity occur during pregnancy, menopause, or oral contraceptives use. In certain strains of mice, infection with Helicobacter hepaticus triggers IBD-like mucosal inflammation that is more severe in female mice than in males, suggesting a role for GSH in this model. To determine the role of estrogen signaling in microbiota-induced intestinal inflammation, estrogen receptor (ER) α and β knock-out (KO) mice, ER agonists, and adoptive transfers were utilized. We demonstrate that, when signaling is limited to ERβ on a non-CD4+ cell subset, disease is less severe and this correlates with decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Hillhouse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Myles
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- IDEXX Laboratories, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis B. Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - J. Wade Davis
- Departments of Health Management and Informatics, and Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Liu F, Benashski SE, Xu Y, Siegel M, McCullough LD. Effects of chronic and acute oestrogen replacement therapy in aged animals after experimental stroke. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:319-30. [PMID: 22053957 PMCID: PMC3580836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on stroke incidence and severity has been extensively debated. Clinical trials of ERT have demonstrated an increased risk of stroke in treated women, although the study participants were well past menopause when therapy was initiated. It has been suggested that detrimental effects of ERT may be unmasked after prolonged periods of hypoestrogenicity. To date, very few studies have examined the effect of ERT in aged animals, although the timing of replacement may be critical to the neuroprotective effects of ERT. We hypothesised that chronic ERT initiated in late middle age would decrease infarct size in the brain after an induced stroke, whereas acute ERT would have no beneficial effects in aged females. To test this hypothesis, two paradigms of ERT were administered to aged mice of both sexes aiming to determine the effects on stroke outcome and to explore the possible mechanisms by which ERT interacts with age. Female mice that received chronic ERT from 17-20 months of age showed improved stroke outcomes after experimental stroke, whereas females that had acute ERT initiated at 20 months of age did not. Chronic ERT females exhibited diminished levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation compared to acute ERT females after stroke. Acute ERT females demonstrated both an increase in nuclear NF-κB and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a sexual dimorphic effect of ERT was seen because males benefited from ERT, regardless of the timing of initiation. Aged males had significantly reduced expression of pro-inflammatory markers after stroke compared to age-matched females, suggesting a pro-inflammatory milieu emerges with age in females. These results are consistent with the emerging clinical literature suggesting that ERT should be initiated at the time of menopause to achieve beneficial effects. The present study demonstrates the importance of using appropriate animal models in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S. E. Benashski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Y. Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M. Siegel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - L. D. McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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14
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Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in human immune systems is most apparent in the female predominance of certain autoimmune diseases (ADs) like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Epidemiologic, observational and experimental evidence strongly suggest sex steroids are important modulators of genetic risk in human AD. In this regard, the roles of progesterone (Pg), an immunomodulatory female sex steroid, are poorly understood. Several lines of investigation indicate Pg and synthetic progestins impact risk of AD and immune-mediated injury in different ways depending on their concentrations and their engagement of various Pg receptors expressed in immune organs, immune cells or tissues targeted by immune attack. At low physiologic levels, Pg may enhance interferon-alpha (IFN-α) pathways important in SLE pathogenesis. Commonly used synthetic progestins may have the opposite effect. At pregnancy levels, Pg may suppress disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) via inhibition of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 pathways and induction of anti-inflammatory molecules. Importantly, Pg's immunomodulatory effects differ from those of estrogens and androgens. An additional layer of complexity arises from apparent interdependence of sex hormone signaling pathways. Identifying mechanisms by which Pg and other sex steroids modulate risk of AD and immune-mediated injury will require clarification of their cellular and molecular targets in vivo. These future studies should be informed by recent genetic discoveries in human AD, particularly those revealing their sex-specific genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Hughes
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356428, Seattle, WA 98195–6428, USA.
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15
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Nich C, Langlois J, Marchadier A, Vidal C, Cohen-Solal M, Petite H, Hamadouche M. Oestrogen deficiency modulates particle-induced osteolysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R100. [PMID: 21696618 PMCID: PMC3218915 DOI: 10.1186/ar3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postmenopausal osteoporosis may modulate bone response to wear debris. In this article, we evaluate the influence of oestrogen deficiency on experimental particle-induced osteolysis. Methods Polyethylene (PE) particles were implanted onto the calvaria of normal controls, sham-ovariectomized (OVX), OVX mice and OVX mice supplemented with oestrogen (OVX+E). After 14 days, seven skulls per group were analyzed using a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry, and for tartrate-specific alkaline phosphatase. Five calvariae per group were cultured for the assay of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB (RANKL) secretion using quantitative ELISA. Serum IL-6 concentrations were obtained. The expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA were evaluated using real-time PCR. Results As assessed by μCT and by histomorphometry, PE particles induced extensive bone resorption and an intense inflammatory reaction in normal controls, sham-OVX and OVX+E mice, but not in the OVX mice group. In normal controls, sham-OVX and OVX+E mice, PE particles induced an increase in serum IL-6, in TNF-α and RANKL local concentrations, and resulted in a significant increase in RANKL/OPG messenger RNA (mRNA) ratio. Conversely, these parameters remained unchanged in OVX mice after PE implantation. Conclusions Oestrogen privation in the osteolysis murine model ultimately attenuated osteolytic response to PE particles, suggesting a protective effect. This paradoxical phenomenon was associated with a down-regulation of pro-resorptive cytokines. It is hypothesized that excessive inflammatory response was controlled, illustrated by the absence of increase of serum IL-6 in OVX mice after PE implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nich
- Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Biomécanique Ostéo-articulaires, Faculté de Médecine Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France.
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Dulos J, Vijn P, van Doorn C, Hofstra CL, Veening-Griffioen D, de Graaf J, Dijcks FA, Boots AMH. Suppression of the inflammatory response in experimental arthritis is mediated via estrogen receptor alpha but not estrogen receptor beta. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R101. [PMID: 20497523 PMCID: PMC2911889 DOI: 10.1186/ar3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immune modulatory role of estrogens in inflammation is complex. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of estrogens have been described. Estrogens bind both estrogen receptor (ER)α and β. The contribution of ERα and ERβ to ER-mediated immune modulation was studied in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and in experimental arthritis Methods ER-mediated suppression of rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) was studied using ethinyl-estradiol (EE) and a selective ERβ agonist (ERB-79). Arthritis was followed for 2 weeks. Next, effects of ER agonists (ethinyl-estradiol, an ERα selective agonist (ERA-63) and a selective ERβ agonist (ERB-79) on the development of a tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific delayed type hypersensitivity response in wild type (WT) and in ERα - or ERβ-deficient mice were investigated. Finally, EE and ERA-63 were tested for their immune modulating potential in established collagen induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. Arthritis was followed for three weeks. Joint pathology was examined by histology and radiology. Local synovial cytokine production was analyzed using Luminex technology. Sera were assessed for COMP as a biomarker of cartilage destruction. Results EE was found to suppress clinical signs and symptoms in rat AA. The selective ERβ agonist ERB-79 had no effect on arthritis symptoms in this model. In the TT-specific DTH model, EE and the selective ERα agonist ERA-63 suppressed the TT-specific swelling response in WT and ERβKO mice but not in ERαKO mice. As seen in the AA model, the selective ERβ agonist ERB-79 did not suppress inflammation. Treatment with EE or ERA-63 suppressed clinical signs in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in WT mice. This was associated with reduced inflammatory infiltrates and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in CIA joints. Conclusions ERα, but not ERβ, is key in ER-mediated suppression of experimental arthritis. It remains to be investigated how these findings translate to human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dulos
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, PO box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands.
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17
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Yang YH, Ngo D, Jones M, Simpson E, Fritzemeier KH, Morand EF. Endogenous estrogen regulation of inflammatory arthritis and cytokine expression in male mice, predominantly via estrogen receptor alpha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1017-25. [PMID: 20131258 DOI: 10.1002/art.27330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of experimental observations have associated elevated estrogen levels with amelioration of inflammation. The involvement of estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) isotypes in the regulation of inflammation in males is not well understood. In this study, we used specific ERalpha and ERbeta agonists in male mice deficient in estrogen because of a deletion of aromatase (aromatase-knockout [ArKO] mice) to investigate ER isotype utilization in estrogen regulation of inflammation. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) were investigated in male ArKO and WT littermate mice, as well as in response to selective agonists of ERalpha (16alpha-LE2) and ERbeta (8beta-VE2). The therapeutic effect of selective ER agonists was also examined in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS Estrogen deficiency in ArKO mice was associated with significant increases in LPS-induced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and interferon-gamma levels, which were significantly abrogated by administration of 16alpha-LE2, but not 8beta-VE2. In contrast, both 16alpha-LE2 and 8beta-VE2 significantly increased LPS-induced IL-10 levels. Estrogen deficiency was also associated with significant exacerbation of AIA and antigen-specific T cell proliferation, which was reversed by administration of either 16alpha-LE2 or 8beta-VE2. ArKO mice showed increased antigen-specific T cell proliferation in response to immunization with type II collagen (CII). Administration of 16alpha-LE2, but not 8beta-VE2, significantly reduced the severity of CIA, which was associated with inhibition of anti-CII-specific IgG. CONCLUSION These data indicate that endogenous estrogen plays an essential inhibitory role in inflammation in male mice and that ERalpha is the dominant receptor that mediates these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Yang
- Monash University Department of Medicine and Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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18
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Hughes GC, Clark EA. Regulation of dendritic cells by female sex steroids: Relevance to immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2009; 40:470-81. [PMID: 17729041 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701464764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical mediators of adaptive immunity, tolerance and autoimmunity. The human immune system exhibits sexual dimorphism, which is most evident in the female predominance of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Female sex steroids are strongly implicated in mediating immune sexual dimorphism, in part because estrogen accentuates disease in several models of lupus autoimmunity. In contrast, progesterone may prevent disease development. While much investigation has focused on the effects of estrogen and progesterone on lymphocyte functions, far less attention has been paid to the effects of these hormones on DCs. Current evidence now indicates estrogen can activate DCs, while in contrast, progesterone inhibits DC functions. Thus, we hypothesize that the opposite effects these two hormones have on lupus autoimmunity reflect opposing effects on DC functions. Thus, through direct actions on DCs, female sex steroids may influence autoimmunity, immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Hughes
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Ganesan K, Tiwari M, Balachandran C, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R. Estrogen and testosterone attenuate extracellular matrix loss in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2008; 83:354-64. [PMID: 18931819 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-008-9183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a sexually dimorphic, autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the joints. Joint disability in RA results primarily from loss of matrix components (collagen and glycosoaminoglycan) in the cartilage and synovium. This study was carried out to understand the effect of physiological levels of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone on oxidative stress-induced changes in matrix composition in rat synovium in arthritis. Arthritis induction in castrated and ovariectomized rats resulted in enhanced oxidative stress and this was assessed by lipid peroxidation levels and depletion of antioxidants. This, in turn, led to significantly (p < 0.01) increased levels of TNF-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), subsequently resulting in loss of collagen, elastin, and glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) and disorganization of reticulin as evidenced by biochemical quantitation and also by staining for collagen, reticulin, and elastin. Treatment with physiological doses of dihydrotestosterone (25 mg topically) and estrogen (5 microg/0.1 ml subcutaneously) restored the antioxidant levels significantly (p < 0.05) and reduced the levels of TNF-alpha and MMP-2, with estrogen exhibiting a higher potency. This, in turn, attenuated the damage to reticulin organization as well as the loss of collagen and GAG in the articular tissues. However, elastin loss could not be attenuated by either treatment. Progesterone (2 mg/0.1 ml subcutaneously) was not shown to have any significance in disease modification, and on the contrary, it inhibited the protective effects of estrogen. However, progesterone contributed to increased collagen levels in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
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Ganesan K, Balachandran C, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R. Comparative studies on the interplay of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in collagen induced arthritis in rats. Bone 2008; 43:758-65. [PMID: 18599392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a sexually dimorphic autoimmune disorder exhibiting a higher disease prevalence and severity among females. This study was carried out to understand the role of the major sex hormones viz., testosterone, estrogen and progesterone on the severity in arthritis. The interplay of the sex hormones was studied in a rat model of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). The parameters used for analyzing the disease severity included paw volume, radiology, histopathology of joint, markers for bone turnover, cytokine profile, levels of pain mediator (prostaglandin E(2)) and immune response to type II collagen. Arthritis induction to castrated and ovariectomised rats resulted in enhanced inflammation thereby indicating the importance of sex hormones. Treatment with physiological doses of dihydrotestosterone and estrogen attenuated the inflammation, with estrogen exhibiting higher potency. Progesterone was not shown to have any significance in disease modification; however, when progesterone was administered in combination with estrogen, the protective effects of estrogen were noticed to decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, India
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21
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Fairweather D, Frisancho-Kiss S, Rose NR. Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:600-9. [PMID: 18688037 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 8% of the population, 78% of whom are women. The reason for the high prevalence in women is unclear. Women are known to respond to infection, vaccination, and trauma with increased antibody production and a more T helper (Th)2-predominant immune response, whereas a Th1 response and inflammation are usually more severe in men. This review discusses the distribution of autoimmune diseases based on sex and age, showing that autoimmune diseases progress from an acute pathology associated with an inflammatory immune response to a chronic pathology associated with fibrosis in both sexes. Autoimmune diseases that are more prevalent in males usually manifest clinically before age 50 and are characterized by acute inflammation, the appearance of autoantibodies, and a proinflammatory Th1 immune response. In contrast, female-predominant autoimmune diseases that manifest during the acute phase, such as Graves' disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, are diseases with a known antibody-mediated pathology. Autoimmune diseases with an increased incidence in females that appear clinically past age 50 are associated with a chronic, fibrotic Th2-mediated pathology. Th17 responses increase neutrophil inflammation and chronic fibrosis. This distinction between acute and chronic pathology has primarily been overlooked, but greatly impacts our understanding of sex differences in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7628, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Influence of gender and oral contraceptives intake on innate and inflammatory response. Role of neuroendocrine factors. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 313:147-53. [PMID: 18401558 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to determine differences between young men (M), and women in the follicular phase (W) and women taking oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol (CW) in the phagocytic process of neutrophils (chemotaxis, phagocytosis and microbicide capacity), in the serum concentrations of cytokines both pro-inflammatory (IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-12, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10 and IL-13), and in neuroendocrine factors with immunomodulatory capacity (estradiol, prolactin, cortisol, catecolamines and 72 kDa heat shock proteins, Hsp72). Men showed a lower phagocytosis and microbicide capacity than women, and less serum concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. CW neutrophils also showed a lower phagocytic capacity than W neutrophils, together with less serum IL-8 concentration. CW showed the highest serum concentration of IL-13. However, no statistical changes were observed in the pro-inflammatory cytokines: INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-12 and in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The greater anti-inflammatory status in CW than in W was parallel with lower concentrations of oestrogens. Cortisol, prolactin, and the extracellular Hsp72 seem to be involved in the gender- and contraceptives-induced differences in the inflammatory response. While cortisol (in general an immunosuppressive hormone) showed the highest values in CW, prolactin and Hsp72 (an immunopermissive factors) showed the lowest values in CW and M. Less clear is the participation of catecholamines in the gender-inflammatory differences.
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Huan J, Kaler LJ, Mooney JL, Subramanian S, Hopke C, Vandenbark AA, Rosloniec EF, Burrows GG, Offner H. MHC class II derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands protect DBA/1LacJ mice from collagen-induced arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1249-57. [PMID: 18178865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the therapeutic effects of MHC class II derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL), single-chain two domain complexes of the alpha1 and beta1 domains of MHC class II molecules genetically linked with an immunodominant peptide, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In the current study, we produced a monomeric murine I-Aq-derived RTL construct covalently linked with bovine collagen type II peptide (bCII257-270) suitable for use in DBA/1LacJ mice that develop collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis, after immunization with bCII protein in CFA. In this study, we demonstrate that the I-Aq-derived RTLs reduced the incidence of the disease, suppressed the clinical and histological signs of CIA and induced long-term modulation of T cells specific for arthritogenic Ags. Our results showed that the I-Aq/bCII257-270 molecule could systemically reduce proinflammatory IL-17 and IFN-gamma production and significantly increase anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-13, and FoxP3 gene expression in splenocytes. Moreover, I-Aq/bCII257-270 molecule could also selectively inhibit IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-23 expression in local joint tissue. This is the first report demonstrating effective prevention of joint inflammation and clinical signs of CIA with an I-Aq-derived RTL, thus supporting the possible clinical use of this approach for treating rheumatoid arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 97201, USA
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Nielsen RH, Christiansen C, Stolina M, Karsdal MA. Oestrogen exhibits type II collagen protective effects and attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:21-7. [PMID: 18241229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As anti-inflammatory treatments used in rheumatoid arthritis, such as glucocorticoids, often result in secondary detrimental effects on bone health, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oestrogen therapy (ET) on the development and activity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, with a focus on assessment of chondroprotective effects using biomarkers of type II collagen degradation. Forty female Lewis rats were allocated into four intervention groups: (i) control + vehicle; (ii) CIA + vehicle; (iii) CIA + ET; and (iv) CIA + prednisolone. During the 28-day intervention period we monitored body weight, time-point of disease onset, incidence of manifest disease and paw volume. Levels of the type II collagen degradation marker (CTX-II) were measured in serum. At euthanasia, hind paws were isolated, extracted for proteins and measured for the concentration of CTX-II. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was evaluated using gelatinase zymography. Oestrogen treatment delayed the time-point of disease onset and reduced the incidence and degree of manifest immunoarthritis significantly, assessed by macroscopic evaluation of hind paw inflammation and paw volume. Measures of serum or tissue levels of CTX-II showed significantly reduced type II collagen degradation elicited by oestrogen treatment. In alignment, a decreased activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was found in the paw protein extracts. We have demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effect of ET is linked to chondroprotective effects in an animal model of systemic immunoarthritis. As ET has positive rather than negative effects on bone health in contrast to prednisolone, these observations may be important for potential combination therapy.
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25
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Abstract
There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens. On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in several animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, we realize the immunosupportive role of estrogens in trauma/sepsis and the proinflammatory effects in some chronic autoimmune diseases in humans. This review examines possible causes for this paradox. This review delineates how the effects of estrogens are dependent on criteria such as: 1) the immune stimulus (foreign antigens or autoantigens) and subsequent antigen-specific immune responses (e.g., T cell inhibited by estrogens vs. activation of B cell); 2) the cell types involved during different phases of the disease; 3) the target organ with its specific microenvironment; 4) timing of 17beta-estradiol administration in relation to the disease course (and the reproductive status of a woman); 5) the concentration of estrogens; 6) the variability in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta depending on the microenvironment and the cell type; and 7) intracellular metabolism of estrogens leading to important biologically active metabolites with quite different anti- and proinflammatory function. Also mentioned are systemic supersystems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sensory nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system and how they are influenced by estrogens. This review reinforces the concept that estrogens have antiinflammatory but also proinflammatory roles depending on above-mentioned criteria. It also explains that a uniform concept as to the action of estrogens cannot be found for all inflammatory diseases due to the enormous variable responses of immune and repair systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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26
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Lengi AJ, Phillips RA, Karpuzoglu E, Ahmed SA. Estrogen selectively regulates chemokines in murine splenocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:1065-74. [PMID: 17185357 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0606391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has striking effects on immunity and inflammatory autoimmune conditions. One potential mechanism of estrogen-induced regulation of immunity and inflammatory autoimmune conditions is by altering the secretion of chemokines by lymphocytes, an aspect not well addressed thus far. We found that estrogen has marked, but differential, effects on the secretion of chemokines from activated splenocytes. Estrogen treatment significantly increased the secretion of MCP-1, MCP-5, eotaxin, and stromal cell-derived factor 1beta from Con A-activated splenocytes when compared with placebo-treated controls, and it had no effects on the levels of RANTES, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) at 24 h. A kinetic analysis showed that chemokines tended to increase with stimulation time, but only MCP-1 and MCP-5 showed a biological trend of increasing in splenocytes from estrogen-treated mice, and KC was decreased significantly in estrogen-treated splenocytes at 18 h. Estrogen did not affect the protein levels of chemokine receptors CCR1 or CCR2 at 24 h. Estrogen-induced alterations in the levels of MCP-1 and MCP-5 are mediated, in part, by IFN-gamma, as estrogen treatment of IFN-gamma null mice, unlike wild-type mice, did not up-regulate these chemokines. However, addition of recombinant IFN-gamma resulted in markedly increased secretion of MCP-1 and MCP-5 only in the cells derived from estrogen-treated mice. These studies provide novel data indicating that estrogen may promote inflammatory conditions by altering the levels of chemokines, providing evidence for an additional mechanism by which estrogens can regulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Lengi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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