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Dohle W, Asiki H, Gruchot W, Foster PA, Sahota HK, Bai R, Christensen KE, Hamel E, Potter BVL. 2-Difluoromethoxy-Substituted Estratriene Sulfamates: Synthesis, Antiproliferative SAR, Antitubulin Activity, and Steroid Sulfatase Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200408. [PMID: 36109340 PMCID: PMC9742152 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
2-Difluoromethoxyestratriene derivatives were designed to improve potency and in vivo stability of the drug candidate 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2). Compound evaluation in vitro against the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells, as inhibitors of tubulin polymerisation and also steroid sulfatase (STS) both in cell lysates and in whole cells, showed promising activities. In antiproliferative assays 2-difluoromethoxyestradiol was less potent than 2ME2, but its sulfamates were often more potent than their corresponding non-fluorinated analogues. The fluorinated bis-sulfamate is a promising antiproliferative agent in MCF-7 cells (GI50 0.28 μM) vs the known 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bissulfamate (STX140, GI50 0.52 μM), confirming the utility of our approach. Compounds were also evaluated in the NCI 60-cell line panel and the fluorinated bis-sulfamate derivative displayed very good overall activities with a sub-micromolar average GI50 . It was a very potent STS inhibitor in whole JEG-3 cells (IC50 3.7 nM) similar to STX140 (4.2 nM) and additionally interferes with tubulin assembly in vitro and colchicine binding to tubulin. An X-ray study of 2-difluoromethoxy-3-benzyloxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one examined conformational aspects of the fluorinated substituent. The known related derivative 2-difluoromethyl-3-sulfamoyloxyestrone was evaluated for STS inhibition in whole JEG-3 cells and showed an excellent IC50 of 55 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hannah Asiki
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Wojciech Gruchot
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, 2nd Floor IBR Tower Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Havreen K Sahota
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, 2nd Floor IBR Tower Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemical Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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Eriksson AL, Wilhelmson AS, Fagman JB, Ryberg H, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Tivesten Å, Ohlsson C. The Bone Sparing Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol Are Mediated via Estrogen Receptor-α in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4200-4205. [PMID: 27631553 PMCID: PMC5086527 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), exerts bone sparing effects in animal models. We hypothesized that the underlying mechanism is back conversion of 2ME2 to E2, which subsequently acts via estrogen receptor (ER)α. We measured serum E2 levels in orchidectomized wild-type (WT) mice treated with 2ME2 66.6 μg/d or placebo. In placebo-treated animals, E2 was below the detection limit. In 2ME2-treated mice, the serum E2 level was 4.97 ± 0.68 pg/mL. This corresponds to the level found in diesterus in cycling female mice. Next, we investigated bone parameters in orchidectomized WT and ERα knockout mice treated with 2ME2 or placebo for 35 days. 2ME2 (6.66 μg/d) preserved trabecular and cortical bone in WT mice. Trabecular volumetric-bone mineral density was 64 ± 20%, and trabecular bone volume/total volume was 60 ± 20% higher in the metaphyseal region of the femur in the 2ME2 group, compared with placebo (P < .01). Both trabecular number and trabecular thickness were increased (P < .01). Cortical bone mineral content in the diaphyseal region of the femur was 31 ± 3% higher in the 2ME2 group, compared with placebo (P < .001). This was due to larger cortical area (P < .001). Three-point bending showed an increased bone strength in WT 2ME2-treated animals compared with placebo (maximum load [Fmax] +19±5% in the 2ME2 group, P < .05). Importantly, no bone parameter was affected by 2ME2 treatment in ERα knockout mice. In conclusion, 2ME2 treatment of orchidectomized mice results in increased serum E2. ERα mediates the bone sparing effects of 2ME2. The likely mediator of this effect is E2 resulting from back conversion of 2ME2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Eriksson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna S Wilhelmson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan B Fagman
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Koskela
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Åsa Tivesten
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
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Kumar BS, Raghuvanshi DS, Hasanain M, Alam S, Sarkar J, Mitra K, Khan F, Negi AS. Recent Advances in chemistry and pharmacology of 2-methoxyestradiol: An anticancer investigational drug. Steroids 2016; 110:9-34. [PMID: 27020471 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen hormone metabolite is a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Presently, it is an investigational drug under various phases of clinical trials alone or in combination therapy. Its anticancer activity has been attributed to its antitubulin, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic and ROS induction properties. This anticancer drug candidate has been explored extensively in last twenty years for its detailed chemistry and pharmacology. Present review is an update of its chemistry and biological activity. It also extends an assessment of potential of 2ME2 and its analogues as possible anticancer drug in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sathish Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Dushyant Singh Raghuvanshi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Arvind S Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
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Zhu L, Song Y, Li M. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis through suppression of fibroblast activation. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 77:63-70. [PMID: 25465161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most dominant feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is fibrosis, which is caused by overproduction of collagen by fibroblasts. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has exhibited disease-modifying activity in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibitory effect in cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that 2-ME may exhibit antifibrotic effect in SSc. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antifibrotic effect of 2-ME in SSc. METHODS We established a bleomycin-induced SSc mice model by injection with bleomycin daily for 21 days. 2-ME (100mg/kg/d) was simultaneously administered for 14 days. On the end of Week1 (W1), W2, W3 and W4, skins and lungs were collected for histological examination and analysis of hydroxyproline content and mRNA level of α1(I) procollagen (COL1A1) and COL1A2. In skin fibroblasts derived from SSc patients and healthy subjects treated with 2-ME (1, 5, or 25 μM), we examined cell proliferation, expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and mRNA level of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1 and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1. RESULTS We found reduced dermal thickness and lung fibrosis and decreased hydroxyproline content and mRNA level of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in skin and lung in SSc mice treated with 2-ME. In cell study, we observed a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of SSc fibroblasts by 2-ME. We also detected reduced α-SMA expression, decreased mRNA level of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 and TIMP-1, and increased mRNA level of MMP-1 in SSc fibroblasts treated with 2-ME. CONCLUSION 2-ME could suppress SSc tissue fibrosis, which may be attributable to its inhibitory effect on the excessive proliferation, differentiation and production of collagen in fibroblasts. 2-ME is rising as a prospective agent for control of fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yinghua Song
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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