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Dhawan S. Therapeutic Potential of Inducible Endogenous Cytoprotective Heme Oxygenase-1 in Mitigating SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Associated Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040662. [PMID: 35453347 PMCID: PMC9028590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has gained significant recognition in recent years for mediating strong cellular resistance to a broad range of viral infections, regardless of the type of viruses, viral strains, or mutants. HO-1 is not a typical antiviral agent that targets any particular pathogen. It is a “viral tropism independent” endogenous host defense factor that upon induction provides general cellular protection against pathogens. By virtue of HO-1 being widely distributed intracellular enzyme in virtually every cell, this unique host factor presents a novel class of generic host defense system against a variety of viral infections. This Viewpoint proposes pharmacological evaluation of the HO-1-dependent cellular resistance for its potential in mitigating infections by deadly viruses, including the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), its variants, and mutants. HO-1-dependent cellular resistance against SARS-CoV-2 can complement current medical modalities for much effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially with constantly emerging new viral variants and limited therapeutic options to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated severe health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Dhawan
- Retired Senior FDA Research & Regulatory Scientist, 9890 Washingtonian Blvd., #703, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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2
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Mainardi C, Pizzi M, Marzollo A, Carraro E, Boaro MP, Mussolin L, Massano D, Tazzoli S, Onofrillo D, Cesaro S, Farruggia P, Putti MC, Alaggio R, Biffi A, d'Amore ESG, Pillon M. Pediatric IgG4-related lymphadenopathy: A rare condition associated with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disorders. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31:332-336. [PMID: 31770465 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mainardi
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- General Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzollo
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Carraro
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lara Mussolin
- Institute of Paediatric Research, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Massano
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Tazzoli
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Onofrillo
- Paediatric Haemato-Oncology Unit, Hematology Department, Hospital of Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Piero Farruggia
- Paediatric Hematology-Oncology, A.R.N.A. S. Ospedale Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Putti
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rita Alaggio
- General Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Pillon
- Clinic of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital-University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Nadir CD4 Is Negatively Associated With Antinuclear Antibody Detection in HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:461-466. [PMID: 30570526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infections are associated with higher risk of autoimmune diseases and T-cell dysfunction. SETTING We evaluate prevalence and factors associated with the presence of autoimmune antinuclear (ANA), anti-smooth muscle actin (aSMA), and anti-liver kidney microsome (aLKM1) antibodies (Ab) in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients during the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study nested in the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort (NCT number: NCT03324633). We selected patients with both ANA testing and T-cell immunophenotyping determination during the cohort follow-up and collected aLKM1 and aSMA data when available. Logistic regression models were built to determine factors associated with the presence of auto-Ab. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-three HCV/HIV-coinfected patients fulfilled selection criteria. Prevalence of ANA and aSMA was 43.5% and 23.2%, respectively, and both were detected in 13.3% of patients. Isolated aSMA were detected in 9.9% and aLKM1 in 2 patients. In multivariable analysis, only a low nadir CD4 T-cell count was significantly associated with ANA detection. CONCLUSIONS ANA and aSMA detection remain frequent in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients during the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era, despite fair immune restoration. These results advocate for a close monitoring of ANA before immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in these patients with greater caution for those with a low nadir CD4 T-cell count.
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4
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Feigman MS, Kim S, Pidgeon SE, Yu Y, Ongwae GM, Patel DS, Regen S, Im W, Pires MM. Synthetic Immunotherapeutics against Gram-negative Pathogens. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1185-1194.e5. [PMID: 29983273 PMCID: PMC6195440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While traditional drug discovery continues to be an important platform for the search of new antibiotics, alternative approaches should also be pursued to complement these efforts. We herein designed a class of molecules that decorate bacterial cell surfaces with the goal of re-engaging components of the immune system toward Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More specifically, conjugates were assembled using polymyxin B (an antibiotic that inherently attaches to the surface of Gram-negative pathogens) and antigenic epitopes that recruit antibodies found in human serum. We established that the spacer length played a significant role in hapten display within the bacterial cell surface, a result that was confirmed both experimentally and via molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, we demonstrated the specific killing of bacteria by our agent in the presence of human serum. By enlisting the immune system, these agents have the potential to pave the way for a potent antimicrobial modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Sean E Pidgeon
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Dhilon S Patel
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Steven Regen
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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5
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Wentink MWJ, van Zelm MC, van Dongen JJM, Warnatz K, van der Burg M. Deficiencies in the CD19 complex. Clin Immunol 2018; 195:82-87. [PMID: 30075290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the CD19-complex, consisting of CD19, CD81, CD21 and CD225, is critically important for B-cell development, differentiation and maturation. In this complex, each protein has its own distinct function. Over the past decade, 15 patients with antibody deficiency due to deficiencies in the CD19-complex have been described. These patients have deficiencies in different complex-members, all caused by either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. Although all patients had antibody deficiencies, the clinical phenotype was different per deficient protein. We aimed to provide an overview of what is known about the function of the different complex-members, knowledge from mouse-studies and to summarize the clinical phenotypes of the patients. Combining this knowledge together can explain why deficiencies in different members of the same complex, result in disease phenotypes that are alike, but not the same.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Center for Translational Cell Research, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Gao FX, Wang Y, Zhang QY, Mou CY, Li Z, Deng YS, Zhou L, Gui JF. Distinct herpesvirus resistances and immune responses of three gynogenetic clones of gibel carp revealed by comprehensive transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:561. [PMID: 28738780 PMCID: PMC5525251 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gibel carp is an important aquaculture species in China, and a herpesvirus, called as Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV), has hampered the aquaculture development. Diverse gynogenetic clones of gibel carp have been identified or created, and some of them have been used as aquaculture varieties, but their resistances to herpesvirus and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Results To reveal their susceptibility differences, we firstly performed herpesvirus challenge experiments in three gynogenetic clones of gibel carp, including the leading variety clone A+, candidate variety clone F and wild clone H. Three clones showed distinct resistances to CaHV. Moreover, 8772, 8679 and 10,982 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were identified from comparative transcriptomes between diseased individuals and control individuals of clone A+, F and H, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of the shared DEUs in all three clones displayed common defense pathways to the herpesvirus infection, activating IFN system and suppressing complements. KEGG pathway analysis of specifically changed DEUs in respective clones revealed distinct immune responses to the herpesvirus infection. The DEU numbers identified from clone H in KEGG immune-related pathways, such as “chemokine signaling pathway”, “Toll-like receptor signaling pathway” and others, were remarkably much more than those from clone A+ and F. Several IFN-related genes, including Mx1, viperin, PKR and others, showed higher increases in the resistant clone H than that in the others. IFNphi3, IFI44-like and Gig2 displayed the highest expression in clone F and IRF1 uniquely increased in susceptible clone A+. In contrast to strong immune defense in resistant clone H, susceptible clone A+ showed remarkable up-regulation of genes related to apoptosis or death, indicating that clone A+ failed to resist virus offensive and evidently induced apoptosis or death. Conclusions Our study is the first attempt to screen distinct resistances and immune responses of three gynogenetic gibel carp clones to herpesvirus infection by comprehensive transcriptomes. These differential DEUs, immune-related pathways and IFN system genes identified from susceptible and resistant clones will be beneficial to marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding or molecular module-based resistance breeding in gibel carp. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3945-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Shokal U, Eleftherianos I. Evolution and Function of Thioester-Containing Proteins and the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 28706521 PMCID: PMC5489563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is evolutionary conserved among organisms. The complement system forms an important and efficient immune defense mechanism. It consists of plasma proteins that participate in microbial detection, which ultimately results in the production of various molecules with antimicrobial activity. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are a superfamily of secreted effector proteins. In vertebrates, certain TEPs act in the innate immune response by promoting recruitment of immune cells, phagocytosis, and direct lysis of microbial invaders. Insects are excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of innate immune recognition and response to a wide range of microbial infections. Impressive progress in recent years has generated crucial information on the role of TEPs in the antibacterial and antiparasite response of the tractable model insect Drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. This knowledge is critical for better understanding the evolution of TEPs and their involvement in the regulation of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shokal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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8
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Ahn SS, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Malignancies in Korean patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:1028-1035. [PMID: 28544157 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Several studies have implicated increased risk of malignancy in patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Hence, we first evaluated the risk and the type of malignancy in Korean IgG4-RD patients. METHOD Clinical and laboratory results of patients fulfilling the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD were retrospectively collected between January 2006 and November 2015. One hundred and eighteen patients were included, and 35 were classified as having definite, 83 as possible/probable IgG4-RD. We compared baseline clinical and laboratory variables between patients with definite and those with possible/probable IgG4-RD and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for malignancies. RESULTS The median age was 60 years old and 91 patients (77.1%) were male. Malignancies were found in 12 of 118 patients (10.1%), and lymphoma (4, 25.0%) was the most frequent malignancy related to IgG4-RD. Definite IgG4-RD patients had higher serum IgG levels and frequent multiple organ involvement. The overall incidence of malignancy was increased in patients with IgG4-RD compared to the general population (SIR 23.08 [95% CI 11.92-40.31]), and the overall risk of SIRs was highest in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR 400.00 [95% CI 109.00-1024.00]). CONCLUSION Our data showed that increased risk of malignancy, especially lymphomas, was observed in Korean IgG4-RD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Fan M, Chen S, Zhang L, Bi J, Peng J, Huang X, Li X, Li H, Zhou Q, Jiang S, Li J. Riemerella anatipestifer extracellular protease S blocks complement activation via the classical and lectin pathways. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:426-433. [PMID: 28277777 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1301648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is the causative agent of infectious serositis in ducklings and other avian species. It is difficult to control the disease due to its 21 serotypes, poor cross-protection, and bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. The complement system is an important component of the innate immune system. However, bacterial pathogens exploit several strategies to evade detection by the complement system. Here, we purified and identified a 59-kDa RA extracellular protease S (EcpS) consisting of a gelatinase. In this study, we aimed to determine how EcpS interferes with complement activation and whether it could block complement-dependent neutrophil function. We found that EcpS potently blocked RA phagocytosis and killing by duck neutrophils. Furthermore, EcpS inhibited the opsonization of bacteria by complement 3b. EcpS specifically blocked complement 3b and complement 4b deposition via the classical and lectin pathways, whereas the alternative pathway was not affected. In summary, we show that RA can survive the bactericidal activity of the duck complement system. These results indicate that RA has evolved mechanisms to evade the duck complement system that may increase the efficiency by which this pathogen can gain access and colonize the inner tissues where it may cause severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Fan
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Sihuai Chen
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Junxuan Bi
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasun Peng
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Li
- a Rongchang Campus, Southwest University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
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10
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Vela Ramirez JE, Boggiatto PM, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Polyanhydride Nanoparticle Interactions with Host Serum Proteins and Their Effects on Bone Marrow Derived Macrophage Activation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:160-168. [PMID: 33450792 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the interactions of vaccine delivery vehicles with antigen presenting cells is important for tailoring optimal adjuvant properties. Polymeric nanoparticles have been widely studied as adjuvants and delivery vehicles; however, there is little information regarding the effect of serum protein adsorption onto biomaterials and the effect of this adsorption upon interactions with antigen presenting cells. The current studies analyzed effects of polyanhydride chemistry on serum adsorption to nanoparticles with respect to their uptake by and activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Differential effects of serum adsorption based on nanoparticle chemistry were shown to enhance (for 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane and sebacic anhydride-based) or reduce (for 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane-based) nanoparticle uptake. The observed complex interdependence between nanoparticle chemistry and serum protein adsorption on macrophage activation provided insights that will facilitate the rational design of single-dose nanovaccines developed to induce robust immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Paola M Boggiatto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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11
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Avrameas S. Autopolyreactivity Confers a Holistic Role in the Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:227-34. [PMID: 26808310 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss some key findings from the study of naturally occurring autoantibodies. The B-cell compartment of the immune system appears to recognize almost all endogenous and environmental antigens. This ability is accomplished principally through autopolyreactive humoral and cellular immune receptors. This extended autopolyreactivity (1) along immunoglobulin gene recombination contributes to the immune system's ability to recognize a very large number of self and non-self constituents; and (2) generates a vast immune network that creates communication channels between the organism's interior and exterior. Thus, the immune system continuously evolves depending on the internal and external stimuli it encounters. Furthermore, this far-reaching network's existence implies activities resembling those of classical biological factors or activities that modulate the function of other classical biological factors. A few such antibodies have already been found. Another important concept is that natural autoantibodies are highly dependent on the presence or absence of commensal microbes in the organism. These results are in line with past and recent findings showing the fundamental influence of the microbiota on proper immune system development, and necessitate the existence of a host-microbe homeostasis. This homeostasis requires that the participating humoral and cellular receptors are able to recognize self-antigens and commensal microbes without damaging them. Autopolyreactive immune receptors expressing low affinity for both types of antigens fulfil this role. The immune system appears to play a holistic role similar to that of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Avrameas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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12
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Beppler J, Mkaddem SB, Michaloski J, Honorato RV, Velasco IT, de Oliveira PSL, Giordano RJ, Monteiro RC, Pinheiro da Silva F. Negative regulation of bacterial killing and inflammation by two novel CD16 ligands. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1926-35. [PMID: 27226142 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading cause of death worldwide, involves exacerbated proinflammatory responses and inefficient bacterial clearance. Phagocytic cells play a crucial part in the prevention of sepsis by clearing bacteria through host innate receptors. Here, we used a phage display library to identify two peptides in Escherichia coli that interact with host innate receptors. One of these peptides, encoded by the wzxE gene of E. coli K-12, was involved in the transbilayer movement of a trisaccharide-lipid intermediate in the assembly of enterobacterial common antigen. Peptide-receptor interactions induced CD16-mediated inhibitory immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif signaling, blocking the production of ROS and bacterial killing. This CD16-mediated inhibitory signaling was abrogated in a WzxE(-/-) mutant of E. coli K-12, restoring the production of ROS and bacterial killing. Taken together, the two novel CD16 ligands identified negatively regulate bacterial killing and inflammation. Our findings may contribute toward the development of new immunotherapies for E. coli-mediated infectious diseases and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Beppler
- Emergency Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- Inserm Unit 1149 and ERL CNRS 8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jussara Michaloski
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo José Giordano
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- Inserm Unit 1149 and ERL CNRS 8252, Center for Research on Inflammation, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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Wentink MWJ, Lambeck AJA, van Zelm MC, Simons E, van Dongen JJM, IJspeert H, Schölvinck EH, van der Burg M. CD21 and CD19 deficiency: Two defects in the same complex leading to different disease modalities. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:120-7. [PMID: 26325596 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deficiencies in CD19 and CD81 (forming the CD19-complex with CD21 and CD225) cause a severe clinical phenotype. One CD21 deficient patient has been described. We present a second CD21 deficient patient, with a mild clinical phenotype and compared the immunobiological characteristics of CD21 and CD19 deficiency. METHODS CD21 deficiency was characterized by flowcytometric immunophenotyping and sequencing. Real-time PCR, in vitro stimulation and next generation sequencing were used to characterize B-cell responses and affinity maturation in CD21(-/-) and CD19(-/-) B cells. RESULTS A compound heterozygous mutation in CD21 caused CD21 deficiency. CD21(-/-) B cells responded normally to in vitro stimulation and AID was transcribed. Affinity maturation was less affected by CD21 than by CD19 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Both CD21 and CD19 deficiencies cause hypogammaglobulinemia and reduced memory B cells. CD19 deficiency causes a more severe clinical phenotype. B-cell characteristics reflect this, both after in vitro stimulation as in affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein W J Wentink
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien J A Lambeck
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Simons
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Schölvinck
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1,9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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