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Saresella M, Trabattoni D, Marventano I, Piancone F, La Rosa F, Caronni A, Lax A, Bianchi L, Banfi P, Navarro J, Bolognesi E, Zanzottera M, Guerini FR, Clerici M. NK Cell Subpopulations and Receptor Expression in Recovering SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6111-6120. [PMID: 34453271 PMCID: PMC8397607 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Whereas in most cases COVID-19 is asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic, extremely severe clinical forms are observed. In this case, complex immune dysregulations and an excessive inflammatory response are reported and are the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural killer cells are key players in the control of viral infection, and their activity is regulated by a tight balance between activating and inhibitory receptors; an alteration of NK activity was suggested to be associated with the development of severe forms of COVID-19. In this study, we analyzed peripheral NK cell subpopulations and the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors in 30 patients suffering from neurological conditions who recovered from mild, moderate, or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, comparing the results to those of 10 SARS-CoV-2-uninfected patients. Results showed that an expansion of NK subset with lower cytolytic activity and an augmented expression of the 2DL1 inhibitory receptor, particularly when in association with the C2 ligand (KIR2DL1-C2), characterized the immunological scenario of severe COVID-19 infection. An increase of NK expressing the ILT2 inhibitory receptor was instead seen in patients recovering from mild or moderate infection compared to controls. Results herein suggest that the KIR2DL1-C2 NK inhibitory complex is a risk factor toward the development of severe form of COVID-19. Our results confirm that a complex alteration of NK activity is present in COVID-19 infection and offer a molecular explanation for this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco,", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Caronni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Agata Lax
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Banfi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Navarro
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bolognesi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Zanzottera
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Crux NB, Elahi S. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and Immune Regulation: How Do Classical and Non-Classical HLA Alleles Modulate Immune Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections? Front Immunol 2017; 8:832. [PMID: 28769934 PMCID: PMC5513977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate other biological factors that account for significant influence on the gene expression and/or protein function in the host. Among them, the role of the major histocompatibility complex in viral pathogenesis in particular human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), is very well documented. We, recently, added a novel insight into the field by identifying the molecular mechanism associated with the protective role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27/B57 CD8+ T cells in the context of HIV-1 infection and why these alleles act as a double-edged sword protecting against viral infections but predisposing the host to autoimmune diseases. The focus of this review will be reexamining the role of classical and non-classical HLA alleles, including class Ia (HLA-A, -B, -C), class Ib (HLA-E, -F, -G, -H), and class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, -DM, and -DP) in immune regulation and viral pathogenesis (e.g., HIV and HCV). To our knowledge, this is the very first review of its kind to comprehensively analyze the role of these molecules in immune regulation associated with chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Crux
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Torres A, Westover J, Benson M, Johnson R, Dykes A. A Killer Immunoglobulin - Like Receptor Gene - Content Haplotype and A Cognate Human Leukocyte Antigen Ligand are Associated with Autism. AUTISM-OPEN ACCESS 2016; 6:171. [PMID: 27853655 PMCID: PMC5108574 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.1000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The killing activity of natural killer cells is largely regulated by the binding of class I human leukocyte antigen cognate ligands to killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor proteins. The killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor gene - complex contains genes that activate and others that inhibit the killing state of natural killer cells depending on the binding of specific human leukocyte antigen cognate ligands. It has been suggested in previous publications that activating human leukocyte antigen/killer - cell immunoglobulin - like receptor complexes are increased in people with autism. We present data, which suggests that an activating cB01/tA01 killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor gene - content haplotype and the cognate ligand human leukocyte antigen - C1k that activates this haplotype is significantly increased in autism. This is an important observation suggesting that the interaction between two proteins encoded on different chromosomes increases natural killer cell killing in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jonna Westover
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Benson
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Randall Johnson
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Annelise Dykes
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Activating KIR molecules and their cognate ligands prevail in children with a diagnosis of ASD and in their mothers. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 36:54-60. [PMID: 24120931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by the interaction between killer-cell immune globulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins and their cognate HLA ligands; activated NK cells produce inflammatory cytokines and mediate innate immune responses. Activating KIR/HLA complexes (aKIR/HLA) were recently suggested to prevail in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by brain and behavioral abnormalities and associated with a degree of inflammation. We verified whether such findings could be confirmed by analyzing two sample cohorts of Sardinian and continental Italian ASD children and their mothers. Results showed that aKIR/HLA are increased whereas inhibitory KIR/HLA complexes are reduced in ASD children; notably this skewing was even more significant in their mothers. KIR and HLA molecules are expressed by placental cells and by the trophoblast and their interactions result in immune activation and influence fetal, as well as central nervous system development and plasticity. Data herein suggest that in utero KIR/HLA immune interactions favor immune activation in ASD; this may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Silva GAV, Santos MP, Motta-Passos I, Boechat AL, Malheiro A, Ramasawmy R, Naveca FG, de Paula L. Polymorphisms assessment in the promoter region of IL12RB2 in Amazon leprosy patients. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:592-6. [PMID: 24486579 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy displays a wide clinical spectrum that is dependent of the type of immune response. We investigate here whether polymorphisms in the promoter region of the IL12RB2 gene are associated with susceptibility or resistance to clinical forms of leprosy. Nucleotide sequencing of the promoter region of IL12RB2 encompassing SNPs -1035 A/G, -1033 T/C, -1023 A/G, -650 del/G and -464 A/G was performed on DNA samples from 105 leprosy patients and 108 healthy controls. However, none of the SNPs were associated with susceptibility to the disease or any of its clinical forms. Similarly, haplotype analysis did not show any association. The haplotype -1035A/-1033T/-650G/-464A was prevalent, and homozygosity for this haplotype was associated to a lower distribution of CD4(+) T cells (p=0.041). Our data suggest that polymorphisms present in the promoter region of IL12RB2 may not be associated with susceptibility to leprosy or its clinical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A V Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - M P Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - I Motta-Passos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - A L Boechat
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - A Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - R Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - F G Naveca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - L de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada - PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Avançado de Catalão, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Brazil.
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Zhang H, Zhao B, Han X, Wang Z, Liu B, Lu C, Zhang M, Liu J, Chen O, Hu Q, Jiang F, Shang H. Associations of HLA class I antigen specificities and haplotypes with disease progression in HIV-1-infected Hans in Northern China. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1636-42. [PMID: 24012585 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele frequencies, which differ among various ethnic populations, may result in population-specific effects on HIV-1 disease progression. No large-scale study has yet been conducted on the Chinese population. In this study, HLA class I antigen specificities were determined in a cohort including 105 long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) and 321 typical progressors (TPs), who were recruited from HIV-1-infected Northern Han Chinese, to determine the associations between certain HLA types and HIV-1 disease progression. The frequencies of HLA class I specificities and haplotypes among the two groups were compared using binary logistic stepwise regression. Results showed that HLA-A(∗)30-B(∗)13-C(∗)06 (OR = 0.387, P = 0.019) and B(∗)67 (OR = 0.134, P = 0.005) were associated with a long-term non-progressing condition, and C(∗)01 (OR = 2.539, P = 0.050) was overrepresented in TPs after adjusting for non-genetic factors (sex, age, the location of patients, HIV subtype and the route of infection). The influence of HLA homozygosity on HIV disease progression was also analyzed. However, homozygosity at HLA-A, HLA-B or HLA-C conferred no observable disadvantage in our study population (P = 0.730, 0.246 and 0.445, respectively). These findings suggest that the host's genetics make important contributions to HIV viral control and may help to develop peptide-based vaccines for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Neonatal natural killer cell function: relevance to antiviral immune defense. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:427696. [PMID: 24066005 PMCID: PMC3770027 DOI: 10.1155/2013/427696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are particularly susceptible to various pathogens compared to adults, which is attributed in part to their immature innate and adaptive immunity. Natural killer cells provide first-line innate immune reactions against virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. This review updates phenotypic and functional deficiencies of neonatal cells compared to their adult counterparts and their clinical implications.
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