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Zhu FM, Xu J, He QY, Deng YP, Liu MY, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhao H, Fu L, Yang J. Association of serum interleukin-2 with severity and prognosis in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Intern Emerg Med 2024:10.1007/s11739-024-03699-0. [PMID: 38967887 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The prior studies have shown that interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts important roles in the pathological and physiological processes of lung diseases. However, the role of IL-2 in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still uncertain. Through a prospective cohort study, our research will explore the correlations between serum IL-2 levels and the severity and prognosis in CAP patients. There were 267 CAP patients included. Blood samples were obtained. Serum IL-2 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic traits and clinical characteristics were extracted. Serum IL-2 were gradually elevated with increasing severity scores in CAP patients. Correlation analyses revealed that serum IL-2 were connected with physiological parameters including liver and renal function in CAP patients. According to a logistic regression analysis, serum IL-2 were positively correlated with CAP severity scores. We also tracked the prognostic outcomes of CAP patients. The increased risks of adversely prognostic outcomes, including mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agent usage, ICU admission, death, and longer hospital length, were associated with higher levels of IL-2 at admission. Serum IL-2 at admission were positively associated with severe conditions and poor prognosis among CAP patients, indicated that IL-2 may involve in the initiation and development of CAP. As a result, serum IL-2 may be an available biomarker to guide clinicians in assessing the severity and determining the prognosis of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Min Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Qi-Yuan He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - You-Peng Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Furong Road No 678, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Wang T, Wang J, Xu H, Yan H, Liu Y, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang L, Ge X, Meng M, Liu P, Yang Q, Qin D, Li S, He B. Salvianolic acid B alleviates autoimmunity in Treg-deficient mice via inhibiting IL2-STAT5 signaling. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3825-3836. [PMID: 38887974 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) deficiency leads to immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, which is a CD4+ T cell-driven autoimmune disease in both humans and mice. Despite understanding the molecular and cellular characteristics of IPEX syndrome, new treatment options have remained elusive. Here, we hypothesized that salvianolic acid B (Sal B), one of the main active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza, can protect against immune disorders induced by Treg deficiency. To examine whether Sal B can inhibit Treg deficiency-induced autoimmunity, Treg-deficient scurfy (SF) mice with a mutation in forkhead box protein 3 were treated with different doses of Sal B. Immune cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokines were evaluated by flow cytometry, hematoxylin and eosin staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Kits, respectively. Moreover, RNA sequencing, western blot, and real-time PCR were adopted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of action of Sal B. Sal B prolonged lifespan and reduced inflammation in the liver and lung of SF mice. Moreover, Sal B decreased plasma levels of several inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α, and IL-6, in SF mice. By analyzing the transcriptomics of livers, we determined the signaling pathways, especially the IL-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling pathway, which were associated with Treg deficiency-induced autoimmunity. Remarkably, Sal B reversed the expression of gene signatures related to the IL-2-STAT5 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Sal B prolongs survival and inhibits lethal inflammation in SF mice through the IL-2-STAT5 axis. Our findings may inspire novel drug discovery efforts aimed at treating IPEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Jingmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjing Meng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiman Liu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaozhi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Daogang Qin
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Baokun He
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Liu P, Sun Y, Qiao S, Ma W, Xu L, Liu Y, Gai X, Liu Q, Cai J, Zhang Z. Txnrd3 knockout enhancement of lung injury induced by Ni exposure via the VEGF-VEGFR-2 axis and alleviation of this effect by melatonin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114032. [PMID: 37716496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Ni exposure leads to respiratory diseases in mice. Txnrd3 has been shown to have a protective effect on the body, but there is a paucity of empirical research focusing specifically on lung tissue. Melatonin possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. By regulating inflammation-related factors, melatonin can activate the VEGF signaling pathway, ultimately alleviating lung injuries caused by Ni exposure. One hundred and sixty 8-week-old C57BL/6N mice, that were wild-type or Txnrd3-/- mice and 25-30 g in weight, were randomly divided into eight groups, including the NC group, Ni group, melatonin-treated group, and Ni plus melatonin group. Ni (10 mg/kg) was gavaged, and melatonin (2 mg/kg) was administered for 21 days. Inflammatory cells were found in the bronchioles of Txnrd3-/- mice under Ni exposure. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the homozygous-Ni group had a high amount of collagen fibers. The antioxidant capacity studies also revealed that mice lungs underwent oxidative stress. The results of qRT-PCR and WB showed that Ni induced an inflammatory response, which was also aggravated in Txnrd3-/- mice. Melatonin can effectively reduce the above symptoms. In conclusion, Ni causes lung injury by activating the VEGF-VEGFR-2 pathway and Txnrd3 knockout aggravates injury after Ni exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinnan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Senqiu Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Lihua Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qiaohan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
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Robinson T, Escara-Wilke J, Dai J, Zimmermann J, Keller ET. A CXCR4 inhibitor (balixafortide) enhances docetaxel-mediated antitumor activity in a murine model of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Prostate 2023; 83:1247-1254. [PMID: 37244751 PMCID: PMC10576997 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastases have been shown to be more resistant to docetaxel than soft tissue metastases. The proinflammatory chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to confer resistance to docetaxel (DOC) in PCa cells. Balixafortide (BLX) is a protein epitope mimetic inhibitor of CXCR4. Accordingly, we hypothesized that BLX would enhance DOC-mediated antitumor activity in PCa bone metastases. METHODS PC-3 luciferase-labeled cells were injected into the tibia of mice to model bone metastases. Four treatment groups were created: vehicle, DOC (5 mg/kg), BLX (20 mg/kg), and combo (receiving both DOC and BLX). Mice were injected twice daily subcutaneously with either vehicle or BLX starting on Day 1 and weekly intraperitoneally with DOC starting on Day 1. Tumor burden was measured weekly via bioluminescent imaging. At end of study (29 days), radiographs were taken of the tibiae and blood was collected. Serum levels of TRAcP, IL-2, and IFNγ levels were measured using ELISA. Harvested tibiae were decalcified and stained for Ki67, cleaved caspase-3, and CD34 positive cells or microvessels were quantified. RESULTS Tumor burden was lower in the combo group compared to the DOC alone group. Treatment with the combination had no impact on the number of mice with osteolytic lesions, however the area of osteolytic lesions was lower in the combo group compared to the vehicle and BLX groups, but not the DOC group. Serum TRAcP levels were lower in the combo compared to vehicle group, but not the other groups. No significant difference in Ki67 staining was found among the groups; whereas, cleaved caspase-3 staining was lowest in the Combo group and highest in the BLX group. The DOC and combo groups had more CD34+ microvessels than the control and BLX groups. There was no difference between the treatment groups for IL-2, but the combo group had increased levels of IFNγ compared to the DOC group. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that a combination of BAL and DOC has greater antitumor activity in a model of PCa bone metastases than either drug alone. These data support further evaluation of this combination in metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Robinson
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Jinlu Dai
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Single Cell Spatial Analysis Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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5
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Curtis K, Clarke D, Hanegan M, Stapley B, Wendt R, Beckett N, Litchfield C, Campbell K, Reynolds P, Arroyo J. Lung Inflammation Is Associated with Preeclampsia Development in the Rat. Cells 2022; 11:1884. [PMID: 35741013 PMCID: PMC9220878 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is an obstetric complication associated with significant health implications for the fetus and mother. Studies have shown a correlation between lung disease development and PE. Gas6 protein is expressed in the lung and placenta, and binds to the AXL Tyrosine kinase receptor. Recently, our laboratory utilized Gas6 to induce preeclamptic-like conditions in rats. Our objective was to determine the role of Gas6/AXL signaling in the maternal lung during PE development. Briefly, pregnant rats were divided into control, Gas6, or Gas6 + R428 (an AXL inhibitor). Immunofluorescence was performed to determine AXL expression. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was procured for the assessment of inflammatory cell secretion. Western blot was performed to detect signaling molecules and ELISA determined inflammatory cytokines. We observed increased proteinuria and increased blood pressure in Gas6-treated animals. AXL was increased in the lungs of the treated animals and BALF fluid revealed elevated total protein abundance in Gas6 animals. Extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in the lung appeared to be mediated by Gas6 as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that Gas6 signaling is capable of inducing PE and that this is associated with increased lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Arroyo
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (K.C.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (B.S.); (R.W.); (N.B.); (C.L.); (K.C.); (P.R.)
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Venkatadri R, Sabapathy V, Dogan M, Sharma R. Targeting Regulatory T Cells for Therapy of Lupus Nephritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:806612. [PMID: 35069220 PMCID: PMC8775001 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.806612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus glomerulonephritis (LN) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by circulating autoantibodies, immune-complex deposition, immune dysregulation and defects in regulatory T cell (Tregs). Treatment options rely on general immunosuppressants and steroids that have serious side effects. Approaches to target immune cells, such as B cells in particular, has had limited success and new approaches are being investigated. Defects in Tregs in the setting of autoimmunity is well known and Treg-replacement strategies are currently being explored. The aim of this minireview is to rekindle interest on Treg-targeting strategies. We discuss the existing evidences for Treg-enhancement strategies using key cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-33 and IL-6 that have shown to provide remission in LN. We also discuss strategies for indirect Treg-modulation for protection from LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Venkatadri
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Vikram Sabapathy
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Murat Dogan
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine (CIIR), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Calado MB, da Silva Santana CE, Crovella S. Do inflammasome impact COVID-19 severity? Virusdisease 2021; 32:410-420. [PMID: 34337108 PMCID: PMC8312707 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a dramatic challenge, introducing huge clinical differences that demand extensive investigations. Severe and critical patients may present coagulopathies and microthrombi, which results in varied complications, or acute respiratory distress syndrome that leads to fatality. Although the lung to be the major site of clinical manifestations, COVID-19 has shown extrapulmonary manifestations, especially on the heart and kidney, directly linked to worse disease outcomes. According to the fast-moving of clinical description and scientific publications, the injuries in multiple organs and systemic inflammation appear to be caused by a deregulated immune response, and the NLRP3 inflammasome could be a relevant influencer in this imbalance. However, until now, the precise drivers of the pathophysiology of these injuries remain unknown. In this review, we discuss how inflammasome seems to be directly involved in the clinical profile of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and shed light on the mechanisms that lead to fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
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Soluble IL-2 Receptor in Dermatomyositis: Its Associations with Skin Ulcers and Disease Activity. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6243019. [PMID: 32774147 PMCID: PMC7407014 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6243019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of soluble interleukin-2R (sIL-2R) in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Methods Serum sIL-2R levels were measured in 74 dermatomyositis (DM), 16 immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 20 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 20 healthy controls (HCs) by chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Clinical features and laboratory data were collected from electronic medical record. Disease activity was evaluated by using physician global disease activity and myositis disease activity assessment visual analog scale (MYOACT) on admission. 20 DM patients were followed. Serum sIL-2R levels were analyzed and compared with clinical features, laboratory data, and measures of disease activity. Results Serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in DM patients than in IMNM patients and HCs (648.8 ± 433.1 U/ml vs. 352.3 ± 126.0 U/ml and 648.8 ± 433.1 U/ml vs. 285.8 ± 101.9 U/ml, respectively; all P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between IMNM and HCs. There were also no significant differences of sIL-2R levels in DM, SLE, and RA. Importantly, serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in treatment-naïve or active DM patients than those that are not (1100.9 ± 550.4 U/ml vs. 615.6 ± 330.4 U/ml, P = 0.006; 808.8 ± 421.6 U/ml vs. 339.8 ± 103.4 U/ml, P < 0.001). DM patients with skin ulcers had significantly higher sIL-2R levels than those without (889.3 ± 509.9 U/ml vs. 640.0 ± 368.7 U/ml, P = 0.023). Cross-sectional analysis in DM showed that sIL-2R levels positively correlated with CK, ESR, CRP, ferritin, physician VAS, and MYOACT scores (rho = 0.278, rho = 0.474, rho = 0.469, rho = 0.454, r = 0.646, and r = 0.600, respectively; all P < 0.05), negatively correlated with T cell counts and MMT8 scores (r = −0.380, P = 0.002; rho = −0.394, P = 0.001). Follow-up study showed that changes in sIL-2R levels after treatment correlated with changes in physician VAS and MYOACT scores (r = 0.823 and r = 0.695, respectively; all P < 0.01). Conclusion Serum sIL-2R levels were elevated in DM but not in IMNM. Serum sIL-2R could act as a disease activity marker and be associated with ulcerative skin lesions in DM.
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Tsai KYF, Hirschi Budge KM, Llavina S, Davis T, Long M, Bennett A, Sitton B, Arroyo JA, Reynolds PR. RAGE and AXL expression following secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in mice. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:297-309. [PMID: 31762322 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1684596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim and Purpose: Tobacco exposure is one of the top three global health risks leading to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although there is extensive research into the effects of cigarette smoke, the effect of secondhand smoke (SHS) in the lung remains limited. SHS induces receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and an inflammatory response that leads to COPD characteristics. Semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ethers (SAGEs) are sulfated polysaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid that inhibit RAGE signaling. The growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) protein is known to induce dynamic cellular responses and is correlated with cell function. Gas6 binds to the AXL tyrosine kinase receptor and AXL-mediated signaling is implicated in proliferation and inflammation. This project's purpose was to study the correlation between RAGE, AXL, and Gas6 during SHS exposure in the lung. Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to SHS alone or SHS + SAGEs for 4 weeks and compared to control animals exposed to room air (RA). Results: Compared to controls we observed: 1) increased RAGE mRNA and protein expression in SHS-exposed lungs which was decreased by SAGEs; 2) decreased expression of total AXL, but highly elevated pAXL expression following exposure; 3) highly elevated Gas6 expression when RAGE was targeted by SAGEs during SHS exposure; 4) SHS-mediated BALF cellularity and inflammatory molecule elaboration; and 5) the induction of both RAGE and AXL by Gas6 in cell culture models. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is a possible correlation between RAGE and AXL during SHS exposure. Additional research is critically needed that dissects the molecular interplay between these two important signaling cascades. At this point, the current studies provide insight into tobacco-mediated effects in the lung and clarify possible avenues for alleviating complications that could arise during SHS exposure such as those observed during COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kary Y F Tsai
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Kelsey M Hirschi Budge
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Sam Llavina
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Taylor Davis
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Matt Long
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Abby Bennett
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Beau Sitton
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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10
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Carnero-Gregorio M, López-Barcenas A, Fabbrocini G, Sanchez-Blanco E, Alba-Menendez A, Roberto Arenas G. Interleukin-2 and other cytokines in candidiasis: expression, clinical significance, and future therapeutic targets. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2018.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Bieber K, Sun S, Witte M, Kasprick A, Beltsiou F, Behnen M, Laskay T, Schulze FS, Pipi E, Reichhelm N, Pagel R, Zillikens D, Schmidt E, Sparwasser T, Kalies K, Ludwig RJ. Regulatory T Cells Suppress Inflammation and Blistering in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1628. [PMID: 29225603 PMCID: PMC5705561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well known for their modulatory functions in adaptive immunity. Through regulation of T cell functions, Tregs have also been demonstrated to indirectly curb myeloid cell-driven inflammation. However, direct effects of Tregs on myeloid cell functions are insufficiently characterized, especially in the context of myeloid cell-mediated diseases, such as pemphigoid diseases (PDs). PDs are caused by autoantibodies targeting structural proteins of the skin. Autoantibody binding triggers myeloid cell activation through specific activation of Fc gamma receptors, leading to skin inflammation and subepidermal blistering. Here, we used mouse models to address the potential contribution of Tregs to PD pathogenesis in vivo. Depletion of Tregs induced excessive inflammation and blistering both clinically and histologically in two different PD mouse models. Of note, in the skin of Treg-depleted mice with PD, we detected increased expression of different cytokines, including Th2-specific IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 as well as pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and the T cell chemoattractant CXCL-9. We next aimed to determine whether Tregs alter the migratory behavior of myeloid cells, dampen immune complex (IC)-induced myeloid cell activation, or both. In vitro experiments demonstrated that co-incubation of IC-activated myeloid cells with Tregs had no impact on the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but downregulated β2 integrin expression. Hence, Tregs mitigate PD by altering the migratory capabilities of myeloid cells rather than their release of ROS. Modulating cytokine expression by administering an excess of IL-10 or blocking IFN-γ may be used in clinical translation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shijie Sun
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mareike Witte
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika Kasprick
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Foteini Beltsiou
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Behnen
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska S Schulze
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elena Pipi
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niklas Reichhelm
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - René Pagel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Stremska ME, Jose S, Sabapathy V, Huang L, Bajwa A, Kinsey GR, Sharma PR, Mohammad S, Rosin DL, Okusa MD, Sharma R. IL233, A Novel IL-2 and IL-33 Hybrid Cytokine, Ameliorates Renal Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2681-2693. [PMID: 28539382 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) protect the kidney during AKI. We previously found that IL-2, which is critical for Treg homeostasis, upregulates the IL-33 receptor (ST2) on CD4+ T cells, thus we hypothesized that IL-2 and IL-33 cooperate to enhance Treg function. We found that a major subset of Tregs in mice express ST2, and coinjection of IL-2 and IL-33 increased the number of Tregs in lymphoid organs and protected mice from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) more efficiently than either cytokine alone. Accordingly, we generated a novel hybrid cytokine (IL233) bearing the activities of IL-2 and IL-33 for efficient targeting to Tregs. IL233 treatment increased the number of Tregs in blood and spleen and prevented IRI more efficiently than a mixture of IL-2 and IL-33. Injection of IL233 also increased the numbers of Tregs in renal compartments. Moreover, IL233-treated mice had fewer splenic Tregs and more Tregs in kidneys after IRI. In vitro, splenic Tregs from IL233-treated mice suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation better than Tregs from saline-treated controls. IL233 treatment also improved the ability of isolated Tregs to inhibit IRI in adoptive transfer experiments and protected mice from cisplatin- and doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxic injury. Finally, treatment with IL233 increased the proportion of ST2-bearing innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in blood and kidneys, and adoptive transfer of ILC2 also protected mice from IRI. Thus, the novel IL233 hybrid cytokine, which utilizes the cooperation of IL-2 and IL-33 to enhance Treg- and ILC2-mediated protection from AKI, bears strong therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Stremska
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Departments of Pharmacology.,Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, and
| | - Sheethal Jose
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Vikram Sabapathy
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gilbert R Kinsey
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Poonam R Sharma
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Saleh Mohammad
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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14
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Holland NA, Thompson LC, Vidanapathirana AK, Urankar RN, Lust RM, Fennell TR, Wingard CJ. Impact of pulmonary exposure to gold core silver nanoparticles of different size and capping agents on cardiovascular injury. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27558113 PMCID: PMC4997661 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uses of engineered nanomaterials have expanded in biomedical technology and consumer manufacturing. Furthermore, pulmonary exposure to various engineered nanomaterials has, likewise, demonstrated the ability to exacerbate cardiac ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the influence of particle size or capping agent remains unclear. In an effort to address these influences we explored response to 2 different size gold core nanosilver particles (AgNP) with two different capping agents at 2 different time points. We hypothesized that a pulmonary exposure to AgNP induces cardiovascular toxicity influenced by inflammation and vascular dysfunction resulting in expansion of cardiac I/R Injury that is sensitive to particle size and the capping agent. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 200 μg of 20 or 110 nm polyvinylprryolidone (PVP) or citrate capped AgNP. One and 7 days following intratracheal instillation serum was analyzed for concentrations of selected cytokines; cardiac I/R injury and isolated coronary artery and aorta segment were assessed for constrictor responses and endothelial dependent relaxation and endothelial independent nitric oxide dependent relaxation. RESULTS AgNP instillation resulted in modest increase in selected serum cytokines with elevations in IL-2, IL-18, and IL-6. Instillation resulted in a derangement of vascular responses to constrictors serotonin or phenylephrine, as well as endothelial dependent relaxations with acetylcholine or endothelial independent relaxations by sodium nitroprusside in a capping and size dependent manner. Exposure to both 20 and 110 nm AgNP resulted in exacerbation cardiac I/R injury 1 day following IT instillation independent of capping agent with 20 nm AgNP inducing marginally greater injury. Seven days following IT instillation the expansion of I/R injury persisted but the greatest injury was associated with exposure to 110 nm PVP capped AgNP resulted in nearly a two-fold larger infarct size compared to naïve. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to AgNP may result in vascular dysfunction, a potentially maladaptive sensitization of the immune system to respond to a secondary insult (e.g., cardiac I/R) which may drive expansion of I/R injury at 1 and 7 days following IT instillation where the extent of injury could be correlated with capping agents and AgNP size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Leslie C. Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Achini K. Vidanapathirana
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Rahkee N. Urankar
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Robert M. Lust
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Christopher J. Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
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15
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Salimi Elizei S, Poormasjedi-Meibod MS, Li Y, Baradar Jalili R, Ghahary A. Effects of kynurenine on CD3+ and macrophages in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:90-7. [PMID: 25532592 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As prolongation of the inflammation phase in a healing process frequently leads to wound impairment, here we queried whether kynurenine (Kyn) could modulate this phase of wound healing. To address this, a protein microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), flow cytometry for immune cells and immune cell proliferation in the presence and absence of Kyn were conducted and compared. The result of a protein microarray revealed that the expression of 12 pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was modulated in Kyn-treated mouse splenocytes as compared with those of control. These findings were then evaluated by conducting a qPCR for the gene expression of these factors and showed a significant reduction in the gene expression of majority of these cytokines and chemokines (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-17, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL] 10, CXCL1, C-C motif ligand [CCL] 12, CXCL9, CCL4, CXCL2, and CCL5) in response to Kyn treatment. To test the anti-inflammatory effect of Kyn in an animal model, dorsal surface wounds were generated in a mouse model and wounds received daily topical application of either nothing (control), dermal cream (second control), or Kyn cream using uninjured skin tissue as another control. The wounded tissues were harvested on days 3, 6, and 10 postwounding. As anticipated, the results of fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that upon wounding, the number of total infiltrated CD3+ cells and macrophages (CD11b+) significantly increased on day 3, peaked on day 6, and reduced on day 10 post-wounding. Interestingly, as compared with those of uninjured and dermal cream alone-treated wounds, Kyn treatment significantly reduced the number of infiltrated CD3+ cells, but not CD11b+ cells, at different time intervals examined. These findings collectively suggest that Kyn, as a small molecule, can potentially be used to overcome the difficulties associated with persistency of inflammation in healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Salimi Elizei
- BC Professional Fire Fighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Kawahara M, Hitomi A, Nagamune T. Antigen-responsive regulation of Cell motility and migration via the signalobodies based on c-Fms and c-Mpl. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:411-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Azusa Hitomi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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17
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Abstract
Impaired regulatory T-cell function results in a severe chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs in Scurfy mice and humans with the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. Previous studies have shown that T helper cells but not cytotoxic T cells are critical for the disease pathology. Whether this T-cell subset is responsible directly for tissue inflammation or rather indirectly via the interaction with B cells or myeloid cells is largely unknown. To study this and to identify potential therapeutic targets for this lethal disease we investigated the contribution of B cells to this complex autoimmune phenotype. We show that B cells and the production of autoantibodies plays a major role for skin, liver, lung, and kidney inflammation and therapeutic depletion of B cells resulted in reduced tissue pathology and in prolonged survival. In contrast, the absence of B cells did not impact systemic T-cell activation and hyperreactivity, indicating that autoantibody production by B cells may be a major factor for the autoimmune pathology in mice deficient for regulatory T cells.
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18
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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Ogawa K, Kawahara M, Nagamune T. Construction of unnatural heterodimeric receptors based on IL-2 and IL-6 receptor subunits. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1512-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ogawa
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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