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Letafati A, Ardekani OS, Naderisemiromi M, Norouzi M, Shafiei M, Nik S, Mozhgani SH. Unraveling the dynamic mechanisms of natural killer cells in viral infections: insights and implications. Virol J 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38216935 PMCID: PMC10785350 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a constant threat to human well-being, necessitating the immune system to develop robust defenses. Natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system, have become recognized as vital participants in protecting the body against viral infections. These remarkable innate immune cells possess the unique ability to directly recognize and eliminate infected cells, thereby contributing to the early control and containment of viral pathogens. However, recent research has uncovered an intriguing phenomenon: the alteration of NK cells during viral infections. In addition to their well-established role in antiviral defense, NK cells undergo dynamic changes in their phenotype, function, and regulatory mechanisms upon encountering viral pathogens. These alterations can significantly impact the effectiveness of NK cell responses during viral infections. This review explores the multifaceted role of NK cells in antiviral immunity, highlighting their conventional effector functions as well as the emerging concept of NK cell alteration in the context of viral infections. Understanding the intricate interplay between NK cells and viral infections is crucial for advancing our knowledge of antiviral immune responses and could offer valuable information for the creation of innovative therapeutic approaches to combat viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Naderisemiromi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheil Nik
- School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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2
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Nersesian S, Carter EB, Lee SN, Westhaver LP, Boudreau JE. Killer instincts: natural killer cells as multifactorial cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269614. [PMID: 38090565 PMCID: PMC10715270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells integrate heterogeneous signals for activation and inhibition using germline-encoded receptors. These receptors are stochastically co-expressed, and their concurrent engagement and signaling can adjust the sensitivity of individual cells to putative targets. Against cancers, which mutate and evolve under therapeutic and immunologic pressure, the diversity for recognition provided by NK cells may be key to comprehensive cancer control. NK cells are already being trialled as adoptive cell therapy and targets for immunotherapeutic agents. However, strategies to leverage their naturally occurring diversity and agility have not yet been developed. In this review, we discuss the receptors and signaling pathways through which signals for activation or inhibition are generated in NK cells, focusing on their roles in cancer and potential as targets for immunotherapies. Finally, we consider the impacts of receptor co-expression and the potential to engage multiple pathways of NK cell reactivity to maximize the scope and strength of antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emily B. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stacey N. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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3
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Ochoa S, Abers MS, Rosen LB, Rump A, Howe K, Lieberman JA, Wright BL, Suez D, Krausz M, Grimbacher B, Lionakis MS, Uzel G. Management and outcome of COVID-19 in CTLA-4 insufficiency. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5743-5751. [PMID: 37406177 PMCID: PMC10539877 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of COVID-19 worldwide, clinical experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in inborn errors of immunity remains limited. Recent studies have shown that patients with defects in type 1 interferon (IFN)-related pathways or those with autoantibodies against type 1 IFNs develop severe COVID-19. We reported the clinical course of 22 patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency and COVID-19 and retrospectively examined autoantibodies against type 1 IFNs at baseline. Data were obtained from the patient interviews and chart reviews. Screening for anti-IFN autoantibodies was performed using a multiplex particle-based assay. Student t test, Mann Whitney, analysis of variance, or χ2 tests were used where appropriate. Twenty-two patients aged from 8 months to 54 years, with genetically confirmed CLTA-4 insufficiency, developed COVID-19 from 2020 to 2022. The most common symptoms were fever, cough, and nasal congestion, and the median duration of illness was 7.5 days. Twenty patients (91%) developed mild COVID-19 and were treated as outpatients. Two patients were hospitalized because of COVID-19 pneumonia but did not require mechanical ventilation. Ten (45%) patients were vaccinated at the time of their first COVID-19 infection. Eleven patients received outpatient treatment with monoclonal antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. During the study period, 17 patients were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, with no severe vaccine-related adverse effects. Although median anti-S titers following vaccination or infection were lower in patients receiving immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) (349 IU/dL) than in those not receiving IGRT (2594 IU/dL; P = .15); 3 of 9 patients on IGRT developed titers >2000 IU/dL. All patients tested negative for autoantibodies against IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω at baseline. Most patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency and COVID-19 had nonsevere disease, lacked autoantibodies against type 1 IFNs, and tolerated messenger RNA vaccines with few adverse effects. Whether our findings can be extrapolated to patients receiving CTLA-4-targeting checkpoint inhibitors requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ochoa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael S. Abers
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy Rump
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine Howe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay A. Lieberman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Benjamin L. Wright
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Daniel Suez
- Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Clinic, PA, Irving, TX
| | - Máté Krausz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Zhou X, Cao H, Fang SY, Chow RD, Tang K, Majety M, Bai M, Dong MB, Renauer PA, Shang X, Suzuki K, Levchenko A, Chen S. CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1499-1510. [PMID: 37500885 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are powerful therapeutics; however, their efficacy is often hindered by critical hurdles. Here utilizing the endocytic feature of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) cytoplasmic tail, we reprogram CAR function and substantially enhance CAR-T efficacy in vivo. CAR-T cells with monomeric, duplex or triplex CTLA-4 cytoplasmic tails (CCTs) fused to the C terminus of CAR exhibit a progressive increase in cytotoxicity under repeated stimulation, accompanied by reduced activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Further characterization reveals that CARs with increasing CCT fusion show a progressively lower surface expression, regulated by their constant endocytosis, recycling and degradation under steady state. The molecular dynamics of reengineered CAR with CCT fusion results in reduced CAR-mediated trogocytosis, loss of tumor antigen and improved CAR-T survival. CARs with either monomeric (CAR-1CCT) or duplex CCTs (CAR-2CCT) have superior antitumor efficacy in a relapsed leukemia model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis reveal that CAR-2CCT cells retain a stronger central memory phenotype and exhibit increased persistence. These findings illuminate a unique strategy for engineering therapeutic T cells and improving CAR-T function through synthetic CCT fusion, which is orthogonal to other cell engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hanbing Cao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan D Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Tang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Medha Majety
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meizhu Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew B Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xingbo Shang
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Hossen MM, Ma Y, Yin Z, Xia Y, Du J, Huang JY, Huang JJ, Zou L, Ye Z, Huang Z. Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198365. [PMID: 37497212 PMCID: PMC10367421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and organs. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is majorly expressed in activated T cells and works as a critical regulator in the inflammatory response. In this review, we first describe the structure, expression, and how the signaling pathways of CTLA-4 participate in reducing effector T-cell activity and enhancing the immunomodulatory ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to reduce immune response, maintain immune homeostasis, and maintain autoimmune silence. We then focused on the correlation between CTLA-4 and different ADs and how this molecule regulates the immune activity of the diseases and inhibits the onset, progression, and pathology of various ADs. Finally, we summarized the current progress of CTLA-4 as a therapeutic target for various ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munnaf Hossen
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhao Xia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jim Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Linghua Zou
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Liu K, Sadeghipour N, Hoover AR, Valero TI, Furrer C, Adams J, Naqash AR, Zhao M, Papin JF, Chen WR. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that tumor-infiltrating natural killer cells are activated by localized ablative immunotherapy and share anti-tumor signatures induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539163. [PMID: 37205468 PMCID: PMC10187236 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Natural killer (NK) cells provide protective anti-cancer immunity. However, the cancer therapy induced activation gene signatures and pathways in NK cells remain unclear. Methods We applied a novel localized ablative immunotherapy (LAIT) by synergizing photothermal therapy (PTT) with intra-tumor delivering of the immunostimulant N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC), to treat breast cancer using a mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle tumor-antigen (MMTV-PyMT) mouse model. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis to unveil the cellular heterogeneity and compare the transcriptional alterations induced by PTT, GC, and LAIT in NK cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Results ScRNAseq showed that NK subtypes, including cycling, activated, interferon-stimulated, and cytotoxic NK cells. Trajectory analysis revealed a route toward activation and cytotoxicity following pseudotime progression. Both GC and LAIT elevated gene expression associated with NK cell activation, cytolytic effectors, activating receptors, IFN pathway components, and cytokines/chemokines in NK subtypes. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis using immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated animal and human samples revealed that ICI-induced NK activation and cytotoxicity across several cancer types. Furthermore, ICI-induced NK gene signatures were also induced by LAIT treatment. We also discovered that several types of cancer patients had significantly longer overall survival when they had higher expression of genes in NK cells that were also specifically upregulated by LAIT. Conclusion Our findings show for the first time that LAIT activates cytotoxicity in NK cells and the upregulated genes positively correlate with beneficial clinical outcomes for cancer patients. More importantly, our results further establish the correlation between the effects of LAIT and ICI on NK cells, hence expanding our understanding of mechanism of LAIT in remodeling TME and shedding light on the potentials of NK cell activation and anti-tumor cytotoxic functions in clinical applications.
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7
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Baronio M, Gazzurelli L, Rezzola S, Rossi S, Tessarin G, Marinoni M, Salpietro A, Fiore M, Moratto D, Chiarini M, Badolato R, Parolini S, Tabellini G, Lougaris V. CARD11 dominant negative mutation leads to altered human Natural Killer cell homeostasis. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152381. [PMID: 37086690 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Dominant negative mutations in CARD11 have been reported in patients with immune dysregulation, severe atopic features, and variable T cell alterations. Data on Natural killer (NK) cells from affected patients are lacking. We report on a 12-year-old boy with severe atopic dermatitis, food induced anaphylaxis and hypogammaglobulinemia harbouring a novel de novo heterozygous variant c.169G > A; p.Glu57Lys in CARD11. The dominant negative effect of this mutation was confirmed on both CD4+ and CD8+. CTLA4+Foxp3+CD4+ Tregs were severely reduced. Patient's NK cells showed reduced expression of NKp46, NKG2D and CD69. Patient's CD56bright NK cells showed in vitro impaired production of IFN-γ. Steady state pS6 levels on patient's NK cells were increased and remained elevated upon IL2 + IL12 + IL18 overnight stimulation. Overall, the effect of CARD11 mutation on mTORC1 differs between T and NK cells. These findings may explain the increased susceptibility to viral infections and the reduced immune surveillance in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Baronio
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Gazzurelli
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Tessarin
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marinoni
- Paediatric Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, "F. Del Ponte" Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Annamaria Salpietro
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Fiore
- Primary Care Pediatrician, Local unit ASL3 "genovese", Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Moratto
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Pediatrics Clinic and "A. Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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8
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Dumolard L, Aspord C, Marche PN, Macek Jilkova Z. Immune checkpoints on T and NK cells in the context of HBV infection: Landscape, pathophysiology and therapeutic exploitation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148111. [PMID: 37056774 PMCID: PMC10086248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the interplay between the virus and the host immune system is crucial in determining the pathogenesis of the disease. Patients who fail to mount a sufficient and sustained anti-viral immune response develop chronic hepatitis B (CHB). T cells and natural killer (NK) cells play decisive role in viral clearance, but they are defective in chronic HBV infection. The activation of immune cells is tightly controlled by a combination of activating and inhibitory receptors, called immune checkpoints (ICs), allowing the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Chronic exposure to viral antigens and the subsequent dysregulation of ICs actively contribute to the exhaustion of effector cells and viral persistence. The present review aims to summarize the function of various ICs and their expression in T lymphocytes and NK cells in the course of HBV infection as well as the use of immunotherapeutic strategies targeting ICs in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Dumolard
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Macek Jilkova,
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9
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Zhou X, Cao H, Fang SY, Chow RD, Tang K, Majety M, Bai M, Dong MB, Renauer PA, Shang X, Suzuki K, Levchenko A, Chen S. CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T anti-tumor immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532655. [PMID: 36993364 PMCID: PMC10055096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are powerful therapeutics; however, their efficacy is often hindered by critical hurdles. Here, utilizing the endocytic feature of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) cytoplasmic tail (CT), we reprogram CAR function and substantially enhance CAR-T efficacy in vivo . CAR-T cells with monomeric, duplex, or triplex CTLA-4 CTs (CCTs) fused to the C-terminus of CAR exhibit a progressive increase in cytotoxicity under repeated stimulation, accompanied by reduced activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further characterization reveals that CARs with increasing CCT fusion show a progressively lower surface expression, regulated by their constant endocytosis, recycling and degradation under steady state. The molecular dynamics of reengineered CAR with CCT fusion results in reduced CAR-mediated trogocytosis, loss of tumor antigen, and improved CAR-T survival. CARs with either monomeric (CAR-1CCT) or duplex CCTs (CAR-2CCT) have superior anti-tumor efficacy in a relapsed leukemia model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis reveal that CAR-2CCT cells retain a stronger central memory phenotype and exhibit increased persistence. These findings illuminate a unique strategy for engineering therapeutic T cells and improving CAR-T function through synthetic CCT fusion, which is orthogonal to other cell engineering techniques.
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10
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Krausz M, Mitsuiki N, Falcone V, Komp J, Posadas-Cantera S, Lorenz HM, Litzman J, Wolff D, Kanariou M, Heinkele A, Speckmann C, Häcker G, Hengel H, Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Do common infections trigger disease-onset or -severity in CTLA-4 insufficiency? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011646. [PMID: 36405723 PMCID: PMC9667032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterozygous mutations in CTLA4 lead to an inborn error of immunity characterized by immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency, known as CTLA-4 insufficiency. Cohort studies on CTLA4 mutation carriers showed a reduced penetrance (around 70%) and variable disease expressivity, suggesting the presence of modifying factors. It is well studied that infections can trigger autoimmunity in humans, especially in combination with a genetic predisposition. METHODS To investigate whether specific infections or the presence of specific persisting pathogens are associated with disease onset or severity in CTLA-4 insufficiency, we have examined the humoral immune response in 13 CTLA4 mutation carriers, seven without clinical manifestation and six with autoimmune manifestations, but without immunoglobulin replacement therapy against cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1/2 (HSV 1/2), parvovirus B19 and Toxoplasma gondii. Additionally, we have measured FcγRIII/CD16A activation by EBV-specific IgG antibodies to examine the functional capabilities of immunoglobulins produced by CTLA4 mutation carriers. RESULTS The seroprevalence between affected and unaffected CTLA4 mutation carriers did not differ significantly for the examined pathogens. Additionally, we show here that CTLA4 mutation carriers produce EBV-specific IgG, which are unimpaired in activating FcγRIII/CD16A. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the investigated pathogens are very unlikely to trigger the disease onset in CTLA-4-insufficient individuals, and their prevalence is not correlated with disease severity or expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Krausz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noriko Mitsuiki
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Komp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Posadas-Cantera
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiri Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne’s University Hospital in Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Kanariou
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anita Heinkele
- Center for Pediatric Rheumatology, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,RESIST – Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hannover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Bodo Grimbacher,
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11
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Fox TA, Houghton BC, Petersone L, Waters E, Edner NM, McKenna A, Preham O, Hinze C, Williams C, de Albuquerque AS, Kennedy A, Pesenacker AM, Genovese P, Walker LSK, Burns SO, Sansom DM, Booth C, Morris EC. Therapeutic gene editing of T cells to correct CTLA-4 insufficiency. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn5811. [PMID: 36288278 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4 result in an inborn error of immunity with an autoimmune and frequently severe clinical phenotype. Autologous T cell gene therapy may offer a cure without the immunological complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we designed a homology-directed repair (HDR) gene editing strategy that inserts the CTLA-4 cDNA into the first intron of the CTLA-4 genomic locus in primary human T cells. This resulted in regulated expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells, and functional studies demonstrated CD80 and CD86 transendocytosis. Gene editing of T cells isolated from three patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency also restored CTLA-4 protein expression and rescued transendocytosis of CD80 and CD86 in vitro. Last, gene-corrected T cells from CTLA-4-/- mice engrafted and prevented lymphoproliferation in an in vivo murine model of CTLA-4 insufficiency. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a therapeutic approach using T cell gene therapy for CTLA-4 insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrew Fox
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2BU UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Lina Petersone
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Natalie Mona Edner
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Alex McKenna
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Olivier Preham
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Cayman Williams
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Adriana Silva de Albuquerque
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- University College London Hospital, National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Anne Maria Pesenacker
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Pietro Genovese
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucy Sarah Kate Walker
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Siobhan Oisin Burns
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - David Michael Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Emma Catherine Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2BU UK
- University College London Hospital, National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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12
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Wang J, Liu X, Jin T, Cao Y, Tian Y, Xu F. NK cell immunometabolism as target for liver cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109193. [PMID: 36087507 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are being used effectively as a potential candidate in tumor immunotherapy. However, the migration and transport of NK cells to solid tumors is inadequate. NK cell dysfunction, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis are associated with altered metabolism of NK cells in the liver cancer microenvironment. However, in liver cancers, metabolic impairment of NK cells is still not understood fully. Evidence from various sources has shown that the interaction of NK cell's immune checkpoints with its metabolic checkpoints is responsible for the regulation of the development and function of these cells. How immune checkpoints contribute to metabolic programming is still not fully understood, and how this can be beneficial needs a better understanding, but they are emerging to be incredibly compelling to rebuilding the function of NK cells in the tumor. It is expected to represent a potential aim that focuses on improving the efficacy of therapies based on NK cells for treating liver cancer. Here, the recent advancements made to understand the NK cell's metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer have been summarized, along with the possible interplay between the immune and the metabolic checkpoints in NK cell function. Finally, an overview of some potential metabolic-related targets that can be used for liver cancer therapy treatment has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianqiang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yuqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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13
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Harnessing natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy: dispatching the first responders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:559-577. [PMID: 35314852 PMCID: PMC10019065 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have crucial roles in the innate immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections. They are 'first responders' that can spontaneously recognize abnormal cells in the body, rapidly eliminate them through focused cytotoxicity mechanisms and potently produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate other immune cells to initiate an adaptive response. From the initial discovery of the diverse cell surface receptors on NK cells to the characterization of regulatory events that control their function, our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells has improved dramatically in the past three decades. This advanced knowledge has revealed increased mechanistic complexity, which has opened the doors to the development of a plethora of exciting new therapeutics that can effectively manipulate and target NK cell functional responses, particularly in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the basic mechanisms that regulate NK cell biology, review a wide variety of drugs, cytokines and antibodies currently being developed and used to stimulate NK cell responses, and outline evolving NK cell adoptive transfer approaches to treat cancer.
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14
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Peipp M, Klausz K, Boje AS, Zeller T, Zielonka S, Kellner C. Immunotherapeutic targeting of activating natural killer cell receptors and their ligands in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:22-32. [PMID: 35325068 PMCID: PMC9307233 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exert an important role in cancer immune surveillance. Recognition of malignant cells and controlled activation of effector functions are facilitated by the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, which is a complex interplay that allows NK cells to discriminate malignant cells from healthy tissues. Due to their unique profile of effector functions, the recruitment of NK cells is attractive in cancer treatment and a key function of NK cells in antibody therapy is widely appreciated. In recent years, besides the low-affinity fragment crystallizable receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcγRIIIA), the activating natural killer receptors p30 (NKp30) and p46 (NKp46), as well as natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), have gained increasing attention as potential targets for bispecific antibody-derivatives to redirect NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors. Beyond modulation of the receptor activity on NK cells, therapeutic targeting of the respective ligands represents an attractive approach. Here, novel therapeutic approaches to unleash NK cells by engagement of activating NK-cell receptors and alternative strategies targeting their tumor-expressed ligands in cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Zeller
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Correspondence: Christian Kellner, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Mechanisms underlying immune-related adverse events during checkpoint immunotherapy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:771-785. [PMID: 35621125 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint (IC) proteins are some of the most important factors that tumor cells hijack to escape immune surveillance, and inhibiting ICs to enhance or relieve antitumor immunity has been proven efficient in tumor treatment. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents such as antibodies blocking programmed death (PD) 1, PD-1 ligand (PD-L) 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat several types of cancers. Although ICB agents have shown outstanding clinical success, and their application has continued to expand to additional tumor types in the past decade, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been observed in a wide range of patients who receive ICB treatment. Numerous studies have focused on the clinical manifestations and pathology of ICB-related irAEs, but the detailed mechanisms underlying irAEs remain largely unknown. Owing to the wide expression of IC molecules on distinct immune cell subpopulations and the fact that ICB agents generally affect IC-expressing cells, the influences of ICB agents on immune cells in irAEs need to be determined. Here, we discuss the expression and functions of IC proteins on distinct immune cells and the potential mechanism(s) related to ICB-targeted immune cell subsets in irAEs.
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16
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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17
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Monogenic autoimmunity and infectious diseases: the double-edged sword of immune dysregulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:230-238. [PMID: 34265589 PMCID: PMC8452259 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of monogenic autoimmune diseases has provided key insights into molecular mechanisms involved in development of autoimmunity and immune tolerance. It has also become clear that such inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) frequently present clinically not only with autoimmune diseases, but also frequently have increased susceptibility to infection. The genes associated with monogenic autoimmunity influence diverse functional pathways, and the resulting immune dysregulation also impacts the complex and coordinated immune response to pathogens, for example type I interferon and cytokine signaling, the complement pathway and proper differentiation of the immune response. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted how monogenic autoimmunity can increase risk for serious infection with the discovery of severe disease in patients with pre-existing antibodies to Type I IFNs. This review discusses recent insight into the relationship between monogenic autoimmunity and infectious diseases.
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18
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Oyewole-Said D, Konduri V, Vazquez-Perez J, Weldon SA, Levitt JM, Decker WK. Beyond T-Cells: Functional Characterization of CTLA-4 Expression in Immune and Non-Immune Cell Types. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608024. [PMID: 33384695 PMCID: PMC7770141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response consists of a finely-tuned program, the activation of which must be coupled with inhibitory mechanisms whenever initiated. This ensures tight control of beneficial anti-pathogen and anti-tumor responses while preserving tissue integrity, promoting tissue repair, and safeguarding against autoimmunity. A cogent example of this binary response is in the mobilization of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signaling in regulating the strength and type of a T-cell response. Of particular importance is the costimulatory molecule CD28 which is countered by CTLA-4. While the role of CD28 in the immune response has been thoroughly elucidated, many aspects of CTLA-4 biology remain controversial. The expression of CD28 is largely constrained to constitutive expression in T-cells and as such, teasing out its function has been somewhat simplified by a limited and specific expression profile. The expression of CTLA-4, on the other hand, while reported predominantly in T-cells, has also been described on a diverse repertoire of cells within both lymphoid and myeloid lineages as well as on the surface of tumors. Nonetheless, the function of CTLA-4 has been mostly described within the context of T-cell biology. The focus on T-cell biology may be a direct result of the high degree of amino acid sequence homology and the co-expression pattern of CD28 and CTLA-4, which initially led to the discovery of CTLA-4 as a counter receptor to CD28 (for which a T-cell-activating role had already been described). Furthermore, observations of the outsized role of CTLA-4 in Treg-mediated immune suppression and the striking phenotype of T-cell hyperproliferation and resultant disease in CTLA-4−/− mice contribute to an appropriate T-cell-centric focus in the study of CTLA-4. Complete elucidation of CTLA-4 biology, however, may require a more nuanced understanding of its role in a context other than that of T-cells. This makes particular sense in light of the remarkable, yet limited utility of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in the treatment of cancers and of CTLA-4-Ig in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. By fully deducing the biology of CTLA-4-regulated immune homeostasis, bottlenecks that hinder the widespread applicability of CTLA-4-based immunotherapies can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Oyewole-Said
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Vazquez-Perez
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott A Weldon
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Russick J, Joubert PE, Gillard-Bocquet M, Torset C, Meylan M, Petitprez F, Dragon-Durey MA, Marmier S, Varthaman A, Josseaume N, Germain C, Goc J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Validire P, Fournel L, Zitvogel L, Bindea G, Lupo A, Damotte D, Alifano M, Cremer I. Natural killer cells in the human lung tumor microenvironment display immune inhibitory functions. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001054. [PMID: 33067317 PMCID: PMC7570244 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in tumor immunosurveillance through their cytotoxic effector functions and their capacity to interact with other immune cells to build a coordinated antitumor immune response. Emerging data reveal NK cell dysfunction within the tumor microenvironment (TME) through checkpoint inhibitory molecules associated with a regulatory phenotype. OBJECTIVE We aimed at analyzing the gene expression profile of intratumoral NK cells compared with non-tumorous NK cells, and to characterize their inhibitory function in the TME. METHODS NK cells were sorted from human lung tumor tissue and compared with non- tumoral distant lungs. RESULTS In the current study, we identify a unique gene signature of NK cell dysfunction in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). First, transcriptomic analysis reveals significant changes related to migratory pattern with a downregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) and CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) and overexpression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6). Second, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and killer cell lectin like receptor (KLRC1) inhibitory molecules were increased in intratumoral NK cells, and CTLA-4 blockade could partially restore MHC class II level on dendritic cell (DC) that was impaired during the DCs/NK cell cross talk. Finally, NK cell density impacts the positive prognostic value of CD8+ T cells in NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate novel molecular cues associated with NK cell inhibitory functions in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Russick
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Gillard-Bocquet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Carine Torset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Meylan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Florent Petitprez
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnes Dragon-Durey
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.,Universite de Paris. Laboratoire d'immunologie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Marmier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Aditi Varthaman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Josseaume
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Claire Germain
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Goc
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Team Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Fournel
- Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France.,Universite Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gabriela Bindea
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Laboratory of Integrative cancer immunology, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lupo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.,Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.,Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.,Departments of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Inserm, Universite de Paris, Team Inflammation, complement and cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
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20
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Russick J, Torset C, Hemery E, Cremer I. NK cells in the tumor microenvironment: Prognostic and theranostic impact. Recent advances and trends. Semin Immunol 2020; 48:101407. [PMID: 32900565 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NK cells orchestrate the tumor destruction and control metastasis in a coordinated way with other immune cells of the tumor microenvironment. However, NK cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment is limited, and tumor cells have developed numerous mechanisms to escape NK cell attack. As a result, NK cells that have been able to infiltrate the tumors are exhausted, and metabolically and functionally impaired. Depending this impairment the prognostic and theranostic values of NK cells differ depending on the studies, the type of cancer, the stage of tumor and the nature of the tumor microenvironment. Extensive studies have been done to investigate different strategies to improve the NK cell function, and nowadays, a battery of therapeutic tools are being tested, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Russick
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Carine Torset
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Hemery
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Team Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.
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21
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Chauhan SKS, Koehl U, Kloess S. Harnessing NK Cell Checkpoint-Modulating Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1807. [PMID: 32640575 PMCID: PMC7408278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the host immune response, the precise balance of the immune system, regulated by immune checkpoint, is required to avoid infection and cancer. These immune checkpoints are the mainstream regulator of the immune response and are crucial for self-tolerance. During the last decade, various new immune checkpoint molecules have been studied, providing an attractive path to evaluate their potential role as targets for effective therapeutic interventions. Checkpoint inhibitors have mainly been explored in T cells until now, but natural killer (NK) cells are a newly emerging target for the determination of checkpoint molecules. Simultaneously, an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions have been explored, including modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules, either causing dysfunction or promoting effector functions. Furthermore, the combination of the immune checkpoint with other NK cell-based therapeutic strategies could also strengthen its efficacy as an antitumor therapy. In this review, we have undertaken a comprehensive review of the literature to date regarding underlying mechanisms of modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of cellular therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (U.K.); (S.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Kloess
- Institute of cellular therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (U.K.); (S.K.)
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22
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Yap JY, Gloss B, Batten M, Hsu P, Berglund L, Cai F, Dai P, Parker A, Qiu M, Miley W, Roshan R, Marshall V, Whitby D, Wegman E, Garsia R, Wu KHC, Kirk E, Polizzotto M, Deenick EK, Tangye SG, Ma CS, Circa, Phan TG. Everolimus-Induced Remission of Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma Secondary to Cryptic Splicing Mediated CTLA4 Haploinsufficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:774-779. [PMID: 32562209 PMCID: PMC8996434 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan Yap
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Brian Gloss
- The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcel Batten
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Pei Dai
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Parker
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eric Wegman
- Sydney Clinic for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kathy H C Wu
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Clinical Genetics Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mark Polizzotto
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Circa
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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23
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Lanuza PM, Pesini C, Arias MA, Calvo C, Ramirez-Labrada A, Pardo J. Recalling the Biological Significance of Immune Checkpoints on NK Cells: A Chance to Overcome LAG3, PD1, and CTLA4 Inhibitory Pathways by Adoptive NK Cell Transfer? Front Immunol 2020; 10:3010. [PMID: 31998304 PMCID: PMC6962251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors (IC) positively or negatively regulate the activation of the host immune response, preventing unwanted reactions against self-healthy tissues. In recent years the term IC has been mainly used for the inhibitory ICs, which are critical to control Natural Killer (NK) and Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells due to its high cytotoxic potential. Due to the different nature of the signals that regulate T and NK cell activation, specific ICs have been described that mainly regulate either NK cell or T cell activity. Thus, strategies to modulate NK cell activity are raising as promising tools to treat tumors that do not respond to T cell-based immunotherapies. NK cell activation is mainly regulated by ICs and receptors from the KIR, NKG2 and NCRs families and the contribution of T cell-related ICs is less clear. Recently, NK cells have emerged as contributors to the effect of inhibitors of T cell-related ICs like CTLA4, LAG3 or the PD1/PD-L1 axes in cancer patients, suggesting that these ICs also regulate the activity of NK cells under pathological conditions. Strikingly, in contrast to NK cells from cancer patients, the level of expression of these ICs is low on most subsets of freshly isolated and in vitro activated NK cells from healthy patients, suggesting that they do not control NK cell tolerance and thus, do not act as conventional ICs under non-pathological conditions. The low level of expression of T cell-related ICs in “healthy” NK cells suggest that they should not be restricted to the detrimental effects of these inhibitory mechanisms in the cancer microenvironment. After a brief introduction of the regulatory mechanisms that control NK cell anti-tumoral activity and the conventional ICs controlling NK cell tolerance, we will critically discuss the potential role of T cell-related ICs in the control of NK cell activity under both physiological and pathological (cancer) conditions. This discussion will allow to comprehensively describe the chances and potential limitations of using allogeneic NK cells isolated from a healthy environment to overcome immune subversion by T cell-related ICs and to improve the efficacy of IC inhibitors (ICIs) in a safer way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar M Lanuza
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carlota Calvo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Medical Oncopediatry Department, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julian Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragón i + D Foundation (ARAID), Government of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Mitsuiki N, Schwab C, Grimbacher B. What did we learn from CTLA-4 insufficiency on the human immune system? Immunol Rev 2019; 287:33-49. [PMID: 30565239 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a negative immune regulator constitutively expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells and upregulated on activated T cells. CTLA-4 inhibits T cell activation by various suppressive functions including competition with CD28, regulation of the inhibitory function of Treg cells, such as transendocytosis, and the control of adhesion and motility. Intrinsic CTLA-4 signaling has been controversially discussed, but so far no distinct signaling pathway has been identified. The CTLA-4-mediated Treg suppression plays an important role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Human CTLA-4 insufficiency is caused by heterozygous germline mutations in CTLA4 and characterized by a complex immune dysregulation syndrome. Clinical studies on CTLA4 mutation carriers showed a reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, suggesting modifying factor(s). One hundred and forty-eight CTLA4 mutation carriers have been reported; patients showed hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infectious diseases, various autoimmune diseases, and lymphocytic infiltration into multiple organs. The CTLA-4 expression level in Treg cells was reduced, while the frequency of Treg cells was increased in CTLA-4-insufficient patients. The transendocytosis assay is a specific functional test for the assessment of newly identified CTLA4 gene variants. Immunoglobulin substitution, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy, and targeted therapy such as with CTLA-4 fusion proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors were applied; patients with life-threatening, treatment-resistant symptoms underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The fact that in humans CTLA-4 insufficiency causes severe disease taught us that the amount of CTLA-4 molecules present in/on T cells matters for immune homeostasis. However, whether the pathology-causing activated T lymphocytes in CTLA-4-insufficient patients are antigen-specific is an unsolved question. CTLA-4, in addition, has a role in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Anti-CTLA-4 drugs are employed as checkpoint inhibitors to target various forms of cancer. Thus, clinical research on human CTLA-4 insufficiency might provide us a deeper understanding of the mechanism(s) of the CTLA-4 molecule and immune dysregulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mitsuiki
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schwab
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Disorders of CTLA-4 expression, how they lead to CVID and dysregulated immune responses. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19:578-585. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Di Vito C, Mikulak J, Zaghi E, Pesce S, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK cells to cure cancer. Semin Immunol 2019; 41:101272. [PMID: 31085114 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes able to mediate immune-surveillance and clearance of viral infected and tumor-transformed cells. Growing experimental and clinical evidence highlighted a dual role of NK cells either in the control of cancer development/progression or in promoting the onset of immune-suppressant tumor microenvironments. Indeed, several mechanisms of NK cell-mediated tumor escape have been described and these includes cancer-induced aberrant expression of activating and inhibitory receptors (i.e. NK cell immune checkpoints), impairments of NK cell migration to tumor sites and altered NK cell effector-functions. These phenomena highly contribute to tumor progression and metastasis formation. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on those NK cell receptors and related molecules that are currently being implemented in clinics either as possible prognostic factors or therapeutic targets to unleash NK cell anti-tumor effector-functions in vivo. Moreover, we address here the major recent advances in regard to the genetic modification and ex vivo expansion of anti-tumor specific NK cells used in innovative adoptive cellular transfer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy.
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27
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 PMCID: PMC6310041 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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28
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Egg D, Schwab C, Gabrysch A, Arkwright PD, Cheesman E, Giulino-Roth L, Neth O, Snapper S, Okada S, Moutschen M, Delvenne P, Pecher AC, Wolff D, Kim YJ, Seneviratne S, Kim KM, Kang JM, Ojaimi S, McLean C, Warnatz K, Seidl M, Grimbacher B. Increased Risk for Malignancies in 131 Affected CTLA4 Mutation Carriers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2012. [PMID: 30250467 PMCID: PMC6140401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative immune regulator on the surface of T cells. In humans, heterozygous germline mutations in CTLA4 can cause an immune dysregulation syndrome. The phenotype comprises a broad spectrum of autoinflammatory, autoimmune, and immunodeficient features. An increased frequency of malignancies in primary immunodeficiencies is known, but their incidence in CTLA-4 insufficiency is unknown. Methods: Clinical manifestations and details of the clinical history were assessed in a worldwide cohort of 184 CTLA4 mutation carriers. Whenever a malignancy was reported, a malignancy-specific questionnaire was filled. Results: Among the 184 CTLA4 mutation carriers, 131 were considered affected, indicating a penetrance of 71.2%. We documented 17 malignancies, which amounts to a cancer prevalence of 12.9% in affected CTLA4 mutation carriers. There were ten lymphomas, five gastric cancers, one multiple myeloma, and one metastatic melanoma. Seven lymphomas and three gastric cancers were EBV-associated. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate an elevated cancer risk for patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency. As more than half of the cancers were EBV-associated, the failure to control oncogenic viruses seems to be part of the CTLA-4-insufficient phenotype. Hence, lymphoproliferation and EBV viral load in blood should be carefully monitored, especially when immunosuppressing affected CTLA4 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Egg
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schwab
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Gabrysch
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Cheesman
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olaf Neth
- Seccion de Infectologia e Inmunopatologia, Unidad de Pediatria, Hospital Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Scott Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Ann-Christin Pecher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suranjith Seneviratne
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Samar Ojaimi
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center of the University Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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