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Wyczanska M, Thalmeier F, Keller U, Klaus R, Narasimhan H, Ji X, Schraml BU, Wackerbarth LM, Lange-Sperandio B. Interleukin-10 enhances recruitment of immune cells in the neonatal mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5495. [PMID: 38448513 PMCID: PMC10917785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract obstruction during renal development leads to inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, tubular cell death, and interstitial fibrosis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, produced mainly by monocytes/macrophages and regulatory T-cells. IL-10 inhibits innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-10 has a protective role in the adult model of obstructive uropathy. However, its role in neonatal obstructive uropathy is still unclear which led us to study the role of IL-10 in neonatal mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). UUO serves as a model for congenital obstructive nephropathies, a leading cause of kidney failure in children. Newborn Il-10-/- and C57BL/6 wildtype-mice (WT) were subjected to complete UUO or sham-operation on the 2nd day of life. Neonatal kidneys were harvested at day 3, 7, and 14 of life and analyzed for different leukocyte subpopulations by FACS, for cytokines and chemokines by Luminex assay and ELISA, and for inflammation, programmed cell death, and fibrosis by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Compared to WT mice, Il-10-/- mice showed reduced infiltration of neutrophils, CD11bhi cells, conventional type 1 dendritic cells, and T-cells following UUO. Il-10-/- mice with UUO also showed a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release compared to WT with UUO, mainly of IP-10, IL-1α, MIP-2α and IL-17A. In addition, Il-10-/- mice showed less necroptosis after UUO while the rate of apoptosis was not different. Finally, α-SMA and collagen abundance as readout for fibrosis were similar in Il-10-/- and WT with UUO. Surprisingly and in contrast to adult Il-10-/- mice undergoing UUO, neonatal Il-10-/- mice with UUO showed a reduced inflammatory response compared to respective WT control mice with UUO. Notably, long term changes such as renal fibrosis were not different between neonatal Il-10-/- and neonatal WT mice with UUO suggesting that IL-10 signaling is different in neonates and adults with UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wyczanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Thalmeier
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Klaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamsa Narasimhan
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Xingqi Ji
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lou M Wackerbarth
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Cavallone IN, Belda W, de Carvalho CHC, Laurenti MD, Passero LFD. New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis-The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1172. [PMID: 38132773 PMCID: PMC10744586 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is associated with Th2 and/or T regulatory immune responses, while resistance is associated with a Th1 response. However, even in the presence of IFN-γ, fungi persist in the lesions, and the reason for this persistence is unknown. To clarify the factors associated with pathogenesis, this study aimed to determine the polarization of the cellular immune response and the densities of cells that express markers of exhaustion in the skin of CBM patients. In the skin of patients with CBM, a moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed, characterized primarily by the occurrence of histiocytes. Analysis of fungal density allowed us to divide patients into groups that exhibited low and high fungal densities; however, the intensity of the inflammatory response was not related to mycotic loads. Furthermore, patients with CBM exhibited a significant increase in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells associated with a high density of IL-10-, IL-17-, and IFN-γ-producing cells, indicating the presence of a chronic and mixed cellular immune response, which was also independent of fungal load. A significant increase in the number of PD-1+ and PD-L1+ cells was observed, which may be associated with the maintenance of the fungus in the skin and the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo N. Cavallone
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Walter Belda
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (W.B.J.); (C.H.C.d.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Caroline Heleno C. de Carvalho
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (W.B.J.); (C.H.C.d.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Marcia D. Laurenti
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (W.B.J.); (C.H.C.d.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Luiz Felipe D. Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, Brazil;
- Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean (IEAMAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, São Vicente 11350-011, Brazil
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3
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Sivasami P, Elkins C, Diaz-Saldana PP, Goss K, Peng A, Hamersky M, Bae J, Xu M, Pollack BP, Horwitz EM, Scharer CD, Seldin L, Li C. Obesity-induced dysregulation of skin-resident PPARγ + Treg cells promotes IL-17A-mediated psoriatic inflammation. Immunity 2023; 56:1844-1861.e6. [PMID: 37478855 PMCID: PMC10527179 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for psoriasis, but how obesity disrupts the regulatory mechanisms that keep skin inflammation in check is unclear. Here, we found that skin was enriched with a unique population of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). PPARγ drove a distinctive transcriptional program and functional suppression of IL-17A+ γδ T cell-mediated psoriatic inflammation. Diet-induced obesity, however, resulted in a reduction of PPARγ+ skin Treg cells and a corresponding loss of control over IL-17A+ γδ T cell-mediated inflammation. Mechanistically, PPARγ+ skin Treg cells preferentially took up elevated levels of long-chain free fatty acids in obese mice, which led to cellular lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Harnessing the anti-inflammatory properties of these PPARγ+ skin Treg cells could have therapeutic potential for obesity-associated inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulavendran Sivasami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cody Elkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pamela P Diaz-Saldana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kyndal Goss
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amy Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Hamersky
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Bae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Miaoer Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Karamova AE, Chikin VV, Kubanov AA, Davletbaeva LK. Long-wavelength ultraviolet A (UVA-1) phototherapy for the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the methods of therapy for atopic dermatitis is long-wavelength ultraviolet therapy A (UVA-1- therapy). This review aims to provide the mechanisms of action of UVA-1-therapy an overview about the effectiveness of UVA-1-therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis taking into account factors that can affect the effectiveness of treatment radiation dose, skin phototype of patients, concomitant drug therapy. The available data on a decrease in the severity of atopic dermatitis as a result of the course of UVA-1-therapy and on a decrease in the severity of itching in patients are presented. The data on the rate of onset of the therapeutic effect of UVA-1-therapy and the duration of its maintenance are considered. The safety of UVA-1-therapy is discussed, and the most frequent undesirable effects a feeling of warmth, fever, itching, hyperpigmentation, are given. The possibility of developing side effects requiring discontinuation of treatment is assessed. The data obtained indicate the effectiveness and safety of the UFA-1-radiation in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.
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Pilna H, Hajkova V, Knitlova J, Liskova J, Elsterova J, Melkova Z. Vaccinia Virus Expressing Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Induces Higher Protective Immune Responses against Lethal Poxvirus Challenge in Atopic Organism. Viruses 2021; 13:1986. [PMID: 34696416 PMCID: PMC8539567 DOI: 10.3390/v13101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an enveloped DNA virus from the Orthopoxvirus family, various strains of which were used in the successful eradication campaign against smallpox. Both original and newer VACV-based replicating vaccines reveal a risk of serious complications in atopic individuals. VACV encodes various factors interfering with host immune responses at multiple levels. In atopic skin, the production of type I interferon is compromised, while VACV specifically inhibits the phosphorylation of the Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3) and expression of interferons. To overcome this block, we generated a recombinant VACV-expressing murine IRF-3 (WR-IRF3) and characterized its effects on virus growth, cytokine expression and apoptosis in tissue cultures and in spontaneously atopic Nc/Nga and control Balb/c mice. Further, we explored the induction of protective immune responses against a lethal dose of wild-type WR, the surrogate of smallpox. We demonstrate that the overexpression of IRF-3 by WR-IRF3 increases the expression of type I interferon, modulates the expression of several cytokines and induces superior protective immune responses against a lethal poxvirus challenge in both Nc/Nga and Balb/c mice. Additionally, the results may be informative for design of other virus-based vaccines or for therapy of different viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Pilna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Hajkova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Knitlova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
| | - Jana Liskova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
| | - Jana Elsterova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
| | - Zora Melkova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (H.P.); (V.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (J.E.)
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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6
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Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infections in a majority of humans and are associated with B cell lymphomas. IL-17A is a host cytokine that plays a well-established role in the clearance of bacterial and fungal infections; however, the role of IL-17A in viral infections is poorly understood. Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infection and are associated with a variety of cancers, including B cell lymphomas. These viruses manipulate the B cell differentiation process to establish lifelong infection in memory B cells. Specifically, gammaherpesviruses infect naive B cells and promote entry of both infected and uninfected naive B cells into germinal centers, where the virus usurps rapid proliferation of germinal center B cells to exponentially increase its cellular latent reservoir. In addition to facilitating the establishment of latent infection, germinal center B cells are thought to be the target of viral transformation. In this study, we have uncovered a novel proviral role of host interleukin 17A (IL-17A), a well-established antibacterial and antifungal factor. Loss of IL-17A signaling attenuated the establishment of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection and gammaherpesvirus-driven germinal center response in a route of inoculation-dependent manner. Further, IL-17A treatment directly supported gammaherpesvirus reactivation and de novo lytic infection. This study is the first demonstration of a multifaceted proviral role of IL-17 signaling.
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7
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Arildsen AW, Zachariassen LF, Krych L, Hansen AK, Hansen CHF. Delayed Gut Colonization Shapes Future Allergic Responses in a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650621. [PMID: 33815411 PMCID: PMC8010263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have long reported that perturbations of the childhood microbiome increase the risk of developing allergies, but a causal relationship with atopic dermatitis remains unclear. Here we colonized germ-free mice at birth or at one or eight week-of-age to investigate the role of prenatal and early postnatal microbial exposure on development of oxozolone-induced dermatitis later in life. We demonstrate that only one week delayed microbial colonization increased IgE levels and the total histological score of the inflamed ear compared to mice colonized throughout life. In parallel, several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in the ear tissue demonstrating an enhanced immunological response following delayed postnatal colonization of the gut. In contrast, sensitivity to oxazolone-induced dermatitis was unaffected by the presence of a maternal microbiota during gestation. Mice colonized at eight week-of-age failed to colonize Rikenellaceae, a group of bacteria previously associated with a high-responding phenotype, and did not develop an immunological response to the same extent as the early colonized mice despite pronounced histopathological manifestations. The study provides proof-of-principle that the first intestinal colonizers of mice pups are crucial for the development of oxazolone-induced dermatitis later in life, and that the status of the maternal microbiota during pregnancy has no influence on the offspring's allergic immune response. This highlights an important window of opportunity following birth for microbiota-mediated interventions to prevent atopic responses later in life. How long such a window is open may vary between mice and humans considering species differences in the ontogeny of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie W Arildsen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line F Zachariassen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla H F Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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8
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Hazlewood JE, Dumenil T, Le TT, Slonchak A, Kazakoff SH, Patch AM, Gray LA, Howley PM, Liu L, Hayball JD, Yan K, Rawle DJ, Prow NA, Suhrbier A. Injection site vaccinology of a recombinant vaccinia-based vector reveals diverse innate immune signatures. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009215. [PMID: 33439897 PMCID: PMC7837487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus systems have been extensively used as vaccine vectors. Herein a RNA-Seq analysis of intramuscular injection sites provided detailed insights into host innate immune responses, as well as expression of vector and recombinant immunogen genes, after vaccination with a new multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vector, Sementis Copenhagen Vector. Chikungunya and Zika virus immunogen mRNA and protein expression was associated with necrosing skeletal muscle cells surrounded by mixed cellular infiltrates. The multiple adjuvant signatures at 12 hours post-vaccination were dominated by TLR3, 4 and 9, STING, MAVS, PKR and the inflammasome. Th1 cytokine signatures were dominated by IFNγ, TNF and IL1β, and chemokine signatures by CCL5 and CXCL12. Multiple signatures associated with dendritic cell stimulation were evident. By day seven, vaccine transcripts were absent, and cell death, neutrophil, macrophage and inflammation annotations had abated. No compelling arthritis signatures were identified. Such injection site vaccinology approaches should inform refinements in poxvirus-based vector design. Poxvirus vector systems have been widely developed for vaccine applications. Despite considerable progress, so far only one recombinant poxvirus vectored vaccine has to date been licensed for human use, with ongoing efforts seeking to enhance immunogenicity whilst minimizing reactogenicity. The latter two characteristics are often determined by early post-vaccination events at the injection site. We therefore undertook an injection site vaccinology approach to analyzing gene expression at the vaccination site after intramuscular inoculation with a recombinant, multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vaccine. This provided detailed insights into inter alia expression of vector-encoded immunoregulatory genes, as well as host innate and adaptive immune responses. We propose that such injection site vaccinology can inform rational vaccine vector design, and we discuss how the information and approach elucidated herein might be used to improve immunogenicity and limit reactogenicity of poxvirus-based vaccine vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine E. Hazlewood
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen H. Kazakoff
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Sementis Ltd., Hackney, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the development of atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20237. [PMID: 33214595 PMCID: PMC7678864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory drugs, the secretion of which is mediated and controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, they are also secreted de novo by peripheral tissues for local use. Several tissues express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1), including the skin. The inactive GC cortisone is converted by 11β-HSD1 to active GC cortisol, which is responsible for delayed wound healing during a systemic excess of GC. However, the role of 11β-HSD1 in inflammation is unclear. We assessed whether 11β-HSD1 affects the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. The expression of 11β-HSD1 in the epidermis of AD lesions was higher than that in the epidermis of healthy controls. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 in human epidermal keratinocytes increased the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In an oxazolone-induced mouse model of AD, localized inhibition of 11β-HSD1 aggravated the development of AD and increased serum cytokine levels associated with AD. Mice with whole-body knockout (KO) of 11β-HSD1 developed significantly worse AD upon induction by oxazolone. We propose that 11β-HSD1 is a major factor affecting AD pathophysiology via suppression of atopic inflammation due to the modulation of active GC in the skin.
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10
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APRIL expression is upregulated in atopic dermatitis skin lesions and at sites of antigen driven allergic skin inflammation in mice. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108556. [PMID: 32777271 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by a defective skin barrier and a Th2 dominated skin inflammation. The TNF family member a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and its receptors transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) are expressed by immune cells and epithelial cells including keratinocytes. We demonstrate that APRIL expression is upregulated in the epidermis of skin lesions from patients with AD as well as in mouse skin undergoing allergic inflammation elicited by epicutaneous (EC) sensitization with the antigen ovalbumin. We show that APRIL from OVA sensitized mouse skin causes keratinocytes to upregulate the expression of IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine implicated in AD pathogenesis. These results suggest a role for APRIL in allergic skin inflammation and a potential role for APRIL blockade in treating AD.
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11
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Saintive S, Abad E, C Ferreira DD, Stambovsky M, Cavalcante FS, Gonçalves LS, Vidal F, dos Santos KRN. What is the role of Staphylococcus aureus and herpes virus infections in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis? Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1327-1334. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease. Genetic, environmental and immunological factors are involved in its pathophysiology. Individuals with AD have an increased predisposition to colonization and/or infection of the skin by various pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus and herpes simplex virus. The composition of their skin microbiome is also different, and changes during flares. The disease severity can be related to the degree of colonization by S. aureus. In addition, the presence of this bacterial species can predispose the host to more severe and disseminated viral infections. This article reviews the role of S. aureus and herpes virus infections and the skin microbiome in the pathogenesis of AD and their importance in the treatment and prevention strategies of this dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Saintive
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, IPPMG–Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute–Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Abad
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, IPPMG–Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute–Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de C Ferreira
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post graduation Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayra Stambovsky
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Cavalcante
- Microbiology Department–Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–UFRJ, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio S Gonçalves
- Post graduation Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vidal
- Post graduation Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia RN dos Santos
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, play
important protective roles in host immune response to a variety of infections
such as bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral. The IL-17R signaling and
downstream pathways mediate induction of proinflammatory molecules which
participate in control of these pathogens. However, the production of IL-17 can
also mediate pathology and inflammation associated with infections. In this
review, we will discuss the yin-and-yang roles of IL-17 in host immunity to
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Gao X, Zhang Z, Li Y, Hu X, Shen P, Fu Y, Cao Y, Zhang N. Selenium Deficiency Deteriorate the Inflammation of S. aureus Infection via Regulating NF-κB and PPAR-γ in Mammary Gland of Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:140-147. [PMID: 26554949 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient contributing to a strong immune system for the prevention of infections and diseases in humans and animals. Dietary Se regulates the immune status and mediates anti-inflammatory action. Mastitis is an inflammation in the mammary gland typically induced through the major pathogen S. aureus. The aim of the present study was to determine the regulating effect of Se on S. aureus-induced inflammation using a mouse mastitis model. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect histopathological injury. ELISA was used to detect cytokine expression, while protein and mRNA levels were analyzed through Western blotting and qPCR analysis, respectively. The results showed that Se deficiency increased inflammatory lesions in individuals with S. aureus infection in the mammary gland. The NO levels showed a significant increase in Se-deficient mice with S. aureus mastitis. Se deficiency accelerated the production of pro-inflammatory factors and reduced IL-10 expression. Furthermore, the results of the present study showed that the regulating effect of Se on S. aureus-induced mastitis was associated with the NF-κB pathway. Indeed, Se deficiency suppressed PPAR-γ activity and promoted NF-κB pathway activation. Thus, Se supplementation could improve the effect on PPAR-γ and NF-κB. These results suggest that Se deficiency could aggravate the inflammatory injury resulting from S. aureus-induced mastitis. Moreover, the results of the present study contribute to the development of new prevention or treatment methods for S. aureus-induced mastitis and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zecai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Cush SS, Reynoso GV, Kamenyeva O, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Hickman HD. Locally Produced IL-10 Limits Cutaneous Vaccinia Virus Spread. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005493. [PMID: 26991092 PMCID: PMC4798720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin infection with the poxvirus vaccinia (VV) elicits a powerful, inflammatory cellular response that clears virus infection in a coordinated, spatially organized manner. Given the high concentration of pro-inflammatory effectors at areas of viral infection, it is unclear how tissue pathology is limited while virus-infected cells are being eliminated. To better understand the spatial dynamics of the anti-inflammatory response to a cutaneous viral infection, we first screened cytokine mRNA expression levels after epicutaneous (ec.) VV infection and found a large increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Ex vivo analyses revealed that T cells in the skin were the primary IL-10-producing cells. To understand the distribution of IL-10-producing T cells in vivo, we performed multiphoton intravital microscopy (MPM) of VV-infected mice, assessing the location and dynamic behavior of IL-10 producing cells. Although virus-specific T cells were distributed throughout areas of the inflamed skin lacking overt virus-infection, IL-10+ cells closely associated with large keratinocytic foci of virus replication where they exhibited similar motility patterns to bulk antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Paradoxically, neutralizing secreted IL-10 in vivo with an anti-IL-10 antibody increased viral lesion size and viral replication. Additional analyses demonstrated that IL-10 antibody administration decreased recruitment of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes, which were important for reducing viral burden in the infected skin. Based upon these findings, we conclude that spatially concentrated IL-10 production limits cutaneous viral replication and dissemination, likely through modulation of the innate immune repertoire at the site of viral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Cush
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhu Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Interleukin-10 Protection against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuro-Inflammation and Neurotoxicity in Ventral Mesencephalic Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010025. [PMID: 26729090 PMCID: PMC4730272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is expressed in the brain and can inhibit microglial activation. Herein, we utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory Parkinson’s disease (PD) cell model to determine whether microglia and astrocytes are necessary targets for IL-10 neuroprotection. Primary ventral mesencephalic (VM) cultures with different composition of neurons, microglia and astrocytes were prepared. The cells were exposed to IL-10 (15, 50 or 150 ng/mL) 1 h prior to LPS (50 ng/mL) treatment. LPS induced dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neuronal loss in VM cultures, VM neuron-enriched cultures, and neuron-microglia co-cultures, but not in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. IL-10 reduced LPS-induced neuronal loss particularly in single VM neuron cultures. Pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) were upregulated in both neuron-microglia and neuron-astrocyte co-cultures by LPS. In contrast, neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor) were downregulated in neuron-microglia co-cultures, but upregulated in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures by LPS. IL-10 reduced both the increase in production of the pro-inflammatory mediators and the decrease in production of the neurotrophic factors induced by LPS. These results suggest that astrocytes can balance LPS neurotoxicity by releasing more neurotrophic factors and that IL-10 exerts neuroprotective property by an extensive action including direct on neurons and indirect via inhibiting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- School of Biological & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
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16
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Zhao Y, Zhou M, Gao Y, Liu H, Yang W, Yue J, Chen D. Shifted T Helper Cell Polarization in a Murine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134797. [PMID: 26230498 PMCID: PMC4521801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, one of the most costly diseases in dairy ruminants, is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by pathogenic infection. The mechanisms of adaptive immunity against pathogens in mastitis have not been fully elucidated. To investigate T helper cell-mediated adaptive immune responses, we established a mastitis model by challenge with an inoculum of 4 × 106 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus in the mammary gland of lactating mice, followed by quantification of bacterial burden and histological analysis. The development of mastitis was accompanied by a significant increase in both Th17 and Th1 cells in the mammary gland. Moreover, the relative expression of genes encoding cytokines and transcription factors involved in the differentiation and function of these T helper cells, including Il17, Rorc, Tgfb, Il1b, Il23, Ifng, Tbx21, and Il12, was greatly elevated in the infected mammary gland. IL-17 is essential for neutrophil recruitment to infected mammary gland via CXC chemokines, whereas the excessive IL-17 production contributes to tissue damage in mastitis. In addition, a shift in T helper cell polarization toward Th2 and Treg cells was observed 5 days post-infection, and the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 was markedly increased at day 7 post-infection. These results indicate that immune clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis is facilitated by the enrichment of Th17, Th1 and Th2 cells in the mammary gland mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which is tightly regulated by Treg cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Wang AX, Xu Landén N. New insights into T cells and their signature cytokines in atopic dermatitis. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:601-10. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao-xue Wang
- Department of Dermatology; The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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18
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Park JE, Park ES, Yu JE, Rho J, Paudel S, Hyun BH, Yang DK, Shin HJ. Development of transgenic mouse model expressing porcine aminopeptidase N and its susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virus Res 2014; 197:108-15. [PMID: 25550073 PMCID: PMC7114392 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a transgenic mouse model expressing porcine APN that susceptible to porcine coronavirus infection. We generated two transgenic mouse lines expressing porcine APN in various organs. As they expressed porcine APN, the mice became susceptible to infection by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, one of the porcine coronaviruses. These transgenic mice will be an important tool for research into the porcine coronaviruses.
Porcine coronavirus infections have known as they are specific to pigs with predominantly enteric or respiratory diseases. No laboratory animal model is yet been developed in porcine coronaviruses study. Here, we report that development of a transgenic mouse model expressing porcine APN which is susceptible to porcine coronavirus infection. The porcine APN transgene was constructed by fusing with mouse proximal APN promoter at 5′ terminus and bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site at its 3′ terminus. After screen on pubs from the microinjected mice, we confirmed two transgenic lines expressing porcine APN in various organs. We confirmed the susceptibility to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, one of the porcine coronaviruses. These transgenic mice will be an important tool for research into the porcine coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarita Paudel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175, Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175, Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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