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Li L, Jin T, Hu L, Ding J. Alternative splicing regulation and its therapeutic potential in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1402350. [PMID: 39132499 PMCID: PMC11310127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1402350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. The development of bladder cancer is closely associated with alternative splicing, which regulates human gene expression and enhances the diversity of functional proteins. Alternative splicing is a distinctive feature of bladder cancer, and as such, it may hold promise as a therapeutic target. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the current knowledge of alternative splicing in the context of bladder cancer. We review the process of alternative splicing and its regulation in bladder cancer. Moreover, we emphasize the significance of abnormal alternative splicing and splicing factor irregularities during bladder cancer progression. Finally, we explore the impact of alternative splicing on bladder cancer drug resistance and the potential of alternative splicing as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- College of Medicine, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Lynn N, Tuller T. Detecting and understanding meaningful cancerous mutations based on computational models of mRNA splicing. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:25. [PMID: 38453965 PMCID: PMC10920900 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer research has long relied on non-silent mutations. Yet, it has become overwhelmingly clear that silent mutations can affect gene expression and cancer cell fitness. One fundamental mechanism that apparently silent mutations can severely disrupt is alternative splicing. Here we introduce Oncosplice, a tool that scores mutations based on models of proteomes generated using aberrant splicing predictions. Oncosplice leverages a highly accurate neural network that predicts splice sites within arbitrary mRNA sequences, a greedy transcript constructor that considers alternate arrangements of splicing blueprints, and an algorithm that grades the functional divergence between proteins based on evolutionary conservation. By applying this tool to 12M somatic mutations we identify 8K deleterious variants that are significantly depleted within the healthy population; we demonstrate the tool's ability to identify clinically validated pathogenic variants with a positive predictive value of 94%; we show strong enrichment of predicted deleterious mutations across pan-cancer drivers. We also achieve improved patient survival estimation using a proposed set of novel cancer-involved genes. Ultimately, this pipeline enables accelerated insight-gathering of sequence-specific consequences for a class of understudied mutations and provides an efficient way of filtering through massive variant datasets - functionalities with immediate experimental and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Engineering Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tamir Tuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Engineering Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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3
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Probst V, Simonyan A, Pacheco F, Guo Y, Nielsen FC, Bagger FO. Benchmarking full-length transcript single cell mRNA sequencing protocols. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:860. [PMID: 36581800 PMCID: PMC9801581 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single cell mRNA sequencing technologies have transformed our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and identity. For sensitive discovery or clinical marker estimation where high transcript capture per cell is needed only plate-based techniques currently offer sufficient resolution. RESULTS Here, we present a performance evaluation of four different plate-based scRNA-seq protocols. Our evaluation is aimed towards applications taxing high gene detection sensitivity, reproducibility between samples, and minimum hands-on time, as is required, for example, in clinical use. We included two commercial kits, NEBNext® Single Cell/ Low Input RNA Library Prep Kit (NEB®), SMART-seq® HT kit (Takara®), and the non-commercial protocols Genome & Transcriptome sequencing (G&T) and SMART-seq3 (SS3). G&T delivered the highest detection of genes per single cell. SS3 presented the highest gene detection per single cell at the lowest price. Takara® kit presented similar high gene detection per single cell, and high reproducibility between samples, but at the absolute highest price. NEB® delivered a lower detection of genes but remains an alternative to more expensive commercial kits. CONCLUSION For the tested kits we found that ease-of-use came at higher prices. Takara can be selected for its ease-of-use to analyse a few samples, but we recommend the cheaper G&T-seq or SS3 for laboratories where a substantial sample flow can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Probst
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arman Simonyan
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felix Pacheco
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuliu Guo
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Cilius Nielsen
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Otzen Bagger
- grid.475435.4Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Poly(A) capture full length cDNA sequencing improves the accuracy and detection ability of transcript quantification and alternative splicing events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10599. [PMID: 35732903 PMCID: PMC9217819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing, one of the RNA-Seq methods, is a powerful method used to investigate the transcriptome status of a gene of interest, such as its transcription level and alternative splicing variants. Furthermore, full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing has the advantage that it can create a library from a small amount of sample and the library can be applied to long-read sequencers in addition to short-read sequencers. Nevertheless, one of our previous studies indicated that the full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing yields non-specific genomic DNA amplification, affecting transcriptome analysis, such as transcript quantification and alternative splicing analysis. In this study, it was confirmed that it is possible to produce the RNA-Seq library from only genomic DNA and that the full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing of genomic DNA yielded non-specific genomic DNA amplification. To avoid non-specific genomic DNA amplification, two methods were examined, which are the DNase I-treated full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing and poly(A) capture full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing. Contrary to expectations, the non-specific genomic DNA amplification was increased and the number of the detected expressing genes was reduced in DNase I-treated full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing. On the other hand, in the poly(A) capture full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing, the non-specific genomic DNA amplification was significantly reduced, accordingly the accuracy and the number of detected expressing genes and splicing events were increased. The expression pattern and percentage spliced in index of splicing events were highly correlated. Our results indicate that the poly(A) capture full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing improves transcript quantification accuracy and the detection ability of alternative splicing events. It is also expected to contribute to the determination of the significance of DNA variants to splicing events.
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5
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Forouzesh F, Kia FS, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E. BidSi6 and BidEL isoforms as a potential marker for predicting colorectal adenomatous polyps. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:129. [PMID: 35668495 PMCID: PMC9172139 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a well-known protein, Bid links the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and plays important roles in cell proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of two isoforms of the Bid gene (BidSi6 and BidEL) in colorectal adenomatous polyps as a biomarker and investigated the relationship between their expression levels with clinicopathological factors. Methods The expression of BidSi6 and BidEL isoforms in 22 pairs of Adenomatous polyps and adjust non-polyp tissues was measured by qReal-Time PCR and compared with 10 normal colon tissues. ROC curve was performed to examine the diagnostic capacity. Also, sequencing was performed for molecular identification of BidSi6 isoform in adenomatous polyp. Results Our results showed that BidSi6 and BidEL isoforms were significantly overexpressed in Adenomatous polyps and non-polyp adjacent tissues from the same patients compared to that in normal colon tissues, but there was no significant expression between polyps and adjust non-polyp tissues. There were no significant correlations between the expression of two isoforms and other features of clinicopathology. The area under the curve of BidSi6 and BidEL isoforms indicated powerful diagnostic capability. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the sequence of idSi6 isoform, and the results showed that adenomatous polyp tissue and adjust non-polyp tissue were separated from healthy colorectal tissue and reference sequence (EU678292). Conclusions These findings suggest that BidSi6 and BidEL isoforms can be used as new potential biomarkers in adenomatous polyps. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01282-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 193951495, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Kia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 193951495, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Department of Cancer, Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Jha A, Quesnel-Vallières M, Wang D, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Lynch KW, Barash Y. Identifying common transcriptome signatures of cancer by interpreting deep learning models. Genome Biol 2022; 23:117. [PMID: 35581644 PMCID: PMC9112525 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a set of diseases characterized by unchecked cell proliferation and invasion of surrounding tissues. The many genes that have been genetically associated with cancer or shown to directly contribute to oncogenesis vary widely between tumor types, but common gene signatures that relate to core cancer pathways have also been identified. It is not clear, however, whether there exist additional sets of genes or transcriptomic features that are less well known in cancer biology but that are also commonly deregulated across several cancer types. Results Here, we agnostically identify transcriptomic features that are commonly shared between cancer types using 13,461 RNA-seq samples from 19 normal tissue types and 18 solid tumor types to train three feed-forward neural networks, based either on protein-coding gene expression, lncRNA expression, or splice junction use, to distinguish between normal and tumor samples. All three models recognize transcriptome signatures that are consistent across tumors. Analysis of attribution values extracted from our models reveals that genes that are commonly altered in cancer by expression or splicing variations are under strong evolutionary and selective constraints. Importantly, we find that genes composing our cancer transcriptome signatures are not frequently affected by mutations or genomic alterations and that their functions differ widely from the genes genetically associated with cancer. Conclusions Our results highlighted that deregulation of RNA-processing genes and aberrant splicing are pervasive features on which core cancer pathways might converge across a large array of solid tumor types. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s13059-022-02681-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Jha
- Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Mathieu Quesnel-Vallières
- Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - David Wang
- Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, USA.
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7
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Ura H, Togi S, Niida Y. A comparison of mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) library preparation methods for transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:303. [PMID: 35418012 PMCID: PMC9008973 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mRNA sequencing is a powerful technique, which is used to investigate the transcriptome status of a gene of interest, such as its transcription level and splicing variants. Presently, several RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) methods have been developed; however, the relative advantage of each method has remained unknown. Here we used three commercially available RNA-Seq library preparation kits; the traditional method (TruSeq), in addition to full-length double-stranded cDNA methods (SMARTer and TeloPrime) to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these three approaches in transcriptome analysis. RESULTS We observed that the number of expressed genes detected from the TeloPrime sequencing method was fewer than that obtained using the TruSeq and SMARTer. We also observed that the expression patterns between TruSeq and SMARTer correlated strongly. Alternatively, SMARTer and TeloPrime methods underestimated the expression of relatively long transcripts. Moreover, genes having low expression levels were undetected stochastically regardless of any three methods used. Furthermore, although TeloPrime detected a significantly higher proportion at the transcription start site (TSS), its coverage of the gene body was not uniform. SMARTer is proposed to be yielded for nonspecific genomic DNA amplification. In contrast, the detected splicing event number was highest in the TruSeq. The percent spliced in index (PSI) of the three methods was highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS TruSeq detected transcripts and splicing events better than the other methods and measured expression levels of genes, in addition to splicing events accurately. However, although detected transcripts and splicing events in TeloPrime were fewer, the coverage at TSS was highest. Additionally, SMARTer was better than TeloPrime with regards to the detected number of transcripts and splicing events among the understudied full-length double-stranded cDNA methods. In conclusion, for short-read sequencing, TruSeq has relative advantages for use in transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ura
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan. .,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.
| | - Sumihito Togi
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
| | - Yo Niida
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
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8
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USP15 and USP4 facilitate lung cancer cell proliferation by regulating the alternative splicing of SRSF1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35027535 PMCID: PMC8758713 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 is implicated in several human cancers by regulating different cellular processes, including splicing regulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its functional relevance and the successive roles in enhanced tumorigenesis remain ambiguous. Here, we found that USP15 and its close paralog USP4 are overexpressed and facilitate lung cancer cell proliferation by regulating the alternative splicing of SRSF1. Depletion of USP15 and USP4 impair SRSF1 splicing characterized by the replacement of exon 4 with non-coding intron sequences retained at its C-terminus, resulting in an alternative isoform SRSF1-3. We observed an increased endogenous expression of SRSF1 in lung cancer cells as well, and its overexpression significantly enhanced cancer cell phenotype and rescued the depletion effect of USP15 and USP4. However, the alternatively spliced isoform SRSF1-3 was deficient in such aspects for its premature degradation through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The increased USP15 expression contributes to the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development and shows significantly lower disease-specific survival of patients with USP15 alteration. In short, we identified USP15 and USP4 as key regulators of SRSF1 alternative splicing with altered functions, which may represent the novel prognostic biomarker as well as a potential target for LUAD.
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9
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Liu K, Su Q, Kang K, Chen M, Wang WX, Zhang WQ, Pang R. Genome-wide Analysis of Alternative Gene Splicing Associated with Virulence in the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2512-2523. [PMID: 34568947 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of protein coding genes plays a profound role in phenotypic variation for many eukaryotic organisms. The development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics algorithms provides the possibility of genome-wide identification of alternative splicing events in eukaryotes. However, for the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a destructive pest of rice crops, whole-genome distribution of alternative splicing events and the role of alternative splicing in the phenotypic plasticity of virulence have not previously been estimated. Here, we developed an analysis pipeline to identify alternative splicing events in the genome of N. lugens. Differential expression analysis and functional annotation were performed on datasets related to different virulence phenotypes. In total, 27,880 alternative splicing events corresponding to 9,787 multi-exon genes were detected in N. lugens. Among them, specifically expressed alternative splicing transcripts in the virulent Mudgo population were enriched in metabolic process categories, while transcripts in the avirulent TN1 population were enriched in regulator activity categories. In addition, genes encoding odorant receptor, secreted saliva protein and xenobiotic metabolic P450 monooxygenase showed different splicing patterns between Mudgo population and TN1 population. Host change experiment also revealed that an isoform of a P450 gene could be specially induced by the stimulation of resistant rice variety Mudgo. This research pioneered a genome-wide study of alternative gene splicing in the rice brown planthopper. Differences in alternative splicing between virulent and avirulent populations indicated that alternative splicing might play an important role in the formation of virulence phenotypes in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Ura H, Togi S, Niida Y. Target-capture full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing for alternative splicing analysis. RNA Biol 2021; 18:1600-1607. [PMID: 33472537 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1872961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a regulated process by which eukaryotic genes may produce diverse biological products. Defects in the process typically affect cellular function and can lead to disease. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have been developed to detect alternative splicing events; however, the alternative splicing events detected by standard RNA-Seq may or may not be derived from full-length RNA. The SMARTer method provides full-length double-strand cDNA synthesis, and the resulting gene expression patterns correlate strongly with standard RNA-Seq. However, it also yields non-specific genomic DNA amplification. We improved the SMARTer method by employing a target-capture full-length double-strand cDNA sequencing method. High-fidelity, full-length cDNA is generated by the SMARTer method, followed by target-specific capture with exon probes. The expression pattern observed with this SMARTer Capture method was highly correlated with the results of the original SMARTer method. The number and accuracy of the detected splicing events were increased by eliminating non-specific genomic DNA amplification by the SMARTer Capture. Compared to the original SMARTer method, the SMARTer Capture provided 4-fold greater detection of alternative splicing events at the same read number, and it took less than 1/100 of read number to detect the same number of splicing events. The percent splicing in index (PSI) of the SMARTer Capture is highly correlated with the PSI of the SMARTer. These results indicate that the SMARTer Capture represents an improvement of the SMARTer method to accurately characterize alternative splicing repertories in targeted genes without biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ura
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sumihito Togi
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yo Niida
- Center for Clinical Genomics, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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11
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Jiang W, Chen L. Alternative splicing: Human disease and quantitative analysis from high-throughput sequencing. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:183-195. [PMID: 33425250 PMCID: PMC7772363 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes to the majority of protein diversity in higher eukaryotes by allowing one gene to generate multiple distinct protein isoforms. It adds another regulation layer of gene expression. Up to 95% of human multi-exon genes undergo alternative splicing to encode proteins with different functions. Moreover, around 15% of human hereditary diseases and cancers are associated with alternative splicing. Regulation of alternative splicing is attributed to a set of delicate machineries interacting with each other in aid of important biological processes such as cell development and differentiation. Given the importance of alternative splicing events, their accurate mapping and quantification are paramount for downstream analysis, especially for associating disease with alternative splicing. However, deriving accurate isoform expression from high-throughput RNA-seq data remains a challenging task. In this mini-review, we aim to illustrate I) mechanisms and regulation of alternative splicing, II) alternative splicing associated human disease, III) computational tools for the quantification of isoforms and alternative splicing from RNA-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Liang Chen
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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12
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Dratwa M, Wysoczańska B, Łacina P, Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K. TERT-Regulation and Roles in Cancer Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589929. [PMID: 33329574 PMCID: PMC7717964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Telomerase complex plays a key role in cancer formation by telomere dependent or independent mechanisms. Telomere maintenance mechanisms include complex TERT changes such as gene amplifications, TERT structural variants, TERT promoter germline and somatic mutations, TERT epigenetic changes, and alternative lengthening of telomere. All of them are cancer specific at tissue histotype and at single cell level. TERT expression is regulated in tumors via multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect telomerase activity. Telomerase activity via TERT expression has an impact on telomere length and can be a useful marker in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers and a new therapy approach. In this review we want to highlight the main roles of TERT in different mechanisms of cancer development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dratwa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysoczańska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kubik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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An interactive network of alternative splicing events with prognostic value in geriatric lung adenocarcinoma via the regulation of splicing factors. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226556. [PMID: 33000861 PMCID: PMC7569206 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), an essential process for the maturation of mRNAs, is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, including angiogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis. AS changes can be frequently observed in different tumors, especially in geriatric lung adenocarcinoma (GLAD). Previous studies have reported an association between AS events and tumorigenesis but have lacked a systematic analysis of its underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we obtained splicing event information from SpliceSeq and clinical information regarding GLAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Survival-associated AS events were selected to construct eight prognostic index (PI) models. We also constructed a correlation network between splicing factors (SFs) and survival-related AS events to identify a potential molecular mechanism involved in regulating AS-related events in GLAD. Our study findings confirm that AS has a strong prognostic value for GLAD and sheds light on the clinical significance of targeting SFs in the treatment of GLAD.
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14
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Li Y, Gao X, Wei C, Guo R, Xu H, Bai Z, Zhou J, Zhu J, Wang W, Wu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Xie X. Modification of Mcl-1 alternative splicing induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor proliferation in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19293-19315. [PMID: 33052877 PMCID: PMC7732305 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Splicing dysregulation, which leads to apoptosis resistance, has been recognized as a major hallmark for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Targeting alternative splicing by either increasing pro-apoptotic proteins or inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins in tumor cells may be an effective approach for gastric cancer (GC) therapy. However, the role of modulation of alternative splicing in GC remains poorly understood. In this study, to the best of our knowledge, the unbalanced expression of the myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) splicing variants, Mcl-1L and Mcl-1S, was identified in GC patients for the first time. Increasing anti-apoptotic Mcl-1L and decreasing pro-apoptotic Mcl-1S expression levels were correlated with tumor proliferation and poor survival. In vitro data showed that a shift in splicing from Mcl-1L to Mcl-1S induced by treatment with Mcl-1-specific steric-blocking oligonucleotides (SBOs) efficiently decreased Mcl-1L expression, increased Mcl-1S expression, and accelerated tumor cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, mouse xenotransplant models confirmed that modification of Mcl-1 alternative splicing increased tumor cell death and suppressed tumor proliferation. This study demonstrated that the modification of Mcl-1 splicing might stimulate the pro-apoptotic factor and inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein to induce significant apoptosis. Thus, this finding provided a strategy for cancer therapy, according to which SBOs could be used to change the Mcl-1 splicing pattern, thereby inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drug of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaojun Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianye Zhou
- Key Lab of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Pathology Department, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Oncology Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhang
- Oncology Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drug of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Dlamini Z, Francies FZ, Hull R, Marima R. Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in cancer and precision oncology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2300-2311. [PMID: 32994889 PMCID: PMC7490765 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have significantly influenced many facets of the healthcare sector. Advancement in technology has paved the way for analysis of big datasets in a cost- and time-effective manner. Clinical oncology and research are reaping the benefits of AI. The burden of cancer is a global phenomenon. Efforts to reduce mortality rates requires early diagnosis for effective therapeutic interventions. However, metastatic and recurrent cancers evolve and acquire drug resistance. It is imperative to detect novel biomarkers that induce drug resistance and identify therapeutic targets to enhance treatment regimes. The introduction of the next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms address these demands, has revolutionised the future of precision oncology. NGS offers several clinical applications that are important for risk predictor, early detection of disease, diagnosis by sequencing and medical imaging, accurate prognosis, biomarker identification and identification of therapeutic targets for novel drug discovery. NGS generates large datasets that demand specialised bioinformatics resources to analyse the data that is relevant and clinically significant. Through these applications of AI, cancer diagnostics and prognostic prediction are enhanced with NGS and medical imaging that delivers high resolution images. Regardless of the improvements in technology, AI has some challenges and limitations, and the clinical application of NGS remains to be validated. By continuing to enhance the progression of innovation and technology, the future of AI and precision oncology show great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Flavia Zita Francies
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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16
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Belluti S, Rigillo G, Imbriano C. Transcription Factors in Cancer: When Alternative Splicing Determines Opposite Cell Fates. Cells 2020; 9:E760. [PMID: 32244895 PMCID: PMC7140685 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a finely regulated mechanism for transcriptome and proteome diversification in eukaryotic cells. Correct balance between AS isoforms takes part in molecular mechanisms that properly define spatiotemporal and tissue specific transcriptional programs in physiological conditions. However, several diseases are associated to or even caused by AS alterations. In particular, multiple AS changes occur in cancer cells and sustain the oncogenic transcriptional program. Transcription factors (TFs) represent a key class of proteins that control gene expression by direct binding to DNA regulatory elements. AS events can generate cancer-associated TF isoforms with altered activity, leading to sustained proliferative signaling, differentiation block and apoptosis resistance, all well-known hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we focus on how AS can produce TFs isoforms with opposite transcriptional activities or antagonistic functions that severely impact on cancer biology. This summary points the attention to the relevance of the analysis of TFs splice variants in cancer, which can allow patients stratification despite the presence of interindividual genetic heterogeneity. Recurrent TFs variants that give advantage to specific cancer types not only open the opportunity to use AS transcripts as clinical biomarkers but also guide the development of new anti-cancer strategies in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Imbriano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.B.); (G.R.)
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17
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Su F, Wang G, Ji J, Zhang P, Wang F, Li Z. Real-time detection of mRNA splicing variants with specifically designed reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6271-6276. [PMID: 35495989 PMCID: PMC9049701 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a ubiquitous and crucial process in cellular processes and has a specific linkage with diseases. To date, developing cost-effective methods with high sensitivity and specificity for detection of splicing variants has been needed. Herein, we report a novel splicing variant assay based on specifically designed reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. After reverse transcribing the splicing variant into cDNA, four DNA primers are specifically designed to recognize six distinct regions. The four DNA primers can hybridize with corresponding sequences for extension and strand displacement DNA synthesis to form stem-loop DNA and then LAMP amplification is started. The proposed method can detect as low as 100 aM splicing variants in real-time fashion with high specificity, showing great potential in biological function and clinical studies. A novel splicing variant assay is developed based on specifically designed reverse-transcription (RT) loop-mediated isothermal amplification.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Su
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Guanhao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Jianing Ji
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
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18
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A surface plasmon resonance biosensor in conjunction with a DNA aptamer-antibody bioreceptor pair for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 concentrations in colorectal cancer plasma solutions. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112065. [PMID: 32056960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new DNA aptamer and antibody pair was incorporated into surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing platform to detect heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) in plasma at clinically relevant native concentrations for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). SPR detection of hnRNP A1 was realized via formation of the surface sandwich complex of aptamer/hnRNP A1/anti-hnRNP A; the specific adsorption of hnRNP A1 onto a gold chip surface modified with a DNA aptamer followed by the adsorption of anti-hnRNP A1. Changes in the refractive unit (RU) with respect to the hnRNP A1 concentration in buffer solutions were monitored at a fixed anti-hnRNP A1 concentration of 90 nM, resulting in a dynamic range of 0.1-10 nM of hnRNP A1. The surface sandwich SPR biosensor was further applied to the direct analysis of undiluted human normal and pooled CRC patient plasma solutions. Our plasma analysis results were compared to those obtained with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
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19
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Adamopoulos PG, Kontos CK, Scorilas A, Sideris DC. Identification of novel alternative transcripts of the human Ribonuclease κ (RNASEK) gene using 3′ RACE and high-throughput sequencing approaches. Genomics 2020; 112:943-951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Elman JS, Ni TK, Mengwasser KE, Jin D, Wronski A, Elledge SJ, Kuperwasser C. Identification of FUBP1 as a Long Tail Cancer Driver and Widespread Regulator of Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene Alternative Splicing. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3435-3449.e5. [PMID: 31553912 PMCID: PMC7297508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive sequencing approaches have allowed for the identification of the most frequent contributors to cancer, known as drivers. They have also revealed a class of mutations in understudied, infrequently altered genes, referred to as "long tail" (LT) drivers. A key challenge has been to find clinically relevant LT drivers and to understand how they cooperate to drive disease. Here, we identified far upstream binding protein 1 (FUBP1) as an LT driver using an in vivo CRISPR screen. FUBP1 cooperates with other tumor suppressor genes to transform mammary epithelial cells by disrupting cellular differentiation and tissue architecture. Mechanistically, FUBP1 participates in regulating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, and its loss leads to global changes in RNA splicing and widespread expression of aberrant driver isoforms. These findings suggest that somatic alteration of a single gene involved in RNA splicing and m6A methylation can produce the necessary panoply of contributors for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Elman
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Thomas K Ni
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kristen E Mengwasser
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dexter Jin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ania Wronski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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21
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Deep Splicing Code: Classifying Alternative Splicing Events Using Deep Learning. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080587. [PMID: 31374967 PMCID: PMC6722613 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is the process of combining different parts of the pre-mRNA to produce diverse transcripts and eventually different protein products from a single gene. In computational biology field, researchers try to understand AS behavior and regulation using computational models known as “Splicing Codes”. The final goal of these algorithms is to make an in-silico prediction of AS outcome from genomic sequence. Here, we develop a deep learning approach, called Deep Splicing Code (DSC), for categorizing the well-studied classes of AS namely alternatively skipped exons, alternative 5’ss, alternative 3’ss, and constitutively spliced exons based only on the sequence of the exon junctions. The proposed approach significantly improves the prediction and the obtained results reveal that constitutive exons have distinguishable local characteristics from alternatively spliced exons. Using the motif visualization technique, we show that the trained models learned to search for competitive alternative splice sites as well as motifs of important splicing factors with high precision. Thus, the proposed approach greatly expands the opportunities to improve alternative splicing modeling. In addition, a web-server for AS events prediction has been developed based on the proposed method.
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22
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Teixidó C, Giménez-Capitán A, Molina-Vila MÁ, Peg V, Karachaliou N, Rodríguez-Capote A, Castellví J, Rosell R. RNA Analysis as a Tool to Determine Clinically Relevant Gene Fusions and Splice Variants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 142:474-479. [PMID: 29565207 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0134-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Technologic advances have contributed to the increasing relevance of RNA analysis in clinical oncology practice. The different genetic aberrations that can be screened with RNA include gene fusions and splice variants. Validated methods of identifying these alterations include fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing, which can provide physicians valuable information on disease and treatment of cancer patients. OBJECTIVE - To discuss the standard techniques available and new approaches for the identification of gene fusions and splice variants in cancer, focusing on RNA analysis and how analytic methods have evolved in both tissue and liquid biopsies. DATA SOURCES - This is a narrative review based on PubMed searches and the authors' own experiences. CONCLUSIONS - Reliable RNA-based testing in tissue and liquid biopsies can inform the diagnostic process and guide physicians toward the best treatment options. Next-generation sequencing methodologies permit simultaneous assessment of molecular alterations and increase the number of treatment options available for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Rosell
- From the Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Teixidó); Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Teixidó); Pangaea Oncology, Oncology Laboratory, Dexeus University Hospital - Quirónsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain (Ms Giménez-Capitán and Drs Molina-Vila, Peg, Karachaliou, Castellví, and Rosell); the Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Peg and Castellví); Morphological Sciences Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Peg and Castellví); Institute of Oncology Rosell (IOR), University Hospital Sagrat Cor and Quirónsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Karachaliou and Rosell); the Department of Medical Oncology, Canarias University Hospital, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (Dr Rodríguez-Capote); and Cancer Biology & Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain (Dr Rosell)
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23
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Sun D, Lei W, Hou X, Li H, Ni W. PUF60 accelerates the progression of breast cancer through downregulation of PTEN expression. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:821-830. [PMID: 30697074 PMCID: PMC6340502 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s180242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PUF60 is a splicing variant of far upstream element binding protein 1-interacting repressor, which is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors and is closely involved in their progression. However, whether PUF60 participates in the occurrence and development of breast cancer remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to explore the effects and mechanism of PUF60 in the progression of breast cancer. Methods PUF60 expression patterns in breast cancer tissues and cells were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The relationship between PUF60 expression and patients' clinical features and outcome was evaluated to assess the potential of PUF60 as a marker for progression and prognosis prediction. CCK-8, flow cytometry, transwell and in vivo tumor formation assays were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and tumorigenesis. The effects of PUF60 on the activation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT were also evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Results The expression of PUF60 was elevated in breast cancer tissue samples and cell lines, and its high expression was closely associated with the high incidence of lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage. Besides, upregulation of PUF60 with lentivirus infection significantly increased the growth, migration, and invasion and repressed the apoptosis of breast cancer HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while silencing of PUF60 with shRNA showed the opposite results. Moreover, PUF60 upregulation promoted the expression of p-AKT, PI3K, and mTOR, while decreased PTEN expression through inhibiting its stability and enhancing its ubiquitination. Furthermore, upregulation of PUF60 promoted the tumorigenesis in vivo, whereas this effect was impaired when PTEN expression was upregulated in MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937 cells. Conclusion This study demonstrates that PUF60 is highly expressed in breast cancer; upregulation of PUF60 accelerates the progression of breast cancer through PTEN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan University First Affiliated Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China,
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan University First Affiliated Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China,
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan University First Affiliated Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China,
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan University First Affiliated Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China,
| | - Wenlu Ni
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan University First Affiliated Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China,
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24
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Adamopoulos PG, Kontos CK, Diamantopoulos MA, Scorilas A. Molecular cloning of novel transcripts of the adaptor-related protein complex 2 alpha 1 subunit (AP2A1) gene, using Next-Generation Sequencing. Gene 2018; 678:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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BCL2L12: a multiply spliced gene with independent prognostic significance in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 57:276-287. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Alternative splicing is a key process in carcinogenesis and, from a clinical aspect, holds great promises, as alternatively spliced variants have emerged as an untapped source of diagnostic and prognostic markers. Our aim was to assess the prognostic value of three recently recognized splice variants of the apoptosis-related gene, BCL2L12, in breast cancer (BC).
Methods
Total RNA was extracted from breast samples (150 BC and 80 tumor-adjacent normal tissues) and, following cDNA synthesis, a variant-specific qPCR was performed for the expressional quantification of BCL2L12 v.1, v.2 and v.4 transcript variants. Extensive statistical analysis, including bootstrap resampling and internal validation, was conducted in order to evaluate the associations of v.1, v.2 and v.4 expression with patients’ clinopathological and survival data.
Results
All examined BCL2L12 variants were significantly upregulated in BC specimens compared to their non-cancerous counterpart (v.1, p<0.001; v.2, p=0.009; v.4, p=0.004). Increased BCL2L12 v.4 mRNA expression was associated with markers of unfavorable prognosis namely, advanced tumor grade (p=0.002), ER- (p=0.015)/PR- (p<0.001) negativity, Ki-67-positivity (p=0.007) and high NPI (Nottingham prognostic index) score (p=0.033). Moreover, v.4 was significantly overexpressed in women with triple negative BC (TNBC) and HER2-positive tumors compared to those harboring luminal tumors (p<0.001). Survival analysis disclosed that BCL2L12 v.2 overexpression, as a continuous variable ([HR]=0.45, 95% CI=0.17–0.82, p=0.010), is a strong and independent marker of favorable prognosis for BC patients. Interestingly, v.2 retains its prognostic value in patients with Grade II/III ([HR]=0.21, 95% CI=0.05–0.57, p=0.006) or HER2-positive/TNBC tumors ([HR]=0.25, 95% CI=0.05–0.74, p=0.042).
Conclusions
BCL2L12 v.1, v.2, v.4 are aberrantly expressed in BC. Their expressional analysis by cost-effective molecular methods could provide a novel molecular tool for BC management.
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26
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Ullah I, Sun W, Tang L, Feng J. Roles of Smads Family and Alternative Splicing Variants of Smad4 in Different Cancers. J Cancer 2018; 9:4018-4028. [PMID: 30410607 PMCID: PMC6218760 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) is one of the most common secretory proteins which are recognized by membrane receptors joined to transcription regulatory factor. TGF-β signals are transduced by the Smads family that regulate differentiation, proliferation, early growth, apoptosis, homeostasis, and tumor development. Functional study of TGF-β signaling pathway and Smads role is vital for certain diseases such as cancer. Alternative splicing produces a diverse range of protein isoforms with unique function and the ability to react differently with various pharmaceutical products. This review organizes to describe the general study of Smads family, the process of alternative splicing, the general aspect of alternative splicing of Smad4 in cancer and the possible use of spliceoforms for the diagnosis and therapeutic purpose. The main aim and objective of this article are to highlight some particular mechanisms involving in alternatives splicing of cancer and also to demonstrate new evidence about alternative splicing in different steps given cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Weichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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27
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Alizadeh N, Salimi A. Ultrasensitive Bioaffinity Electrochemical Sensors: Advances and New Perspectives. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Alizadeh
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kurdistan 66177-15175 Sanandaj Iran
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kurdistan 66177-15175 Sanandaj Iran
- Research Center for NanotechnologyUniversity of Kurdistan 66177-15175 Sanandaj Iran
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28
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The prognostic significance of global aberrant alternative splicing in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:78. [PMID: 30104611 PMCID: PMC6089879 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) is a hallmark of cancer development. However, there are limited data regarding its clinical implications in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of global AS in 176 primary MDS patients with 20 normal marrow transplant donors as reference. We found that 26.9% of the expressed genes genome-wide were aberrantly spliced in MDS patients compared with normal donors. These aberrant AS genes were related to pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and protein degradation. A higher degree of global aberrant AS was associated with male gender and U2AF1 mutation, and predicted shorter overall survival and time to leukemic change. Moreover, it was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor irrespective of age, revised international prognostic scoring system (IPSS-R) risk, and mutations in SRSF2, ZRSR2, ASXL1, TP53, and EZH2. With LASSO-Cox regression method, we constructed a simple prognosis prediction model composed of 13 aberrant AS genes, and demonstrated that it could well stratify MDS patients into distinct risk groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating significant prognostic impacts of aberrant splicing on MDS patients. Further prospective studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our observations.
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Dong W, Wu L, Sun H, Ren X, Epling-Burnette PK, Yang L. MDS shows a higher expression of hTERT and alternative splice variants in unactivated T-cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71904-71914. [PMID: 27655690 PMCID: PMC5342131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere instability and telomerase reactivation are believed to play an important role in the development of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Abnormal enzymatic activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and its alternative splice variants have been reported to account for deregulated telomerase function in many cancers. In this study, we aim to compare the differences in expression of hTERT and hTERT splice variants, as well as telomere length and telomerase activity in unstimulated T-cells between MDS subgroups and healthy controls. Telomere length in MDS cases was significantly shorter than controls (n = 20, p<0.001) and observed across all subtypes of MDS using World Health Organization classification (WHO subgroups versus control: RARS, p= 0.009; RCMD, p=0.0002; RAEB1/2, p=0.004, respectively) and the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS subgroups: Low+Int-1, p<0.001; Int-2+High, p=0.004). However, unstimulated T-cells from MDS patients (n=20) had significantly higher telomerase activity (p=0.002), higher total hTERT mRNA levels (p=0.001) and hTERT α+β- splice variant expression (p<0.001) compared to controls. Other hTERT splice variants were lower in expression and not significantly different among cases and controls. Telomerase activity was positively correlated with total hTERT levels in MDS (r=0.58, p=0.007). This data is in sharp contrast to data published previously by our group showing a reduction in telomerase and hTERT mRNA in MDS T-cells after activation. In conclusion, this study provides additional insight into hTERT transcript patterns and activity in peripheral T-cells of MDS patients. Additional studies are necessary to better understand the role of this pathway in MDS development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hongqiao Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Houfang Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | | | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Lehmann J, Schubert S, Seebode C, Apel A, Ohlenbusch A, Emmert S. Splice variants of the endonucleases XPF and XPG contain residual DNA repair capabilities and could be a valuable tool for personalized medicine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1012-1027. [PMID: 29416673 PMCID: PMC5787415 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The two endonucleases XPF and XPG are essentially involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Defects in these two proteins result in severe diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We applied our newly CRISPR/Cas9 generated human XPF knockout cell line with complete loss of XPF and primary fibroblasts from an XP-G patient (XP20BE) to analyze until now uncharacterized spontaneous mRNA splice variants of these two endonucleases. Functional analyses of these variants were performed using luciferase-based reporter gene assays. Two XPF and XPG splice variants with residual repair capabilities in NER, as well as ICL repair could be identified. Almost all variants are severely C-terminally truncated and lack important protein-protein interaction domains. Interestingly, XPF-202, differing to XPF-003 in the first 12 amino acids only, had no repair capability at all, suggesting an important role of this region during DNA repair, potentially concerning protein-protein interaction. We also identified splice variants of XPF and XPG exerting inhibitory effects on NER. Moreover, we showed that the XPF and XPG splice variants presented with different inter-individual expression patterns in healthy donors, as well as in various tissues. With regard to their residual repair capability and dominant-negative effects, functionally relevant spontaneous XPF and XPG splice variants present promising prognostic marker candidates for individual cancer risk, disease outcome, or therapeutic success. This merits further investigations, large association studies, and translational research within clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lehmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Antje Apel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlenbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Jyotsana N, Heuser M. Exploiting differential RNA splicing patterns: a potential new group of therapeutic targets in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:107-121. [PMID: 29235382 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1417390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in genes associated with splicing have been found in hematologic malignancies, but also in solid cancers. Aberrant cancer specific RNA splicing either results from mutations or misexpression of the spliceosome genes directly, or from mutations in splice sites of oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Areas covered: In this review, we present molecular targets of aberrant splicing in various malignancies, information on existing and emerging therapeutics against such targets, and strategies for future drug development. Expert opinion: Alternative splicing is an important mechanism that controls gene expression, and hence pharmacologic and genetic control of aberrant alternative RNA splicing has been proposed as a potential therapy in cancer. To identify and validate aberrant RNA splicing patterns as therapeutic targets we need to (1) characterize the most common genetic aberrations of the spliceosome and of splice sites, (2) understand the dysregulated downstream pathways and (3) exploit in-vivo disease models of aberrant splicing. Antisense oligonucleotides show promising activity, but will benefit from improved delivery tools. Inhibitors of mutated splicing factors require improved specificity, as alternative and aberrant splicing are often intertwined like two sides of the same coin. In summary, targeting aberrant splicing is an early but emerging field in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jyotsana
- a Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- a Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Adamopoulos PG, Kontos CK, Scorilas A. Molecular cloning of novel transcripts of human kallikrein-related peptidases 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (KLK5 - KLK9), using Next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17299. [PMID: 29229980 PMCID: PMC5725587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of cancer-related genes is a common cellular mechanism accounting for cancer cell transcriptome complexity and affecting cell cycle control, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In this study, we describe the discovery and molecular cloning of thirty novel transcripts of the human KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8 and KLK9 genes, using 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3′ RACE) and NGS technology, as well as their expression analysis in many established cell lines, originating from several distinct cancerous and normal tissues. Extensive bioinformatic analysis revealed novel splice variants of these five members of the KLK family, comprising entirely new exons, previously unknown boundaries of the already annotated exons (extensions and truncations) as well as alternative splicing events between these exons. Nested RT-PCR in a panel of human cell lines originating from seventeen cancerous and two normal tissues with the use of variant-specific pairs of primers was carried out for expression analysis of these novel splice variants, and Sanger sequencing of the respective amplicons confirmed our NGS results. Given that some splice variants of KLK family members possess clinical value, novel alternatively spliced transcripts appear as new candidate biomarkers for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes and as targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15701, Greece
| | - Christos K Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15701, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15701, Greece.
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Bush SJ, Chen L, Tovar-Corona JM, Urrutia AO. Alternative splicing and the evolution of phenotypic novelty. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0474. [PMID: 27994117 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing, a mechanism of post-transcriptional RNA processing whereby a single gene can encode multiple distinct transcripts, has been proposed to underlie morphological innovations in multicellular organisms. Genes with developmental functions are enriched for alternative splicing events, suggestive of a contribution of alternative splicing to developmental programmes. The role of alternative splicing as a source of transcript diversification has previously been compared to that of gene duplication, with the relationship between the two extensively explored. Alternative splicing is reduced following gene duplication with the retention of duplicate copies higher for genes which were alternatively spliced prior to duplication. Furthermore, and unlike the case for overall gene number, the proportion of alternatively spliced genes has also increased in line with the evolutionary diversification of cell types, suggesting alternative splicing may contribute to the complexity of developmental programmes. Together these observations suggest a prominent role for alternative splicing as a source of functional innovation. However, it is unknown whether the proliferation of alternative splicing events indeed reflects a functional expansion of the transcriptome or instead results from weaker selection acting on larger species, which tend to have a higher number of cell types and lower population sizes.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lu Chen
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK .,Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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34
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Peng Y, Prater AR, Deutscher SL. Targeting aggressive prostate cancer-associated CD44v6 using phage display selected peptides. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86747-86768. [PMID: 29156833 PMCID: PMC5689723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a crucial need to identify new biomarkers associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) including those associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). CD44v6, generated by alternative splicing of CD44, has been proposed as a CSC biomarker due to its correlation with aggressive PCa disease. We hypothesized that phage display selected peptides that target CD44v6 may serve as theranostic agents for aggressive PCa. Here, a 15 amino acid peptide ("PFT") was identified by affinity selection against a peptide derived from the v6 region of CD44v6. Synthesized PFT exhibited specific binding to CD44v6 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 743.4 nM. PFT also bound CD44v6 highly expressed on human PCa cell lines. Further, an aggressive form of PCa cells (v6A3) was isolated and tagged by a novel CSC reporter vector. The v6A3 cells had a CSC-like phenotype including enriched CD44v6 expression, enhanced clonogenicity, resistance to chemotherapeutics, and generation of heterogeneous offspring. PFT exhibited preferential binding to v6A3 cells compared to parental cells. Immunohistofluorescence studies with human PCa tissue microarrays (TMA) indicated that PFT was highly accurate in detecting CD44v6-positive aggressive PCa cells, and staining positivity was significantly higher in late stage, metastatic and higher-grade samples. Taken together, this study provides for the first time phage display selected peptides that target CD44v6 overexpressed on PCa cells. Peptide PFT may be explored as an aid in the diagnosis and therapy of advanced PCa disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Austin R Prater
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Susan L Deutscher
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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Singh P, Sailu S, Palchamy E, Coumar MS, Baluchamy S. Identification of a novel leukemic-specific splice variant of DNMT3B and its stability. Med Oncol 2017; 34:145. [PMID: 28730333 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases make use of alternative splicing mechanism to generate various splice variants, but their role(s) in modulating DNA methylation patterns in the cells is unclear. Notably, DNMT3B alone contains nearly 40 different splice variants. In this study, we have identified a novel splice variant of DNMT3B, which lacks exon 7 and 10 from leukemic cell lines which we termed as DNMT3B9. The exon 7 codes for the major part of PWWP domain, and exon 10 inclusion serves as a pluripotent marker. By quantitative RT-PCR using exon-exon junction-specific primers, we showed higher level of DNMT3B9 transcripts in several leukemic cell lines. However, DNMT3B9 expression was less in other tested cancer cell lines indicating that DNMT3B9 might serve as a leukemic-specific biomarker. Surprisingly, endogenous protein for DNMT3B9 was not detected in leukemic cells suggesting the unidentified RNA-related function(s) for DNMT3B9. In addition, we showed that DNMT3B9 protein lacks PWWP domain is less stable compared to other DNMT3B variants which contain PWWP domain through computational predictions and by cycloheximide half-life experiment. Taken together, we demonstrated the existence of novel leukemic-specific splice variant of DNMT3B and provide the evidence for the role of PWWP domain in the stability of DNMT3B. The findings reported here have relevance in epigenetic therapy, which is aimed to target the DNMT3B in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry Central University, Pondicherry, 605014, India
| | - Sarvagalla Sailu
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry Central University, Pondicherry, 605014, India
| | - Elango Palchamy
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | | | - Sudhakar Baluchamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry Central University, Pondicherry, 605014, India.
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36
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Latorre E, Harries LW. Splicing regulatory factors, ageing and age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:165-170. [PMID: 28456680 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a co-transcriptional process, which allows for the production of multiple transcripts from a single gene and is emerging as an important control point for gene expression. Alternatively expressed isoforms often have antagonistic function and differential temporal or spatial expression patterns, yielding enormous plasticity and adaptability to cells and increasing their ability to respond to environmental challenge. The regulation of alternative splicing is critical for numerous cellular functions in both pathological and physiological conditions, and deregulated alternative splicing is a key feature of common chronic diseases. Isoform choice is controlled by a battery of splicing regulatory proteins, which include the serine arginine rich (SRSF) proteins and the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) classes of genes. These important splicing regulators have been implicated in age-related disease, and in the ageing process itself. This review will outline the important contribution of splicing regulator proteins to ageing and age-related disease.
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Verification and characterization of an alternative low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 splice variant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180354. [PMID: 28662213 PMCID: PMC5491174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a ubiquitously expressed multi-ligand endocytosis receptor implicated in a wide range of signalling, among others in tumour biology. Tumour-associated genomic mutations of the LRP1 gene are described, but nothing is known about cancer-associated expression of LRP1 splice variants Therefore, the focus of this study was on an annotated truncated LRP1 splice variant (BC072015.1; NCBI GenBank), referred to as smLRP1, which was initially identified in prostate and lung carcinoma. METHODS Using PCR and quantitative PCR, the expression of LRP1 and smLRP1 in different human tissues and tumour cell lines was screened and compared on tumour biopsies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Using a recently developed anti-smLRP1 antibody, the expression of the putative LRP1 protein isoform in tumour cell lines in Western blot and immunofluorescence staining was further investigated. RESULTS The alternative transcript smLRP1 is ubiquitously expressed in 12 human cell lines of different origin and 22 tissues which is similar to LRP1. A shift in expression of smLRP1 relative to LRP1 towards smLRP1 was observed in most tumour cell lines compared to healthy tissue. The expression of LRP1 as well as smLRP1 is decreased in HNSCC cell lines in comparison to healthy mucosa. In vitro results were checked using primary HNSCC. Furthermore, the expression of the protein isoform smLRP1 (32 kDa) was confirmed in human tumour cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Similar to LRP1, the truncated splice variant smLRP1 is ubiquitously expressed in healthy human tissues, but altered in tumours pointing to a potential role of smLRP1 in cancer. Comparative results suggest a shift in expression in favour of smLRP1 in tumour cells that warrant further evaluation. The protein isoform is suggested to be secreted.
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Wu M, Chen L, Xu T, Xu B, Jiang J, Wu C. Prognostic values of tissue factor and its alternatively splice transcripts in human gastric cancer tissues. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53137-53145. [PMID: 28881799 PMCID: PMC5581098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the higher expression of TF in human esophageal cancer tissues was significantly associated with tumor invasion, intratumoral microvessel density and patients' postoperative prognoses. Besides its trans-membranous form, TF also has alternatively spliced transcripts. In the present study, the transcripts of the two TF isoforms, flTF and asTF, in human gastric cancer tissues were determined by real-time PCR, and the correlation between the expression of TF isoforms and patient's clinicopathological features was also analyzed. Our results showed that the relative mRNA expression levels of flTF and asTF in human gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than those in normal tissues (P=0.035 and P=0.006, respectively). The relative mRNA expression level of asTF was significantly associated with age (P=0.018), meanwhile, we could not find that flTF or asTF expression level was correlated with any other characteristics of the patients, including gender, TNM stage, pathological grade, tumor size, histological type, or chemotherapy sensitivity. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the overall survival rate of gastric cancer patients with lower flTF or asTF expression level was greater than those with higher expression level (P=0.018 and =0.038, respectively). Multivariate COX model analysis also demonstrated that flTF expression (P=0.048) or asTF expression (P=0.002) could be used as independent prognostic predictors in human gastric cancer. Thus, both flTF and asTF mRNA expression levels in cancer tissues could be used as useful risk factors for evaluating the prognoses of patients suffering from gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou 213003, China
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Liu X, Wang Y, Chang G, Wang F, Wang F, Geng X. Alternative Splicing of hTERT Pre-mRNA: A Potential Strategy for the Regulation of Telomerase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030567. [PMID: 28272339 PMCID: PMC5372583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of telomerase is one of the key events in the malignant transition of cells, and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is indispensable in the process of activating telomerase. The pre-mRNA alternative splicing of hTERT at the post-transcriptional level is one of the mechanisms for the regulation of telomerase activity. Shifts in splicing patterns occur in the development, tumorigenesis, and response to diverse stimuli in a tissue-specific and cell type–specific manner. Despite the regulation of telomerase activity, the alternative splicing of hTERT pre-mRNA may play a role in other cellular functions. Modulating the mode of hTERT pre-mRNA splicing is providing a new precept of therapy for cancer and aging-related diseases. This review focuses on the patterns of hTERT pre-mRNA alternative splicing and their biological functions, describes the potential association between the alternative splicing of hTERT pre-mRNA and telomerase activity, and discusses the possible significance of the alternative splicing of the hTERT pre-mRNA in the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of cancer and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Guangming Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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40
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Tian N, Li J, Shi J, Sui G. From General Aberrant Alternative Splicing in Cancers and Its Therapeutic Application to the Discovery of an Oncogenic DMTF1 Isoform. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030191. [PMID: 28257090 PMCID: PMC5372486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a crucial process that allows the generation of diversified RNA and protein products from a multi-exon gene. In tumor cells, this mechanism can facilitate cancer development and progression through both creating oncogenic isoforms and reducing the expression of normal or controllable protein species. We recently demonstrated that an alternative cyclin D-binding myb-like transcription factor 1 (DMTF1) pre-mRNA splicing isoform, DMTF1β, is increasingly expressed in breast cancer and promotes mammary tumorigenesis in a transgenic mouse model. Aberrant pre-mRNA splicing is a typical event occurring for many cancer-related functional proteins. In this review, we introduce general aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in cancers and discuss its therapeutic application using our recent discovery of the oncogenic DMTF1 isoform as an example. We also summarize new insights in designing novel targeting strategies of cancer therapies based on the understanding of deregulated pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jinming Shi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Guangchao Sui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Xu J, Fang Y, Qin J, Chen X, Liang X, Xie X, Lu W. A transcriptomic landscape of human papillomavirus 16 E6-regulated gene expression and splicing events. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4594-4605. [PMID: 27859058 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yifeng Fang
- Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Ultrasound; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xing Xie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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42
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Trombetta-Lima M, Winnischofer SMB, Demasi MAA, Astorino Filho R, Carreira ACO, Wei B, de Assis-Ribas T, Konig MS, Bowman-Colin C, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN, Stetler-Stevenson W, Sogayar MC. Isolation and characterization of novel RECK tumor suppressor gene splice variants. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33120-33. [PMID: 26431549 PMCID: PMC4741753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and lethal of the central nervous system glial-derived tumors. RECK suppresses tumor invasion by negatively regulating at least three members of the matrix metalloproteinase family: MMP-9, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP. A positive correlation has been observed between the abundance of RECK expression in tumor samples and a more favorable prognosis for patients with several types of tumors. In the present study, novel alternatively spliced variants of the RECK gene: RECK-B and RECK-I were isolated by RT-PCR and sequenced. The expression levels and profiles of these alternative RECK transcripts, as well as canonical RECK were determined in tissue samples of malignant astrocytomas of different grades and in a normal tissue RNA panel by qRT-PCR. Our results show that higher canonical RECK expression, accompanied by a higher canonical to alternative transcript expression ratio, positively correlates with higher overall survival rate after chemotherapeutic treatment of GBM patients. U87MG and T98G cells over-expressing the RECK-B alternative variant display higher anchorage-independent clonal growth and do not display modulation of, respectively, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Our findings suggest that RECK transcript variants might have opposite roles in GBM biology and the ratio of their expression levels may be informative for the prognostic outcome of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Angelo Almeida Demasi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
| | - Renato Astorino Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
| | - Beiyang Wei
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4605, USA
| | - Thais de Assis-Ribas
- NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Bowman-Colin
- NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sueli Mieko Oba-Shinjo
- NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil.,Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil.,Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - William Stetler-Stevenson
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4605, USA
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil.,NUCEL-NETCEM-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05360-120, Brazil
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43
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Gong L, Song J, Lin X, Wei F, Zhang C, Wang Z, Zhu J, Wu S, Chen Y, Liang J, Fu X, Lu J, Zhou C, Song L. Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 promotes a cancer stem cell-like phenotype through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in NSCLC. J Pathol 2016; 240:184-96. [PMID: 27391422 DOI: 10.1002/path.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are commonly associated with cancer recurrence and metastasis that occurs in up to 30-55% of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients. Herein, we showed that serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) was highly expressed at both the mRNA and the protein levels in human NCSLC. SRPK1 was associated with the clinical features of human NSCLC, including clinical stage (p < 0.001) and T (p = 0.001), N (p = 0.007), and M (p = 0.001) classifications. Ectopic overexpression of SRPK1 promoted the acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype in human NSCLC cell lines cultured in vitro. Overexpression of SRPK1 increased sphere formation and the proportion of side-population cells that exclude Hoechst dye. Conversely, SRPK1 silencing reduced the number of spheres and the proportion of side-population cells. Mouse studies indicated that SRPK1 promoted NSCLC cell line tumour growth and SRPK1 overexpression reduced the number of tumour cells required to initiate tumourigenesis in vivo. Mechanistically, gene set enrichment analysis showed that Wnt/β-catenin signalling correlated with SRPK1 mRNA levels and this signalling pathway was hyperactivated by ectopic SRPK1 expression in NSCLC cell lines. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that SRPK1 enhanced β-catenin accumulation in the nuclei of NSCLC cell lines, and inhibition of β-catenin signalling abrogated the SRPK1-induced stem cell-like phenotype. Together, our findings suggest that SRPK1 promotes a stem cell-like phenotype in NSCLC via Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Moreover, SRPK1 may represent a novel target for human NSCLC diagnosis and therapy. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fakai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinrong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - XiaoYuan Fu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junqiang Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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44
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Ghosh AK, Lv K, Ma N, Cárdenas EL, Effenberger KA, Jurica MS. Design, synthesis and in vitro splicing inhibition of desmethyl and carba-derivatives of herboxidiene. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5263-71. [PMID: 27188838 PMCID: PMC5333946 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00725b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herboxidiene is a potent inhibitor of spliceosomes. It exhibits excellent anticancer activity against multiple human cancer cell lines. Herein, we describe an enantioselective synthesis of a desmethyl derivative and the corresponding carba-derivatives of herboxidiene. The synthesis involved Suzuki coupling of a vinyl iodide with boronate as the key reaction. For the synthesis of carba-derivatives, the corresponding optically active cyclohexane-1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives were synthesized using an enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-anhydride. The biological properties of these derivatives were evaluated in an in vitro splicing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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45
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Movassat M, Crabb TL, Busch A, Yao C, Reynolds DJ, Shi Y, Hertel KJ. Coupling between alternative polyadenylation and alternative splicing is limited to terminal introns. RNA Biol 2016; 13:646-55. [PMID: 27245359 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1191727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation has been implicated as an important regulator of gene expression. In some cases, alternative polyadenylation is known to couple with alternative splicing to influence last intron removal. However, it is unknown whether alternative polyadenylation events influence alternative splicing decisions at upstream exons. Knockdown of the polyadenylation factors CFIm25 or CstF64 in HeLa cells was used as an approach in identifying alternative polyadenylation and alternative splicing events on a genome-wide scale. Although hundreds of alternative splicing events were found to be differentially spliced in the knockdown of CstF64, genes associated with alternative polyadenylation did not exhibit an increased incidence of alternative splicing. These results demonstrate that the coupling between alternative polyadenylation and alternative splicing is usually limited to defining the last exon. The striking influence of CstF64 knockdown on alternative splicing can be explained through its effects on UTR selection of known splicing regulators such as hnRNP A2/B1, thereby indirectly influencing splice site selection. We conclude that changes in the expression of the polyadenylation factor CstF64 influences alternative splicing through indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Movassat
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Tara L Crabb
- b Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz , Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA.,b Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz , Germany
| | - Chengguo Yao
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Derrick J Reynolds
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Yongsheng Shi
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Klemens J Hertel
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
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Trevisiol S, Ayoub D, Lesur A, Ancheva L, Gallien S, Domon B. The use of proteases complementary to trypsin to probe isoforms and modifications. Proteomics 2016; 16:715-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Trevisiol
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Antoine Lesur
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Lina Ancheva
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Bruno Domon
- Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center (LCP); Luxembourg Institute of Health; Strassen Luxembourg
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Gamonet C, Bole-Richard E, Delherme A, Aubin F, Toussirot E, Garnache-Ottou F, Godet Y, Ysebaert L, Tournilhac O, Caroline D, Larosa F, Deconinck E, Saas P, Borg C, Deschamps M, Ferrand C. New CD20 alternative splice variants: molecular identification and differential expression within hematological B cell malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:7. [PMID: 26937306 PMCID: PMC4774009 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD20 is a B cell lineage-specific marker expressed by normal and leukemic B cells and targeted by several antibody immunotherapies. We have previously shown that the protein from a CD20 mRNA splice variant (D393-CD20) is expressed at various levels in leukemic B cells or lymphoma B cells but not in resting, sorted B cells from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. RESULTS Western blot (WB) analysis of B malignancy primary samples showed additional CD20 signals. Deep molecular PCR analysis revealed four new sequences corresponding to in-frame CD20 splice variants (D657-CD20, D618-CD20, D480-CD20, and D177-CD20) matching the length of WB signals. We demonstrated that the cell spliceosome machinery can process ex vivo D480-, D657-, and D618-CD20 transcript variants by involving canonical sites associated with cryptic splice sites. Results of specific and quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that these CD20 splice variants are differentially expressed in B malignancies. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation modified the CD20 splicing profile and mainly increased the D393-CD20 variant transcripts. Finally, investigation of three cohorts of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients showed that the total CD20 splice variant expression was higher in a stage B and C sample collection compared to routinely collected CLL samples or relapsed refractory stage A, B, or C CLL. CONCLUSION The involvement of these newly discovered alternative CD20 transcript variants in EBV transformation makes them interesting molecular indicators, as does their association with oncogenesis rather than non-oncogenic B cell diseases, differential expression in B cell malignancies, and correlation with CLL stage and some predictive CLL markers. This potential should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Gamonet
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - Elodie Bole-Richard
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - Aurélia Delherme
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - François Aubin
- EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Toussirot
- EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France ; CHRU, Department of Rheumatology, Université de Franche-Comté EA 4266, INSERM CIC-1431, 25000 Besançon, France ; EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Francine Garnache-Ottou
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Yann Godet
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Loïc Ysebaert
- Inserm U1037, Université Toulouse 3-ERL CNRS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Tournilhac
- Hématologie Clinique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Fabrice Larosa
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; Hematology Department, CHU Jean Minjoz, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - Eric Deconinck
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France ; Hematology Department, CHU Jean Minjoz, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; EA3181 et Service de Dermatologie, Université de Franche Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Marina Deschamps
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Ferrand
- INSERM UMR1098, Établissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, 25020 Besançon, France ; Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-Moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers, INSERM UMR1098, Etablissement Français du Sang-Bourgogne/Franche-Comté, 8, rue du Docteur Jean-François-Xavier Girod, 25020 Besançon Cedex, France
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Radhakrishnan A, Nanjappa V, Raja R, Sathe G, Chavan S, Nirujogi RS, Patil AH, Solanki H, Renuse S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Mathur PP, Prasad TSK, Kumar P, Califano JA, Sidransky D, Pandey A, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Dysregulation of splicing proteins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:219-29. [PMID: 26853621 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling plays an important role in regulating all cellular pathways. Altered signaling is one of the hallmarks of cancers. Phosphoproteomics enables interrogation of kinase mediated signaling pathways in biological systems. In cancers, this approach can be utilized to identify aberrantly activated pathways that potentially drive proliferation and tumorigenesis. To identify signaling alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we carried out proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of HNSCC cell lines using a combination of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling approach and titanium dioxide-based enrichment. We identified 4,920 phosphosites corresponding to 2,212 proteins in six HNSCC cell lines compared to a normal oral cell line. Our data indicated significant enrichment of proteins associated with splicing. We observed hyperphosphorylation of SRSF protein kinase 2 (SRPK2) and its downstream substrates in HNSCC cell lines. SRPK2 is a splicing kinase, known to phosphorylate serine/arginine (SR) rich domain proteins and regulate splicing process in eukaryotes. Although genome-wide studies have reported the contribution of alternative splicing events of several genes in the progression of cancer, the involvement of splicing kinases in HNSCC is not known. In this study, we studied the role of SRPK2 in HNSCC. Inhibition of SRPK2 resulted in significant decrease in colony forming and invasive ability in a panel of HNSCC cell lines. Our results indicate that phosphorylation of SRPK2 plays a crucial role in the regulation of splicing process in HNSCC and that splicing kinases can be developed as a new class of therapeutic target in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesha Radhakrishnan
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pondicherry University , Puducherry , India
| | - Vishalakshi Nanjappa
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,c Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University , Kollam , India
| | - Remya Raja
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,d Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal , India
| | - Sandip Chavan
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,d Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal , India
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,e Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , Puducherry , India
| | - Arun H Patil
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,f School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Hitendra Solanki
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,f School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,c Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University , Kollam , India
| | | | - Premendu P Mathur
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pondicherry University , Puducherry , India.,f School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,c Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University , Kollam , India.,e Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , Puducherry , India.,g YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore , India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India
| | - Joseph A Califano
- h Milton J Dance Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center , Baltimore , MD , USA.,i Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - David Sidransky
- i Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- j McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,k Departments of Biological Chemistry , Baltimore , MD , USA.,l Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,m Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,g YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore , India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park , Bangalore , India.,g YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore , India
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Alternative splicing within the Wnt signaling pathway: role in cancer development. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:1-13. [PMID: 26762488 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt signaling cascade plays a fundamental role in embryonic development, adult tissue regeneration, homeostasis and stem cell maintenance. Abnormal Wnt signaling has been found to be prevalent in various human cancers. Also, a role of Wnt signaling in the regulation of alternative splicing of several cancer-related genes has been established. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of multiple splice isoforms of Wnt signaling cascade components, including Wnt ligands, receptors, components of the destruction complex and transcription activators/suppressors. The presence of multiple Wnt signaling-related isoforms may affect the functionality of the Wnt pathway, including its deregulation in cancer. As such, specific Wnt pathway isoform components may serve as therapeutic targets or as biomarkers for certain human cancers. Here, we review the role of alternative splicing of Wnt signaling components during the onset and progression of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Splice isoforms of components of the Wnt signaling pathway play distinct roles in cancer development. Isoforms of the same component may function in a tissue- and/or cancer-specific manner. Splice isoform expression analyses along with deregulated Wnt signaling pathway analyses may be of help to design efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Kreimann EL, Ratajska M, Kuzniacka A, Demacopulo B, Stukan M, Limon J. A novel splicing mutation in the SLC9A3R1 gene in tumors from ovarian cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3722-3726. [PMID: 26788197 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate novel molecular markers that could improve the diagnosis of ovarian cancer patients or be of predictive value. The sequence of the sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1 (SLC9A3R1) gene that codes for the PDZ2 motif of the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) protein was analyzed. Changes in migration and cell transformation, and alterations of growth factor signaling pathways have been described in cells lacking endogenous NHERF1 or expressing an isoform lacking the function of the PDZ2 domain. Exons 2 and 3, together with flanking intronic sequences of the SLC9A3R1 gene, were amplified and bi-directionally sequenced in 31 primary tumor samples from epithelial ovarian cancer patients. In total, 3 different previously undescribed mutations were detected in 8 out of 31 serous adenocarcinoma tumor samples (25.8%). Bioinformatics analysis predicted a significant effect in the splicing process as a result of the mutations that could disrupt the NHERF1 PDZ2 domain. Point mutations in consensus splicing recognition are a major cause of the splicing defects that are found in several diseases, including cancer. It has previously been shown that a lack of exon 2 and disruption of the PDZ2 domain contribute to cell transformation and leads to modifications in the physiological regulation of the conformational state of NHERF1. Further studies in bigger groups of ovarian cancer patients will determine the importance of this mutation in disease progression and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lorena Kreimann
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650KNA, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
| | - Alina Kuzniacka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
| | - Brenda Demacopulo
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650KNA, Argentina
| | - Maciej Stukan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Gdynia Oncology Centre, Powstania Styczniowego, Gdynia 81519, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
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